A Component Model for Perspective Management of Enterprise Software Reuse

This paper discusses that in order to achieve systematic reuse, the technical and non-technical issues must be considered in parallel, and a set of component models should be built from different perspectives. Each of these models gives a specific view of the components so as to satisfy different needs of different persons involved in the enterprise reuse program. Especially, we present a reusable component model – FLP model for reusable component, which describes components from three dimensions (form, level, and presentation) and views components and their relationships from the perspective of process and management. This model determines the sphere of reusable components, the time points of reusing components in the development process, and the needed means to present components in terms of the abstraction level, logic granularity and presentation media. It is the basis on which the management and technical decisions are made. It will be used as the kernel model to initialize and normalize a systematic enterprise reuse program. After the FLP model, the relationships among these different models are discussed. Furthermore, the usage of these models to facilitate the perspective management of enterprise software reuse is discussed.     

Building enterprise reuse program

Reuse is viewed as a realistically effective approach to solving software crisis. For an organization that wants to build a reuse program, technical and non-technical issues must be considered in parallel. In this paper, a model-based approach to building systematic reuse program is presented. Component-based reuse is currently a dominant approach to software reuse. In this approach, building the right reusable component model is the first important step. In order to achieve systematic reuse, a set of component models should be built from different perspectives. Each of these models will give a specific view of the components so as to satisfy different needs of different persons involved in the enterprise reuse program. There already exist some component models for reuse from technical perspectives. But less attention is paid to the reusable components from a non-technical view, especially from the view of process and management. In our approach, a reusable component model—FLP model for reusable component—is introduced. This model describes components from three dimensions (Form, Level, and Presentation) and views components and their relationships from the perspective of process and management. It determines the sphere of reusable components, the time points of reusing components in the development process, and the needed means to present components in terms of the abstraction level, logic granularity and presentation media. Being the basis on which the management and technical decisions are made, our model will be used as the kernel model to initialize and normalize a systematic enterprise reuse program.     

Building enterprise reuse program——A model-based approach

Reuse is viewed as a realistically effective approach to solving software crisis. For an organization that wants to build a reuse program, technical and non-technical issues must be considered in parallel. In this paper, a model-based approach to building systematic reuse program is presented. Component-based reuse is currently a dominant approach to software reuse. In this approach, building the right reusable component model is the first important step. In order to achieve systematic reuse, a set of component models should be built from different perspectives. Each of these models will give a specific view of the components so as to satisfy different needs of different persons involved in the enterprise reuse program. There already exist some component models for reuse from technical perspectives. But less attention is paid to the reusable components from a non-technical view, especially fromthe view of process and management. In our approach, a reusable component model--FLP modelfor reusable component     

面向复用成本优化的构件重构方法

构件需要在其复用期间进行持续的优化改进和重构,消除设计需求与复用需求之间的差异,在保证有用性的前提下改善可用性.为此,提出一种面向复用成本优化的、基于局部性原理与实例集分解的构件重构方法.首先给出一种基于特征的构件模型,着重探讨基于可变点的复用机制,并在此基础上研究构件复用成本的构成要素、优化策略与优化目标,即通过提高构件固定部分的比例降低复用成本.探讨了构件复用过程中存在的时间/空间局部性,依据构件实例复用频度的差异,将具有高复用频度的实例分离出来形成(半)实例化构件,以降低构件复用过程中的实例化成本与实现成本.进而提出一种基于贪心策略的构件实例分解算法实现近似最优化,并通过实例验证其有效性.该方法通过将构件特征间依赖关系分解为构件实例间依赖关系,将构件的部分实例化工作由复用阶段提前到设计阶段来完成,将若干可变特征转化为固定特征,从而避免了构件频繁复用时的多次实例化,以降低复用成本.     

