两种类型生物制氢反应器的运行及产氢特性

为探求反应器型式对发酵法生物制氢过程的影响,分别采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)和颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器(EGSB)接种厌氧活性污泥,从糖蜜废水中制取氢气.运行中控制温度为35℃,通过缩短水力停留时间(HRT)和增加进水COD质量浓度的方式逐渐提高容积负荷(OLR),分别对CSTR系统和EGSB系统的产氢速率、pH、液相末端产物及生物量进行研究.结果表明,两个系统中,产氢速率均随OLR提高而逐渐升高.CSTR的最佳产氢OLR为25~35 kg/(m3.d),而EGSB的最佳产氢OLR为70~80 kg/(m3.d);此时,CSTR系统的最大产氢速率为6.21 L/(L.h),EGSB系统的最大产氢速率可达18.0 L/(L.h).稳定运行期,EGSB系统的生物量为27.6 gVSS/L,而CSTR的生物量仅为7.8 gVSS/L,说明较高的生物量是生物制氢反应器稳定运行和高效产氢的关键.两个系统均可形成乙醇型发酵,说明发酵类型的形成不受反应器型式影响.与CSTR反应器相比,EGSB反应器具有更好的耐酸能力.     

Hydrogen producting characteristics by a novel strain of bacteria-ethanoligenens sp. B49

The objective of this work is to investigate the fermentation capacity and metabolic characteristics of a novel strain of bacteria B49 isolated from anaerobic activated sludge. The examination was conducted in batch culture at 35 ℃. The results showed that the carbon flow gave priority to the production of ethanol, and yield of ethanol is always greater than that of acetic acid. The hydrogen and ethanol occurred simultaneously. The exponential phase of the B49＇ s cell growth was from 12 to 22 h. Evolution of hydrogen appeared to start after the exponential phase of cell growth and reach maximum production at the early stationary phase. The rate of hydrogen production reached a maximum of 16. 8 mL/h, and the percentage of hydrogen gas in the headspace of serum bottle obtained a maximum of 41% at 22 h. The B49 was able to grow using molasses as substrate for cell growth. When the molasses was used as substrate, maximum yield of hydrogen was obtained 2460 mL/L culture at 2 % （V/V） of molasses. The hydrogen yield was increased to 3060 mL/L culture after addition of 0. 5 g/L of yeast extract in the molasses medium and the yield of hydrogen was increased by 24. 4%.     

用于合成PHA活性污泥的驯化培养

活性污泥用于可降解塑料聚羟基烷酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoate,PHA)生产前需进行驯化培养,以增强其合成能力．为提高PHA产量,对比考察了单阶段驯化和双阶段驯化两种模式对底物利用、活性污泥性质以及合成PHA的影响．结果表明:单阶段模式下乙酸利用速率为88 mg／(L·min),活性污泥质量浓度为2 000 mg／L左右,PHA单位乙酸合成效率为019 g／g,PHA含量在进水后90 min时达到最大值;双阶段模式下各项指标均有提高,利用率为273 mg／(L·min),活性污泥质量浓度为4 500 mg／L左右,PHA单位乙酸合成效率提高到024 g／g,PHA含量在进水后30 min时达到最大值．因此,双阶段模式比单阶段模式更适于培养具有高PHA合成能力的活性污泥．     

不同预处理方法对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

对种泥进行预处理,能去除不产芽孢的耗氢菌,可以达到加快有机废水发酵生物制氢系统启动进程,提高污泥产氢效能的目的.为寻求适宜的种泥预处理方法,利用摇瓶发酵实验,考察城市污水处理厂好氧活性污泥分别经酸、碱、热、曝气、CHCl3和二溴乙烷磺酸钠（BES）预处理后,其利用葡萄糖发酵产氢的特性.结果表明,在初始pH 7.0、葡萄...     

Increase Hydrogen Production by Hydrogen-producing Mutant UV-d48 in Comparison with Wild Parent Strain Etanoligenens sp ZGX4

