地沟油生物柴油流变学特性研究

生物柴油是一种可以替代矿物柴油使用的环保燃油和可再生能源,粘度是评价生物柴油流动性能的一个重要指标。文章对地沟油生物柴油和0#柴油混合的流变学特性进行研究,并确定了地沟油生物柴油的流体类型为牛顿流体,在剪切力作用下能保持很好的稳定性,其粘度不随搅拌时间的变化而变化,随浓度的增大而增加,温度的升高而降低。     

地沟油制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油是一种原料广泛的可再生性燃料资源,目前世界各国正掀起开发利用生物柴油资源的热潮,与矿物柴油相比,它具有低含硫和低排放污染,可再生,优良的生物可降解性等特点,有广阔的发展前景,而原料问题是制约生物柴油产业发展的瓶颈。地沟油来源广泛,廉价易得,是制备生物柴油的良好原料。利用地沟油制备生物柴油不但可以缓解能源危机、环境污染等社会问题,还提供了废弃食用油脂的合理化利用方式、防止废弃食用油脂再次返回餐桌。文章综述了地沟油的来源及特点、生物柴油的生产技术和应用现状以及我国生物柴油行业存在的问题,并提出了相应的合理化建议。     

生物柴油和矿物柴油的性质对比

文章三种自制生物柴油性质完全符合德国现行生物柴油标准,基本符合0#矿物柴油标准。对比生物柴油与矿物柴油性质得出:生物柴油较矿物柴油更环保、更安全,但其低温性、蒸发性和雾化性不太理想,将其与矿物柴油调合使用,可以取长补短,发挥各自的优势。通过对调合油性质分析,结果表明,生物柴油和矿物柴油的适宜调合比为B20。     

无锡生物柴油产业快速崛起

地沟油、泔水油等城市垃圾,如今在无锡成为绿色能源——生物柴油的生产原料.我国最大的生物柴油生产企业--无锡华宏生物燃料有限公司,今年就"消费"掉地沟油近3万吨,约占无锡市全年产生的地沟油一半左右;而他们生产的10万吨生物柴油因为符合欧VI排放标准,不仅在国内十分抢手,还出口到了德国、日本等在全球领先推广使用生物柴油的国家.无锡生物柴油产业快速崛起,到2007年全市生物柴油年产量将达50万吨,约占全国生产总量的1/3.     

生物柴油中总甘油含量的测试

生物柴油突出的环保性和可再生性,引起了世界许多国家的高度重视,生物柴油中总甘油含量,是评价生物柴油品质好坏的重要指标之一。用自制的大容量SPE C18柱吸附并保留皂化、酸化后产生的脂肪酸,水和甲醇淋洗出甘油的样品前处理方法,用硫代硫酸钠滴定高碘酸盐氧化甘油过程产生的碘,测定了地沟油为原料的生物柴油中的总甘油含量。该法简化了测试过程,缩短了测试时间,降低了方法的检测限,既能满足GB/T 20828-2007中对生物柴油中总甘油测试的要求又相对方便、快捷、经济,可用于各种生物柴油中总甘油含量的测试。     

地沟油提炼生物柴油实现产业化

据有关部门估计,我国每年从餐饮业中产生的地沟油有2600多万吨。地沟油是提炼生物柴油不可多得的原料,经过酯化、蒸馏处理,1吨地沟油可被提炼成约0．9吨生物柴油,而剩余10％的原料又可生成植物沥青等环保建材,同时生物柴油还可再次加工转化成洗涤剂等化工产品。收购1吨地沟油需要2300元,提炼加工成生物柴油直接成本为每吨3600元,产品市场售价为每吨4400元,每吨售价比化石柴油便宜i000多元,经济效益和社会效益显著。由此也可以从源头上解决地沟油非法生产、提炼、销售、采购和使用等现象,严防地沟油回流餐饮服务行业,使其得到资源化利用,缓解目前能源供应紧张的局面。     

柴油-生物柴油-乙醇溶解性及其调和燃料特性的研究

以自制的生物柴油为助溶剂,研究了生物柴油对乙醇和柴油调和燃料的助溶作用;研究了不同比例的柴油-生物柴油-乙醇调和燃料的理化特性及稳定性。结果表明,当生物柴油含量为12.55%时,柴油和燃料乙醇可以以任意比例互溶;乙醇含量过高会导致燃料的各种理化性能下降;乙醇含量为10%,生物柴油含量>12.55%为混合燃料较为适宜的调和比列。     

TBHQ、V_C、邻苯二胺复配抗氧化剂对地沟油制生物柴油抗氧化性能及抗氧化机理研究

利用TBHQ(特丁基对苯二酚)、VC(维生素C)及邻苯二胺复配,对地沟油制生物柴油的抗氧化性能进行了研究。结果表明,TBHQ、VC和邻苯二胺的复配对地沟油制生物柴油的抗氧化时间的延长具有明显的促进作用。TBHQ、VC和邻苯二胺三种抗氧化剂之间存在着很强的协同抗氧化效应。同时,在试验的基础上,还探讨了三种抗氧化剂协同抗氧化的作用机理。     