A Hybrid Model for Simulating Crowd Evacuation

Macroscopic and microscopic models are typical approaches for simulating crowd behaviour and movement to simulate crowd and pedestrian movement, respectively. However, the two models are unlikely to address the issues beyond their modelling targets (i.e., pedestrian movement for microscopic models and crowd movement for macroscopic models). In order to solve such problem, we propose a hybrid model integrating macroscopic model into microscopic model, which is capable of taking into account issues both from crowd movement tendency and individual diversity to simulate crowd evacuation. In each simulation time step, the macroscopic model is executed first and generates a course-grain simulation result depicting the crowd movement, which directs microscopic model for goal selection and path planning to generate a fine-grain simulation result. In the mean time, different level-of-detail simulation results can also be obtained due to the proposed model containing two complete models. A synchronization mechanism is proposed to convey simulation results from one model to the other one. The simulation results via case study indicate the proposed model can simulate the crowd and agent behaviour in dynamic environments, and the simulation cost is proved to be efficient.     

Adaptive generic product structure modelling for design reuse in engineer-to-order products

In product lifecycle management, the efficiency of information reuse relies on the definition and management of equivalence information between various product data and structure representations. Equivalence information ensures the consistency and traceability of product information throughout the product lifecycle. The sales-delivery process of engineer-to-order (ETO) products presents a great potential for design reuse, i.e. the reuse of previously validated design solutions in the design of new product variants according to customer-specific requirements. A product family data model that focuses on the interdependencies of viewpoints on information will therefore improve the setup of design reuse mechanisms such as modularity. This paper describes the Adaptive Generic Product Structure (AGPS), a dynamic structure-based product family modelling approach that enables the systematic aggregation of product variants and their distinctive components. The purpose of the approach is to capitalize on the expanding component variety developed within previous product variants as early as the sales lead phase of the sales-delivery process, in order to reduce customer-driven design costs and shorten lead-times. An illustrative example based on the aerospace industry is presented.     

Information structuring for use and reuse of mechanical analysis models in engineering design

Nowadays, in an industrial context, cost and delay reduction, as well as quality improvement are of major interest in engineering design. Therefore, in order to make a decision as early as possible and according to the product specifications, mechanical analysis is used more and more, and earlier and earlier in the engineering process. Then, a multitude of mechanical models are elaborated during engineering design, and management difficulties appear with engineering changes or evolution of specifications. Moreover, when the designer is faced with design or modelling options, previous analysis could answer the choice of options for decision making. Then, the reuse of a previous analysis must be envisaged. The paper presented deals with the aim and the different use of mechanical analysis in embodiment design. Afterwards, different levels of models handled by the designer during the engineering process are proposed. A particular type of analysis, namely instructional' is identif ied in a further step and its interest in a reuse context is emphasized. Finally, information structuring is proposed in order to allow mechanical analysis reuse during engineering design.     

Simplifying environmental model reuse

The environmental modelling community has developed many models with varying levels of complexity and functionality. Many of these have overlapping problem domains, have very similar ‘science’ and yet are not compatible with each other. The modelling community recognises the benefits to model exchange and reuse, but often it is perceived to be easier to (re)create a new model than to take an existing one and adapt it to new needs.Many of these third party models have been incorporated into the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM), a farming systems modelling framework. Some of the issues encountered during this process were system boundary issues (the functional boundary between models and sub-models), mixed programming languages, differences in data semantics, intellectual property and ownership.This paper looks at these difficulties and how they were overcome. It explores some software development techniques that facilitated the process and discusses some guidelines that can not only make this process simpler but also move models towards framework independence.     

A Simulation Environment for Intelligent Machine Architectures

A modelling and simulation environment for intelligent machine architectures (IMA) should be able to represent both the symbolic and the numeric processing required in IMAs at various levels of abstraction. It should make useful predictions about an analyzed system in a time that is short compared to the time needed to build and test the actual system. Also, it should support modular construction and reuse of IMA component models. DEVS-Scheme is a knowledge-based, object-oriented, simulation environment to support design of IMAs. We show how it satisfies the given requirements. An example of an IMA developed in the DEVS-Scheme environment is discussed to illustrate its concepts and operation.     