Hydrogen production by hydrogen-producing mutant strain UV-d48 was one typical ethanol-type fermentative H2-producing mutant, which the main metabolic end production was ethanol and acetic acid. Compare to the wild type strain, the activity of hydrogenase of mutant UV-d48 was stronger in course of growth and fermentation. It can evolve hydrogen at stronger ability and a greater rate than that of its parent wild type, namely ZGX4. Resting cells of UVd48 and Ethanoligenens sp ZGX4 were set up in a batch mode in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to decouple growth from hydrogen production at the expense of glucose of varying composition. Mutant UV-d48 evolved more hydrogen than ZGX4at glucose concentrations ranging from 2 mmol/L to 200 mmol/L. The difference in the amount of H2 evolved by both strains decreased as the concentration of glucose increased. The maximal H2 yield and H2-producing rate by strain UV-d48 was 3091.1 mL/L and 54 mL/(hODunitL) respectively, at a glucose concentration of 60 mmol/L. With strain ZGX4, the maximal H2 yield and H2-producing rate was 2 180.2 mL/L and 33 mL/(hODunitL) under these conditions, respectively.Experiments using wastewater with certain content molasses yielded similar results. In each case, strain UV-d48 evolved hydrogen at a faster rate than the wild type, showing a possible potential for commercial hydrogen production.     

Comparative analysis of hydrogen-producing bacteria and its immobilized cells for characteristics of hydrogen production

0　INTRODUCTIONConcerningglobalenvironmentalimpacts ,suchasthegreenhouseeffectandresourcerecovery ,theprospectsofusinghydrogenasanalternativeandsustainableenergysourcehavecontributedtoanintensivestudyofbiohydro genproductionfromrenewablebiomass .ManystudiesonbiohydrogengenerationhavebeenreviewedbyNandietal[1] andbyBenemann[2 ] .Thefermentativehydrogenpro ductionhasalwaysbeenconfrontedwiththeproblemoflowrateofhydrogenproductioncomparedwithothertech niquesforproducinghydrogen .Thismaybesol…     

用于苹果酒酿造的裂殖酵母生长及耐受性

以苹果汁为原料,研究了裂殖酵母的生长规律,在此基础上,通过产气和细胞生长考察了裂殖酵母对糖、酒精、二氧化硫和乙酸的耐受性。结果表明,较高浓度的葡萄糖、酒精、二氧化硫和乙酸都会抑制酵母菌的生长与发酵。与初始葡萄糖质量浓度为100g/L相比,裂殖酵母在初始葡萄糖质量浓度高于180g/L的YPD培养基中培养24～36h的产气量明显减少,培养48h的菌体密度下降40%。与不加酒精相比,裂殖酵母在初始酒精体积分数大于6%的苹果汁中培养24～48h的产气能力明显降低,培养48h的菌体密度下降70%。与不加二氧化硫相比,裂殖酵母在初始二氧化硫质量浓度超过0.15g/L的苹果汁中培养24～48h的产气量无显著变化,培养48h的菌体密度下降30%。与不加乙酸相比,裂殖酵母在初始乙酸体积分数为1%的苹果汁中培养24～48h的产气能力迅速减小,培养48h的菌体密度下降50%。     

红曲霉产红色素液相发酵条件的优化

为获取更多红色素,进行了对液态发酵的最佳营养液组成和环境条件研究。最佳碳源和氮源确定为葡萄糖和谷氨酸钠,添加浓度分别是30 g/L和1.5 g/L时,最适宜产红曲色素。研究的三种微量元素中,Fe2＋明显有利于提高红色素产量,Mn2＋也有提高色素产量的作用,但不如Fe2＋添加效果好。最适宜培养基起始pH值为6.5,摇瓶旋转速度为700 rpm。在最佳条件下,分批发酵时生物体产量为0.20 gDCW/g葡萄糖,红色素产量为32.5OD500g/（DCW.h）。     

Effect of Cu2+ concentration on hydrogen fermentation by mixed culture

The results of the study on the effect of Cu2+ concentration on hydrogen production using a glucose solution and mixed microorganisms from a 9.2 L laboratory-scale digester operated at 35 ℃ indicated the productions of hydrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ethanol and biogas were inhibited by the added Cu2 + which caused a reduction in the glucose degradation efficiency. The specific yields of hydrogen, ethanol and acetate decreased with increased Cu2+ concentration in the mixed microorganisms. When the Cu2 + concentration in the mixed microorganisms was almost an constant, the specific yields of hydrogen, ethanol and acetate were very similar. A 50% inhibition of hydrogen yield (ECso) occurred at a Cu2+ dosage of 0. 50 mg/L in the present investigation. Cu2+ in the external environment is accumulated in the mixed microorganisms. The Cu2 + speciation, using a sequential extraction technique, showed that the Cu2+ was present mainly bound to organic sites in the mixed microorganisms in the present investigation.     

