Phase Formation During Nonisothermal Decomposition of the Freeze-Dried Bi:Pb:Sr:Ba:Ca:Cu = 1.8:0.4:1.8:0.2:1.2:2.0 Complex Nitrate Powder

Nitrate powder with cation composition Bi:Pb:Sr:Ba:Ca:Cu = 1.8:0.4:1.8:0.2:1.2:2.0 was obtained by spray-frozen, freeze-drying technique. Samples of the nitrate precursor powder were placed in a heated furnace (heating rate 100°C/min) and extracted in air when temperature of the powdered samples attained values of 439, 495, 550, 600, 640, 647, 717, 766, 814, and 850°C. Samples have been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The obtained data allow us to propose and discuss phase formation and decomposition processes and reactions that occur in non-isothermal conditions at different temperatures during thermal decomposition of the nitrate powder.     

Flash-lamp-pumped Ho:Tm:Cr:YAG and Ho:Tm:Er:YLF lasers: modeling of a single, long pulse length comparison

Two methods of producing the long pulse lengths that promote efficient extraction of energy from low-gain, quasi-four-level lasers are analyzed. A long pulse length output can mitigate laser-induced damage effects and can be generated in quasi-four-level lasers by two disparate methods. One method utilizes Q-switching techniques in resonators designed to extend the pulse length and another utilizes the first pulse in a relaxation oscillation pulse train. Models for quasi-four-level lasers are derived here taking into account the nonnegligible thermal population of the lower laser level. Closed-form expressions are derived for both modes of operation of quasi-four-level laser systems so the parametric dependencies of both forms of operation become obvious, allowing facile comparison. In addition, a combined absorption and quantum efficiency, germane for flash-lamp pumping, is calculated for both Cr and Er sensitizers. Although the former has the advantage of broad absorption bands, the latter has the advantage of a quantum efficiency approaching 3.     

Flash-lamp-pumped Ho:Tm:Cr:YAG and Ho:Tm:Er:YLF lasers: experimental results of a single, long pulse length comparison

Flash-lamp-pumped, room-temperature Ho:Tm:Cr:YAG and Ho:Tm:Er:YLF are compared for single but long pulse operation, with pulse lengths of approximately 1.0 mus. Under similar operating conditions in normal-mode operation, a slope efficiency of 0.0331 was observed for Ho:Tm:Er:YLF compared with 0.0047 for Ho:Tm:Cr:YAG. For Q-switched operation, Ho:Tm:Er:YLF yielded a slope efficiency of 0.0075. In comparison, a slope efficiency of 0.0012 was obtained for Ho:Tm:Cr:YAG. Two methods of producing long pulse lengths are compared: pulse selection of normal-mode relaxation oscillations and Q-switching in a long resonator. Theoretical models developed in a companion paper for normal-mode relaxation oscillations and Q-switching in quasi-four-level solid-state lasers are in agreement with the experimental results.     

Electroluminescence of (Zn:Cd)S:Mn:Sm:Cl phosphors

The effect of field strength and frequency on electroluminescence brightness has been investigated for the binary systems (Zn:Cd)S:Mn:Cl and (Zn:Cd)S:Mn:Sm:Cl. The voltage dependence of the time averaged electroluminescent brightness shows the relation B = B_o exp ($\text{?}\text{C}\text{√}\text{v}$ and holds good over a wide range of frequencies, thus indicating that the mechanism of excitation is acceleration collision. The dependence of constants B_o and C on frequency of the applied field shows that the brightness of the electroluminescence is found to saturate at higher frequencies. It has been observed that EL peak emissions for these phosphors were found to be at 560 nm and 580 nm.     

Growth of YLF:Yb:Tm:Nd for optical applications

The focus of this study is the behavior of Tm, Yb and Nd ions in the LiYF₄ (YLF) crystal. One YLF crystal was successfully grown by the Czochralski method; it was doped with 20 mol% Yb, 1.3 mol% Nd and 0.05 mol% Tm. The segregation coefficients of the dopants and lattice parameters were determined. The spectroscopic properties of samples with different amounts of Nd were obtained from absorption and emission studies.     

