多轴应力条件下碾压混凝土层面抗剪强度试验研究

针对碾压混凝土重力坝和拱坝等坝体真实的工作受力状况,对碾压混凝土拱坝所用的二级配混凝土材料成型的本体、层面处理和层面不处理试件,进行了单轴及多轴应力条件下的剪切试验研究。试件尺寸为150mm×150mm×150mm,试验比较了不同应力状态对本体和含层面试件的抗剪强度和变形特性的影响。结果表明：在低应力压剪和压压剪应力状态下,所有试件抗剪强度和极限变形均有所提高;在有拉应力存在的状态下,所有试件抗剪强度均有所降低;复合应力状态下三种试件强度和变形特性有一定的差异。在以上试验基础上提出了碾压混凝土在复杂应力状态下的多轴剪切强度破坏准则。     

碾压混凝土压剪强度分析

针对碾压混凝土受压剪作用问题,制作三级配本体、含层面试件和二级配本体、含层面试件,对试件进行单剪和双轴压剪试验,得到不同侧压应力下碾压混凝土的剪切强度。试验结果表明,施工层面削弱了碾压混凝土的抗剪性能;而侧压应力使碾压混凝土的抗剪能力显著提高,压应力越大,抗剪强度越高。根据双剪强度理论处理分析得到碾压混凝土的压剪强度曲线,该曲线与试验数据吻合,说明双剪强度理论真实反映了压剪破坏强度规律。     

动态压剪作用下碾压混凝土强度和变形研究

为了研究碾压混凝土材料在地震作用下的动态力学参数指标变化对大型碾压混凝土结构抗震动力反应和破坏过程的影响,使用改造后的液压伺服压剪试验系统对两种尺寸的碾压成型试块进行不同加载速率下的压剪试验,系统研究了二、三级配本体和层面试件在有法向压应力存在的状态下动态抗剪强度和变形性能。结果发现,碾压混凝土的峰值剪切强度随着剪切速率的增大而增大,增大幅度随着正应力的增大有减小趋势,残余剪切强度则随着剪切速率的增大略有减小,在试验基础上,建立了考虑不同试件类型和加载速率的破坏准则,为地震区的大型碾压混凝土结构层面受动态压剪组合荷载作用的动态分析提供了试验基础。     

基于神经元网络的碾压混凝土材料剪切本构模型研究

碾压混凝土的分层形式对其力学性能有较大的影响．为了全面探讨碾压混凝土材料力学性能及为碾压混凝土结构数值分析提供材料参数，研究和建立了基于损伤的碾压混凝土材料剪切本构模型．由于现场原位抗剪（断）试验条件的限制，试验无法量测出试件的真实应变值．在考虑碾压层面点的强度、应变局部化效应的基础上，基于岩滩水电站现场碾压抗剪（断）试验结果，采用损伤模型的本构形式进行了碾压混凝土剪切本构研究，并建立了基于神经元网络的碾压混凝土剪切本构模型．     

碾压混凝土拱坝诱导缝开裂试验研究

通过多组由深埋椭圆裂缝、深埋矩形裂缝和穿透裂缝3种型式形成不同削弱度的碾压混凝土试件轴拉试验，研究了试件的应力强度因子，分析了不同裂缝的应力强度因子计算公式。由于试件的断裂韧度与裂缝形式无关，假设深埋矩形预留缝试件的应力强度因子可以由深埋椭圆预留缝或穿透预留缝试件的应力强度因子通过修正求得，建立了矩形预留缝试件应力强度因子的近似解析表达式。考虑了尺寸效应后，求得碾压混凝土材料的断裂韧度。根据碾压混凝土拱坝诱导缝的构造特点，并考虑了相邻缝的影响计算出诱导缝开裂的等效强度。这一结果应用于沙牌碾压混凝土拱坝开裂计算的三维非线性应力场仿真计算中。     

两种级配混凝土试件双轴作用下强度、变形分析

水工大体积混凝土结构,如各种类型的重力坝和拱坝等,混凝土的大部分都处于明显的二轴或三轴应力状态,因此有必要进行水工上常用的大骨料混凝土双轴荷载作用下的强度和变形试验.对大坝三级配混凝土及湿筛二级配混凝土在双轴压、双轴拉-压荷载作用下的变形和强度特性进行了试验研究.观察了试件的破坏形态,根据试验结果分析了两种不同骨料级配混凝土试件峰值强度、极限变形的变化规律.分别在主应力空间和主应变空间建立了不同级配混凝土的破坏准则,为水工大体积混凝土按多轴强度理论进行设计提供了试验参考.     

江口水电站岩石力学试验研究

江口电站的大坝为混凝土双曲拱坝，最大坝高139m，坝址岩体中存在大量的软弱夹层，拱座的变表及稳定受夹层的变形特性及抗剪强度控制，为此进行了岩体及夹层变形特性试验，混凝土与基岩，结构面以及岩一身的抗剪强度试验，岩体皮测试，地应力测试以及室内岩石力学试验研究，并据此提出了岩石单轴抗压强度，变形模量，抗剪强度等参数的建议值。     

多轴受力下混凝土强度和变形的试验研究

为模拟二滩高拱坝混凝土的复杂受力状况,利用研制的多功能真三轴加压装置,进行了混凝土试件的双轴、三轴受压,一轴受拉另一轴或另二轴受压下的强度和变形的试验研究。根据试验成果建立了双轴、三轴各应力问关系的回归方程及应力与应变关系式。本项研究为校核二滩高拱坝混凝土的安全度、为高拱坝设计中考虑混凝土的力学特性提供了数据。     

二潍拱坝混凝土设计及试验研究

二滩水电站混凝土双曲拱坝，坝高２４０ｍ，是我国已建和的第一高坝。根据拱坝应力状况，仿真试验试件尺寸，二向三向轴受力状况混凝土力学变形特性，建立了相应的方程式。二滩拱坝混凝土强度设计龄验试件尺寸，二向、三向轴受力状况混凝土的力学特性，建立了相应的方程式。二滩拱坝混凝土强度的设计龄期为１８０ｄ，抗渗标号不小于Ｓ１２，抗冻标号选用Ｄ２００，胶村用量不超过２００ｋｇ／ｍ＾３也少于１７０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３，粉煤灰     

真实水荷载对混凝土强度影响的试验研究

为了了解混凝土材料在水环境中的力学性能，本文试验研究了混凝土在水中及三轴应力状态下的抗压强度特性。试验在大型多功能静动三轴仪上进行，混凝土试件采用Φ100mm×200mm圆柱体试件，试验中考虑了不同的水荷载作用方式、围压和湿度含量的影响。试验的水荷载作用方式分为机械围压(试件密封)和真实水围压(试件不密封)两种。围压大小分别为0、2和4MPa。为了确定湿度对混凝土强度的影响，进行了干燥和饱和两种湿度混凝土的三轴压缩试验，并进行对比。试验研究表明，试件密封条件下，干燥和饱和混凝土的强度均随围压增加且效应明显，但干燥混凝土比饱和混凝土的围压效应更显著；在试件不密封条件下，混凝土三轴强度比密封条件下的强度低。试件不密封条件下，饱和混凝土的三轴强度接近其单轴强度，但干燥混凝土强度降低较大。文中还基于混凝土内部孔隙水压力和外部水荷载的相互作用机理，对试验结果进行了初步解释。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.