基于密钥阵列的RFID安全认证协议

随着RFID技术的发展和广泛应用,安全认证协议的设计与完善对于保护信息安全和用户隐私变得更加重要。该文针对现有安全认证协议中常常忽略的来自系统内部合法阅读器之间的伪造和篡改问题,提出一种新的基于密钥阵列的安全认证协议。它通过增加密钥更新标记,有效地解决了标签和数据库之间的同步更新问题。新协议在维持一定复杂度和标签成本的基础上,可抵抗包括重传、跟踪、阻断和篡改等多种攻击手段,尤其针对来自系统内的安全威胁,具有较高的安全性和实用性。     

可证明安全的轻量级RFID所有权转移协议

设计安全的无线射频识别协议有助于实现智慧城市的规划和构建完善的智慧网络。安全的RFID所有权转移协议要求同时具备安全性和隐私性,标签的前向不可追踪性和后向不可追踪性是RFID系统实际应用中需要考量的两个重要的隐私性能。针对现有供应链系统中所有权转移协议存在的各种安全隐私问题,该文改进了原有前向不可追踪性定义的错过密钥更新过程的不合理的假设,提出了强前向不可追踪性的概念。提出了一个基于二次剩余定理的轻量级RFID所有权转移协议,并使用改进的模型和定义形式化证明了协议的安全性和隐私性。证明结果表明新方案既可以抵御内部读卡器恶意假冒攻击,追踪攻击,标签假冒攻击和异步攻击,又满足强前向不可追踪性和后向不可追踪性等隐私性能;新协议在实现低成本和高效率认证的基础上,比其他协议安全性和隐私性更好。     

物联网移动RFID系统匿名访问控制认证密钥交换协议

针对物联网移动RFID系统标签隐私信息的访问控制以及用户身份隐私保护问题,本文采用身份加密和属性加密相结合的方法,建立了IB-AB-eCK安全模型,设计了基于身份及属性的认证密钥交换协议IB-AB-AKE。基于IB-AB-AKE协议,提出了移动RFID手机与信息服务器之间认证密钥交换协议,实现了在保护移动RFID手机用户身份隐私的同时,根据标签所有者定制的访问控制策略进行标签信息的访问控制认证和会话密钥交换,防止了隐私信息被非法访问。分析表明,IB-AB-AKE协议在IB-AB-eCK模型下是安全的,且在通信次数、通信量及计算量方面具有优势。      

基于EPC C1G2的匿名双向认证协议研究

针对现有的EPC协议中的弱点,提出了一个基于EPC C1G2超高频RFID标签的隐私保护匿名双向认证协议。通过利用现有的EPC C1G2标签中已有的计算能力和存储空间,对协议执行流程进行了改进,使用可自动更新的索引号IDS来代替标签中原有的EPC码,解决了标签追踪和隐私保护问题。同时引入了轻量级的加密算法来加强标签和阅读器之间的双向交互认证过程。该协议可以有效抵御多种现有的RFID攻击。     

基于EPC CIG2的匿名双向认证协议研究

针对现有的EPC协议中的弱点,提出了一个基于EPC C1G2超高频RFID标签的隐私保护匿名双向认证协议.通过利用现有的EPC CIG2标签中已有的计算能力和存储空间,对协议执行流程进行了改进,使用可自动更新的索引号IDS来代替标签中原有的EPC码,解决了标签追踪和隐私保护问题.同时引入了轻量级的加密算法来加强标签和阅读器之间的双向交互认证过程.该协议可以有效抵御多种现有的RFID攻击.     

基于椭圆曲线的隐私增强认证密钥协商协议

认证密钥协商协议能够为不安全网络中的通信双方提供安全的会话密钥,但是,大多数的认证密钥协商协议并没有考虑保护用户隐私.论文关注网络服务中用户的隐私属性,特别是匿名性和可否认性,规范了增强用户隐私的认证密钥协商协议应满足的安全需求,即双向认证、密钥控制、密钥确认、会话密钥保密、已知会话密钥安全、会话密钥前向安全、用户身份匿名、用户身份前向匿名、不可关联和可否认,并基于椭圆曲线密码系统设计了一个满足安全需求的隐私增强认证密钥协商协议.     

一种RFID系统的Tag-Reader双向安全认证协议

为了保证RFID系统的信息安全,本文在分析现有RFID认证协议的基础上,提出一种基于Grain-Mac流密码加密算法的双向安全认证协议,采用流密码和密钥动态更新的方法实现了标签与阅读器的双向认证。仿真结果表明,该协议成本低、效率高、安全性好,且能够有效抵抗拒绝服务攻击,达到了预期的效果。     

基于动态共享密钥的移动RFID双向认证协议

针对移动无线射频识别认证协议面临的身份认证和隐私保护、动态密钥安全更新和去同步化攻击问题,提出一种可动态更新共享密钥的移动RFID双向认证协议.协议基于Hash密码机制,利用随机数同时进行密钥安全更新和身份认证,并采用对分表存储的当前和历史共享密钥进行动态添加和删除的方法,保留最后一次合法认证后的一致共享密钥.安全性能分析与效率分析表明,该协议能够实现动态密钥安全更新和身份认证、能够在遭受去同步化攻击后保证密钥同步,且具有较强的计算和存储性能.通过和同类RFID认证协议比较,协议弥补了同类RFID协议存在的不足,适用于被动式标签数量庞大的RFID系统.     