Optical and EPR spectroscopy of Zn:Cr:ZnSe and Zn:Fe:ZnSe crystals

Optical and EPR characterization of Cr and Fe doped ZnSe crystals annealed in Zn vapor revealed a strong bleaching of the divalent state of transition metal ions. Photo induced EPR kinetics were studied in 20–80 K temperature range. Analysis of time-dependent data reveals Cr¹⁺ signal rise time decreases with increasing temperature. The non-exponential decay of Cr¹⁺ concentration were analyzed using Auger-type recombination process. The photoluminescence quantum yield of Cr²⁺ ions at ⁵E(D) → ⁵T₂(D) mid-IR transition excited via chromium ionization process was measured to be close to 100%.     

In:Mn:Fe:LiNbO3晶体光存储性能研究

在Mn:Fe:LiNbO3晶体中加入抗光折变元素铟,使用Czochralski法生长In:Mn:Fe:LiNbO3晶体,并对晶体进行氧化还原处理,测试了晶体紫外-可见吸收光谱.结果表明:铟的掺入使晶体吸收边发生移动,生长态晶体吸收边稍向紫移,氧化处理晶体吸收边紫移程度较大,还原处理晶体吸收边红移.通过二波耦合实验,使用输出功率30 mW的He-Ne激光器进行单光写入与擦除实验,测试了晶体记录过程中的响应时间与擦除时间.研究结果表明:In3 的掺入可通过提高擦除时间与响应时间之比,较大地提高晶体的动态范围;用生长态摩尔分数1%的In:Mn:Fe:LiNbO3晶体进行擦除时,衍射效率达到30%,衍射效率不随时间变化.     

Fe:O:C grown by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition: magnetic and electric properties

We systematically study the effect of oxygen content on the magneto-transport and microstructure of Fe:O:C nanowires deposited by focused-electron-beam-induced (FEBID) deposition. The Fe/O ratio can be varied with an Fe content varying between ～ 50 and 80 at.% with overall low C content (≈16 ± 3 at.%) by adding H(2)O during the deposition while keeping the beam parameters constant as measured by energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The room-temperature magnetic properties for deposits with an Fe content of 66-71 at.% are investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) and electric magneto-transport measurements. The nanostructure of the deposits is investigated through cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging, allowing us to link the observed magneto-resistance and resistivity to the transport mechanism in the deposits. These results demonstrate that functional magnetic nanostructures can be created, paving the way for new magnetic or even spintronics devices.     

Thermoluminescence of CaS:Ag:Dy phosphors

CaS phosphors co-activated with varying concentrations of Ag and Dy have been prepared and their thermoluminescence behaviour is studied in the temperature range of 300°K to 443°K. The activation energies corresponding to the glow peaks have been evaluated by four different methods. The effect of addition of activators on general features of glow curves and on distribution of traps is discussed. Conclusions are drawn regarding the nature and origin of traps and about the type of kinetics involved in the thermoluminescence process.     

Electroluminescence of CaS:Bi:Pd phosphors

CaS phosphors co-activated with Bi⁺³ and Pd⁺² impurities in varying concentrations have been prepared and their electroluminescence has been systematically studied. The dependence of brightness on voltage and frequency is discussed and observations of brightness waves have been interpreted in terms of the locations of traps relative to the luminescence centres. Conclusions are drawn regarding the mechanism involved in the electroluminescence process.     

Thermoluminescence of CaS:Bi:Dy phosphors

Calcium sulphide phosphors co-activated with varying concentration of bismuth & dysprosium have been prepared and their thermoluminescence has been studied systematically. The thermoluminescence intensity curves are analysed to determine the activation energy & frequency factor. The conclusion regarding the type of kinetics involved in the thermoluminescence has been discussed. The dependence of thermoluminescence intensity with irradiation dose has been studied by plotting the build-up curve. Measurements are made on sulphurised and unsulphurised samples and the conclusions are drawn regarding the nature of electron traps.     

Worldwide cyrogenics: Switzerland: Cryogenics at Sulzer

The Sulzer Cryogenic Department, which is approaching its 25th anniversary, has built over fifty plants and has specialized in: medium and large capacity helium liquefiers, refrigerators and LNG boil-off reliquefiers. The corner stones of this activity were developments in turbo-expander technology and non-contaminating labyrinth piston compressors.More recently, Sulzer began to extend its activities towards standardized smaller sized helium liquefiers and refrigerators with a view to promoting the commercial breakthrough of applied superconductivity.