Similarity assessment of 3D mechanical components for design reuse

Duplicate designs consume a significant amount of resources in most new product development. Search of similar parts for a given query part is the key to avoid this problem by facilitating design reuse. Most search algorithms convert the CAD model into a shape signature and compute the similarity between two models according to a measure function of their signatures. However, each algorithm defines the shape signature in a different way, and thus has its own limitations in discriminating 3D parts. This paper proposes a search scheme that successfully complements various shape signatures in similarity assessment of 3D mechanical components. It considers form-feature, topological, and geometric information in component comparison. Such an integrated approach can effectively solve the feature intersection problem, inherited in any feature-based approaches, and capture the user's intent more precisely in the search, which geometry-based methods fail to accomplish. We also develop a set of algorithms that performs the component comparison in a polynomial time. The proposed scheme is implemented in a product design environment consisting of commercial CAD and PDM systems. The result demonstrates the practicality of this work in automatic search of similar mechanical components for design reuse.     

基于元模型的可重用仿真模型表示方法研究

仿真模型的组合与重用是当前复杂系统建模仿真领域的热点研究问题,统一的仿真模型表示方法与表示规范是实现模型重用的关键技术.模型表示在仿真研究中有着重要作用,可重用仿真模型对表示方法和表示规范有具体的需求,当前用于表示仿真模型的方法包括程序设计语言表示、仿真语言表示和通用建模语言表示三种,这三种仿真模型表示方法在满足可重用仿真模型表示需求方面均存在不足,为此文中提出了基于元模型的仿真模型表示方法,给出了元模型表示规范的设计策略.元模型表示方法较好地克服了现有方法存在的不足,可满足模型重用对模型表示的需求.     

PCCM：具有性能约束的构件模型

构件模型是构件复用的基础。本文根据3C和REBOOT模型提出一种具有性能约束的构件模型，实现具有性能约束的构件复用。首先简要分析了构件模型的研究现状以及复用现状，引出了在特殊领域的具有性能要求的构件复用；然后提出具有性能约束的构件模型及描述；接着给出实现关键技术的路线，并对模型进行了优点分析；最后指出了进一步的研究方向。     

软件重用与移植的比较研究

回顾了软件重用和移植方面的研究,并对其进行比较。其目的是对两个领域的共性进行分析,以期对以后的研究工作有所裨益。通过比较,发现软件重用和软件移植在几个方面具有共同的研究领域,包括分类、规格说明和测试、软件确认、软件程序的发行、工程管理等。可移植软件需要按其移植属性进行分类,其目的与软件重用分类不同,但它们可具有相同或类似的机制。同时指出,在软件开发过程中同时对软件移植进行综合考虑并不难,然而困难的是对其进行管理。     

Object-oriented modelling for spacecraft dynamics: Tools and applications

The development process for spacecraft control systems relies heavily on modelling and simulation tools for spacecraft dynamics. For this reason, there is an increasing need for adequate design tools in order to cope efficiently with tightening budgets for space missions. The paper discusses the main issues related to the modelling and simulation of satellite dynamics for control purposes, and then presents an object-oriented modelling framework, implemented as a Modelica library. The proposed approach allows a unified approach to a range of problems spanning from initial mission design and actuator sizing phases, down to detailed closed-loop simulation of the control system, including realistic models of sensors and actuators. It also promotes the reuse of modelling knowledge among similar missions, thus minimizing the design effort for any new project. The proposed framework and the Modelica library are demonstrated by several illustrative case studies.     

某型机载雷达对抗仿真训练系统的分析与设计

本文研究某型雷达对抗仿真训练系统的分析与设计两个方面问题.为了解决大型仿真系统联邦成员多且建模困难问题,围绕某型机栽雷达对抗仿真训练系统建设,应用面向对象技术分析系统,提高系统体系结构模型的健壮性和可扩展性.为了进一步提高系统的可重用性,解决联邦成员设计中普遍存在紧耦合性问题,应用用软件模式设计了一种基于仿真逻辑的组件...     