一种基于散列函数的RFID安全认证方法

RFID系统中有限的标签芯片资源,导致数据与信息的安全成为RFID系统的重要问题之一,散列函数的单向性为RFID的识别和认证提供了一种既可靠又有效的途径.在分析了现有几种典型散列认证协议的基础上,提出了一种新的基于散列函数的安全认证协议.本协议旨在解决手持式、无线连接的RFID阅读器与标签、服务器间的识别,利用散列函数实现服务器、阅读器以及电子标签三者之间的相互认证.经过安全性与性能的分析,新协议在采用较小的存储空间和较低的运算开销的情况下,可抵抗已知的大多数攻击,有效地保证了RFID系统中数据和隐私的安全,实现了终端与服务器间的双向认证和匿名认证,非常适合于在大型分布式系统中使用.     

一种RFID隐私保护双向认证协议

作为一种非接触式自动识别技术,RFID在带来成本节约和效率提高的同时,也带来了安全和隐私的风险。为保证安全性和隐私性,必须对阅读器和标签之间的通信提供认证和保护,对现有的RFID安全性和隐私性解决方案进行了简要分析,之后应用零知识思想,提出了一种基于单向Hash函数的双向RFID认证协议,并分析了其安全性和抗攻击性。     

可证明安全的RFID标签所有权转移协议

随着物品所有权的转移,其上附着的RFID标签的所有权也需要转移。安全和隐私问题是标签所有权转移过程中需要研究的重点问题。在通用可组合框架下,形式化定义了RFID标签所有权转移的理想函数。提出了一个新的轻量级RFID标签所有权转移协议,并证明了该协议安全地实现了所定义的理想函数,即具有双向认证、标签匿名性、抗异步攻击、后向隐私保护和前向隐私保护等安全属性。与已有的RFID标签所有权转移协议相比,新协议中RFID标签的计算复杂度和存储空间需求都较低,并且与新旧所有者的交互较少,能够更加高效地实现低成本标签的所有权转移。     

Enhancing Privacy and Security of RFID System with Serverless Authentication and Search Protocols in Pervasive Environments

One of the recent realms that gathered attention of researchers is the security issues of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems that have tradeoff between controlled costs and improved efficiency. Evolvement and benefits of RFID technology signifies that it can be low-cost, efficient and secured solution to many pervasive applications. But RFID technology will not intermingle into human lives until prevailing and flexible privacy mechanisms are conceived. However, ensuring strong privacy has been an enormous challenge due to extremely inadequate computational storage of typical RFID tags. So in order to relieve tags from responsibility, privacy protection and security assurance was guaranteed by central server. In this paper, we suggest serverless, forward secure and untraceable authentication protocol for RFID tags. This authentication protocol safeguards both tag and reader against almost all major attacks without the intervention of server. Though it is very critical to guarantee untraceability and scalability simultaneously, here we are proposing a scheme to make our protocol more scalable via ownership transfer. To the best of our knowledge this feature is incorporated in the serverless system for the first time in pervasive environments. One extension of RFID authentication is RFID tag searching, which has not been given much attention so far. But we firmly believe that in near future tag searching will be a significant issue RFID based pervasive systems. So in this paper we propose a serverless RFID tag searching protocol in pervasive environments. This protocol can search a particular tag efficiently without server’s intervention. Furthermore they are secured against major security threats.     

Keyless Security in Wireless Networks

Security and privacy issues in RFID technology gain tremendous popularity recently. However, existing work on RFID authentication problems always make assumptions such as (1) hash function can be fully employed in designing RFID protocols; (2) channels between readers and server are always secure. The first assumption is not suitable for EPC Class-1 Gen-2 tags, which has been challenged in many research work, while the second one cannot be directly adopted in mobile RFID applications where wireless channels between readers and server are always insecure. To solve these problems, in this paper, we propose a novel ultralightweight and privacy-preserving authentication protocol for mobile RFID systems. We only use bitwise XOR, and several special constructed pseudo-random number generators to achieve our aims in the insecure mobile RFID environment. We use GNY logic to prove the security correctness of our proposed protocol. The security and privacy analysis show that our protocol can provide several privacy properties and avoid suffering from a number of attacks, including tag anonymity, tag location privacy, reader privacy, forward secrecy, and mutual authentication, replay attack, desynchronization attack etc. We implement our protocol and compare several parameters with existing work, the evaluation results indicate us that our protocol significantly improves the system performance.     