一株分离自潮间带污泥细菌Clostridium sp. T7产氢特性分析

产氢菌株Clostridium sp. T7分离自天津海水浴场潮间带的污泥.研究起始pH、碳源、氮源、NaCl质量分数对菌株T7产氢性质的影响.结果表明：菌株T7最适产氢的起始pH是6.0,能够利用蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖等碳源发酵产氢.菌株T7能够利用牛肉膏和酵母粉为单一氮源产氢,不能利用蛋白胨为氮源进行产氢.NaCl质量分数能影响菌株T7的产氢量,海水培养条件（NaCl质量分数为3%）下,最高产氢量是每摩尔葡萄糖（1.48,±0.05）mol,相比之下,淡水培养条件下其产氢量提高20%.NaCl质量分数在0.4%～7%时,菌株T7都能够产氢,这表明菌株T7有望应用于淡水或高盐有机废水产氢领域.     

大豆乳清废水发酵生产单细胞蛋白的酵母

为回收大豆乳清废水中的生物质资源,以白地霉(G.candidum link)、产朊假丝酵母(C.utilis)、热带假丝酵母(C.tropicalis)、解脂假丝酵母解脂变种(C.lipolytica var.lipolytica)和扣囊复膜孢酵母(S.fibuligera)5种常见的工业酵母菌,通过摇瓶发酵,进行大豆乳清废水的单细胞蛋白(SCP)生产试验研究.结果表明,被试5种酵母菌均能在大豆乳清废水中快速增殖,适宜的接种量为0.3～0.4 g/L;在废水COD质量浓度11150 mg/L、初始pH6.2、25℃、180 r/min等条件下发酵12 h,C.lipolytica var.lipolytica的细胞产量最高,可达2.35 g/L,对废水COD的去除率可达48.3%;在对数期生长期,S.fibuligera的细胞增殖速率、收获SCP的蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量分别为0.36 g/(L.h)、39.7%和0.88 g/L,居于被试5种酵母之首.C.lipolytica var.lipolytica和S.fibuligera是处理大豆乳清废水并回收SCP的最适酵母.     

Fermentative Hydrogen Production by Pure Culture with a New H2-producing Anaerobe

As a new clean energy source, the utilization and demand for hydrogen fuel are rapidly increasing. The integrated process of wastewater treatment of DESAR and energy recovery was developed in the studies. A new hydrogen anaerobe was isolated from the activated sludge. The optimal glucose concentration and the optimal initial pH were 12.0 g/L and 5. 5 respectively. The optimum C/N of the growth and hydrogen production in Rennanqilyf3 was (3.0 ～3.5): 1. The integrated process between DESAR system and biohydrogen production will be an important progress on energy recovery of DESAR system.     

H_2O_2对铁负载膨润土吸附铀（VI）影响的试验研究

系统研究了过氧化氢（H2O2）影响铁负载膨润土吸附铀（Ⅵ）的效果与机理.通过改变pH、H2O2浓度、初始U（Ⅵ）浓度,探讨了加入H2O2的条件下铁负载膨润土对U（Ⅵ）的吸附过程,并采用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FT-IR）等对吸附U（Ⅵ）前后的铁负载膨润土进行了表征.试验结果表明,溶液初始pH为3～6时,H2O2能使铁负载膨润土对U（Ⅵ）的吸附率达到98%以上;H2O2浓度对反应平衡时的吸附性能影响不大;随着U（Ⅵ）浓度的增大,H2O2对铁负载膨润土吸附U（Ⅵ）的促进作用也随之增强,U（Ⅵ）浓度为0.64 mmol/L时,吸附量从1.74 mmol/g（铁负载膨润土）增至3.13 mmol/g（H2O2和铁负载膨润土的复合体系）.     

羊肚菌液体发酵培养条件优化

以羊肚菌为材料,采用液体发酵技术,研究了碳源、氮源和培养条件对菌丝体生物量及胞外多糖产量的影响。羊肚菌液体发酵的最佳培养基为:麦芽汁1.5%,玉米粉40mg/L,黄豆粉20mg/L,酵母粉3mg/L。最优培养条件为24℃、140r/min、pH 6.0、接种量10%。在此培养条件下测定羊肚菌的生长曲线,0~48h为延滞期,48~120h为旺盛生长期;在培养144h时菌丝体生物量和胞外多糖质量浓度达到最大,分别为14.11g/L和268.9mg/L。研究结果可为大规模液体发酵生产羊肚菌胞外多糖提供一定的理论依据。     

高初糖谷氨酸发酵中接种量与生物素量的研究

为了减少流加糖的损失和进一步提高单位发酵容积内的投糖量,对高初糖谷氨酸发酵工艺进行了研究.通过提高种子液的湿菌体量、发酵罐溶氧效率以及生物素最佳用量,可降低高初糖浓度的抑制作用,显著提高单罐谷氨酸产量.在六半圆叶圆盘涡轮搅拌器的发酵罐中,采用20%湿菌体量的种子液接入200 g/L初糖发酵培养基进行发酵,产酸水平和糖酸转化率分别为142.6 g/L和63.10%,与10%湿菌体量的120 g/L初糖发酵相比,糖酸转化率水平基本接近,单罐谷氨酸产量提高了17.26%.     