Reusability of model components for environmental simulation – Case studies for integrated coastal zone management

Model constructs in environmental models are seldom reused beyond the project lifetime or in other modelling studies. A library of reusable model components could facilitate the maintenance of existing models and make the design of new models more efficient. Although component-based design is the common standard in software engineering and manufacturing few examples are yet found in environmental science. The multi-disciplinary project SPICOSA used a common, component-based simulation framework for environmental modelling, based on 18 case studies through Europe. The development of high-quality model components with potential for reuse turned out to be a challenge despite of the guidelines and tutorial examples provided. Well-designed components are of appropriate granularity, encapsulated, with a limited use of connectors and proper data handling. Ultimately, the success of a model library depends on a sufficient set of quality components with complementary functionalities, a framework for quality control, and support of the environmental modelling community.     

Service-oriented applications for environmental models: Reusable geospatial services

Environmental modelling often requires a long iterative process of sourcing, reformatting, analyzing, and introducing various types of data into the model. Much of the data to be analyzed are geospatial data—digital terrain models (DTM), river basin boundaries, snow cover from satellite imagery, etc.—and so the modelling workflow typically involves the use of multiple desktop GIS and remote sensing software packages, with limited compatibility among them. Recent advances in service-oriented architectures (SOA) are allowing users to migrate from dedicated desktop solutions to on-line, loosely coupled, and standards-based services which accept source data, process them, and pass results as basic parameters to other intermediate services and/or then to the main model, which also may be made available on-line. This contribution presents a service-oriented application that addresses the issues of data accessibility and service interoperability for environmental models. Key model capabilities are implemented as geospatial services, which are combined to form complex services, and may be reused in other similar contexts. This work was carried out under the auspices of the AWARE project funded by the European programme Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES). We show results of the service-oriented application applied to alpine runoff models, including the use of geospatial services facilitating discovery, access, processing and visualization of geospatial data in a distributed manner.     

基于Web服务的零部件参数化设计重用

在分析产品零部件设计重用过程的基础上,借鉴软件重用中组件模型的可重用服务及接口与实现过程相分离等思想,给出一个基于Web服务的零部件参数设计重用框架。该框架由上至下分别为设计接口层、设计服务层、设计结果层。在服务端通过软件集成技术(如iSIGHT等)实现零部件设计过程自动化、参数化及集成化,建立零部件的参数化设计模板。利用Web封装技术(如EASA软件)对参数化设计模板封装、管理,从而实现客户端基于Web服务的零部件参数化设计重用。实例验证表明,通过该方法实现的零部件重用在保证零部件设计质量前提下可有效地提高效率。     

The SDL pattern approach – a reuse-driven SDL design methodology

There are several SDL methodologies that offer full system life-cycle support. Only few of them consider software reuse, not to mention high-level reuse of architecture and design. However, software reuse is a proven software engineering paradigm leading to high quality and reduced development effort. Experience made it apparent that – beyond the more traditional reuse of code – especially high-level reuse of architecture and design (as in the case of design patterns or frameworks) has the potential of achieving more systematic and widespread reuse. This paper presents the SDL pattern approach, a design methodology for distributed systems which integrates SDL-based system development with the pattern paradigm. It supports reuse of design knowledge modeled as SDL patterns and concentrates on the design phase of SDL-based system development. In order to get full life-cycle support, the pattern-based design process can be integrated within existing SDL methodologies.     

基于组件的开放式CAD系统模型

在回顾CAD系统的几类系统模型并分析其优缺点的基础上，立足于CAD系统的开放性、集成性和效率，运用基于组件的软件工程技术，提出了CAD系统组件模型，并详细地分析了模型中各组件的功能和组件间的通讯.系统模型具有两级总线结构，较之以往的模型，其开放性大大提高，便于实现结构灵活、开放性强的实用系统.同时，组件也为软件复用建立了良好的基础.