A practical quadratic residues based scheme for authentication and privacy in mobile RFID systems

In this paper we propose a novel approach to authentication and privacy in mobile RFID systems based on quadratic residues and in conformance to EPC Class-1 Gen-2 specifications. Recently, Chen et al. (2008) [10] and Yeh et al. (2011) [11] have both proposed authentication schemes for RFID systems based on quadratic residues. However, these schemes are not suitable for implementation on low-cost passive RFID tags as they require the implementation of hash functions on the tags. Consequently, both of these current methods do not conform to the EPC Class-1 Gen-2 standard for passive RFID tags which from a security perspective requires tags to only implement cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) and pseudo-random number generators (PRNG) leaving about 2.5k–5k gates available for any other security operations. Further, due to secure channel assumptions both schemes are not suited for mobile/wireless reader applications. We present the collaborative authentication scheme suitable for mobile/wireless reader RFID systems where the security of the server–reader channel cannot be guaranteed. Our schemes achieves authentication of the tag, reader and back-end server in the RFID system and protects the privacy of the communication without the need for tags to implement expensive hash functions. Our scheme is the first quadratic residues based scheme to achieve compliance to EPC Class-1 Gen-2 specifications. Through detailed security analysis we show that the collaborative authentication scheme achieves the required security properties of tag anonymity, reader anonymity, reader privacy, tag untraceability and forward secrecy. In addition, it is resistant to replay, impersonation and desynchronisation attacks. We also show through strand space analysis that the proposed approach achieves the required properties of agreement, originality and secrecy between the tag and the server.     

Protecting Your Privacy with a Mobile Agent Device in RFID Environment

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology is a contactless automatic identification technology using radio frequency. For this RFID technology to be widely spread, the problem of privacy invasion should be solved. There are many research works in progress to solve the RFID privacy problems. Most of works for solving this problem have focused on developing light-weight cryptographic modules which can be embedded into RFID tags, but some of them used a proxy agent approach that control communications between the tag and the reader for protecting user privacy. The later approach is very useful and practical in terms of manufacturing low-cost tag hardware. However, all schemes of this approach have some problems in ownership transfer and forgery detection. In this paper, we are focusing on the proxy agent approach and we suggest an advanced agent scheme that guarantees not only privacy protection but also forgery detection. And our scheme is more scalable than other agent schemes so far.     

无后台服务器的射频识别标签安全查询协议

在许多射频识别(RFID)应用中,经常需要在多个标签中确定某个特定标签是否存在。在这种环境下,标签查询协议必不可少。然而,已有的协议要么存在安全漏洞,要么查询效率低下。利用Hash函数和时间戳,提出一个无后台服务器的RFID标签查询协议。GNY逻辑被用于证明新协议的正确性。分析显示提出的协议可以高效的实现特定标签的查询,且能够抵抗一些主要攻击,实现对标签隐私的保护。     

A security protocol for RFID traceability

Nowadays, traceability represents a key activity in many sectors. Many modern traceability systems are based on radio‐frequency identification (RFID) technology. However, the distributed information stored on RFID tags involves new security problems. This paper presents the traceability multi‐entity cryptography, a high‐level data protection scheme based on public key cryptography that is able to protect RFID data for traceability and chain activities. This scheme is able to manage entities with different permissions, and it is especially suitable for applications that require complex Information Systems. Traceability multi‐entity cryptography avoids industrial espionage, guarantees the information authenticity, protects the customer privacy, and detects malicious alterations of the information. In contrast to the state‐of‐the‐art RFID security schemes, the proposed protocol is applicable to standard RFID tags without any cryptographic capability, and it does not require a central database. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ITPMAP: An Improved Three-Pass Mutual Authentication Protocol for Secure RFID Systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless technology used in various applications to minimize the complexity of everyday life. However, it opens a large number of security and privacy issues that require to be addressed before its successful deployment. Many RFID authentication protocols are proposed in recent years to address security and privacy issues, and most of them are based on lightweight cryptographic techniques such as pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), or bitwise logical operations. However, the existing RFID authentication protocols suffer from security weaknesses, and cannot solve most of the security and privacy problems. A new solution is necessary to address security and privacy issues. In this paper, an improved three-pass mutual authentication protocol (ITPMAP) for low-cost RFID tags is proposed to offer an adequate security level for RFID systems. The proposed ITPMAP protocol uses one PRNG on the tag side and heavy-weighted cryptographic techniques (i.e., digital signature and password-based encryption schemes) on the back-end server side instead of lightweight cryptographic techniques to address the security and privacy issues. The ITPMAP protocol is secure against various attacks such as cloning, spoofing, replay, and desynchronization attacks. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, the ITPMAP protocol is adopted to propose the design of three real-life RFID systems; namely: Signing and Verification of Graduation Certificate System, issuing and verification of e-ticketing system, and charging and discharging of prepaid card system. The Unified Modeling Language is used to demonstrate the design of the proposed ITPMAP protocol and systems. Java language is used for the implementation of the proposed systems. In addition, the “Mifare Classic” tags and readers are used as RFID apparatuses for the proposed systems.