适合硅橡胶膜生物反应器乙醇发酵的酵母选育（Ⅰ）

从水果中筛选出一株野生型酵母S3,并将其运用于膜牛物反应器封闭循环乙醇发酵.运用酵母S3进行了3次摇瓶发酵实验,得到细胞浓度、乙醇产率以及葡萄糖转化率的最大值分别为:5.37g/L,1.90g/(L·h),87.9%;将S3菌株接人膜牛物反应器封闭循环发酵系统,进行了524.4 h的封闭循环发酵实验,整个发酵过程乙醇产率为1.48g/(L·h).葡萄糖消耗速率为3.55g/(L·h),发酵结束时,细胞存活率为30%,葡萄糖转化率为81.4%,均高于菌株SO的发酵结果,乙醇-细胞比产率以及乙醇-细胞得率分别为0.148 g/(g·h)和77.63 g/g,分别是菌株SO的1.57倍和1.71倍.结果表明,酵母菌在膜生物反应器封闭循环发酵过程中有被定向驯化以适应此发酵环境的可能性,并且野生酵母S3比工业安琪酵母SO更容易被定向驯化.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌的筛选及其产氢性能

为了研究纯菌种对产氢的影响,从污水厂活性污泥中分离了纯的产氢菌种XN12,根据16S rDNA序列和DnaJ基因序列、细胞形态、生理生化数据等多项鉴定分析,该菌种被鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).为了研究该纯菌的产氢性能,实验以葡萄糖为底物,在不同pH值条件下观察其产气情况.实验结果表明:以每摩尔葡萄糖计,该菌在中性条件下获得最大产氢量为1.6 mol.对反应的液相产物的检验结果表明:该菌为丁酸发酵菌,通过丙酮酸代谢途径产出氢气.     

光催化氧化苯甲酸的动力学分析

为探讨Degussa P-25 TiO2光催化氧化降解苯甲酸的反应条件,采用悬浮态反应体系,以紫外灯(λmax=254 nm)为光源,考察苯甲酸光催化过程中反应体系初始pH、催化剂质量浓度、初始苯甲酸质量浓度、H2O2投加量对光催化氧化速率的影响.实验结果表明:在pH=3.5时光催化氧化效果最佳,当催化剂质量浓度为0.05 g/L时,TOC去除率为87.2%;催化剂质量浓度大于0.1 g/L时,在反应初始阶段吸附作用为主要控制步骤,但是随着反应的进行,传质和光源的利用率成为主要控制步骤;随着苯甲酸质量浓度的增加,反应由一级向零级过渡;外加H2O2能够提高反应速率,其最佳投加量为1.5 mg/L.在低底物质量浓度时,苯甲酸的光催化氧化过程符合准一级动力学模型.     

Mutagenesis and selection of high efficiency hydrogen producing mutants by ultraviolet radiation

Energy sources are extremely important for theworld to survive, develop and prosper. At present, fos-sil fuels are the major global energy resource but theycause environmental problems during combustion, suchas global warming and acid rain, which have started toaffect the earth’s climate, weather condition, vegeta-tion and aquatic ecosystems, as well as creating serioushealth issues[1 -3]. Considering the energy security andthe global environment, there is a pressing need to ex-ploit new non-…     

pH对发酵系统的产甲烷活性抑制及产氢强化

为抑制厌氧发酵系统的产甲烷活性,强化其发酵产氢性能,采用逐级降低pH的调控方法,探讨连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)从具有显著甲烷发酵特征的厌氧发酵系统向发酵产氢系统转变的运行特征．在进水COD 7 000 mg／L、水力停留时间(HRT) 8 h条件下,发酵体系在pH 由65～72降低到60～65时,虽然发酵气中的甲烷体积分数逐渐减少乃至消失,但氢气体积分数一直在3％以下;当pH下降到40～50时,系统中的产酸发酵作用得到了进一步强化,挥发性发酵产物总量平均为2 052 mg／L,呈现为典型的乙醇型发酵,发酵气产量平均为26 L／d,其氢气体积分数稳定在45％左右,活性污泥的比产氢率达167 L／(g·d)．