以地沟油为原料制取生物柴油的过程分析

分析了地沟油制取生物柴油的工艺过程,探讨了对两步法制取生物柴油生产过程,着重讨论了原料预处理、酯化反应、酯交换反应和反应产物分离等主要工艺过程,分析了生产过程中应该注意的一些问题。提出以地沟油为原料可稳定生产高质量的生物柴油产品,使生物柴油生产具有良好的经济性,同时可以使地沟油重复利用,实现循环经济。     

地沟油提炼生物柴油实现产业化

据有关部门估计，我国每年从餐饮业中产生的地沟油有2600多万t。地沟油是提炼生物柴油不可多得的原料，经过酯化、蒸馏处理，1t地沟油可被提炼成约0．9t生物柴油，     

Biodiesel production from pomace oil and improvement of its properties with synthetic manganese additive

Renewable energy sources are attracting more attention due to lower cost and lower pollution relative to fossil fuels. The aim of this experimental work is the production of renewable and clean methyl ester from pomace oil as an alternative fuel. This oil was obtained from pomace which is the waste of olive oil plants. Optimum producing conditions were determined experimentally. The maximum yield was obtained at 30% of methanol/oil ratio, 60 °C temperature for 60 min with NaOH catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel thus obtained were compared with diesel fuel requirements. An organic based Manganese additive improved the biodiesel properties. Doping the fuel at a ratio of 12 μmol/l oil methyl ester led to a 20.37% decrease in viscosity, 7 °C fall in the flash point and reduced the pour point from 0 °C to −15 °C. This blend of pomace oil methyl ester-diesel fuel with manganese additive was tested in a direct injection diesel engine. The maximum effect of the new fuel blend and diesel fuel on engine performance was obtained at 1400 rpm.     

Effects of oxidized biodiesel on formation of particulate matter and NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> from diesel engine

A test was conducted to investigate the effect of pure biodiesel without additives on formation of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. Pure biodiesel from waste cooking oil without adding any additive was used. The biodiesel was oxidized at 110 °C for 10 days and blended with commercial automobile diesel oil distributed in the market as a testing fuel. Blended fuels were produced by adding 10% of oxidized biodiesel and un-oxidized biodiesel to automobile diesel oil, respectively. Material properties such as density, kinematic viscosity, oxidation stability, and cetane number were tested. Emission tests were conducted using a large diesel engine of direct injection type, inline six-cylinder, 4 stroke, turbocharger and intercooler. The oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel blends did not show any difference in density and kinematic viscosity. The oxidation stability of the oxidized biodiesel blends was lower than that of the unoxidized biodiesel blends. In the emission test, the two blends showed almost no difference in the total number of concentration of the micro-particles, and also showed almost no difference in particle size distribution such as nucleation mode and accumulation mode. On the other hand, the oxidized biodiesel blends showed less PM and NOx emission than the unoxidized biodiesel blends.     

Microwave assisted in continuous biodiesel production from waste frying palm oil and its performance in a 100 kW diesel generator

A household microwave (800W) was modified as a biodiesel reactor for continuous transethylation of waste frying palm oil. The high free fatty acid oil was simultaneously neutralized and transesterified with sodium hydroxide. With the ethanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, 3.0% NaOH (in ethanol) and 30s residence time, the continuous conversion of waste frying palm oil to ethyl ester was over 97%. The waste palm oil biodiesel was then tested in a 100 kW diesel generator as a neat fuel (B100) and 50% blend with diesel No. 2 fuel (B50). The engine performance and emission are recorded. At the engine loads varied from 0 kW to 75 kW (at 25 kW intervals) of the maximum electrical rating, the performance of the neat and B50 are slightly lower than diesel No. 2 fuel. Emissions of NO_x, CO and HC from B100 and B50 are lower than those of diesel No. 2 fuel, except that at the 75 kW engine load, where the B100 emits higher levels of NO_x than the diesel No. 2 fuel.     

Comparison of particle emissions from an engine operating on biodiesel and petroleum diesel

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel with growing usage in the transportation sector. To compare biodiesel and petroleum diesel effects on particle emissions, engine dynamometer tests were performed on a Euro II engine with three test fuels: petroleum diesel (D), biodiesel made from soy bean oil (BS) and biodiesel made from waste cooking oil (BW). PM_2.5 samples were collected on Teflon and quartz filters with a Model 130 High-Flow Impactor (MSP Corp). Organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon fractions of PM_2.5 were quantified by a thermal-optical reflectance analysis method and particle size distributions were measured with an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). In addition, the gaseous pollutants were measured by an AMA4000 (AVL Corp). The biodiesels were found to produce 19-37% less and 23-133% more PM_2.5 compared to the petroleum diesel at higher and lower engine loads respectively. On the basis of the carbon analysis results, the biodiesel application increased the PM_2.5 OC emissions by 12-190% and decreased the PM_2.5 EC emissions by 53-80%, depending on the fuel and engine operation parameters. Therefore OC/EC was increased by three to eight times with biodiesel application. The geometrical mean diameter of particles from biodiesels and petroleum diesel had consistent trends with load and speed transition. In all the conditions, there is a shift of the particles towards smaller geometric mean diameter for the biodiesel made from waste oil.     

酸性离子液体［(CH2)4SO3HMIM］［HSO4］催化潲水油制备生物柴油的研究

制备了酸性离子液体[(CH₂)₄SO₃HMIM］［HSO₄］并用于催化潲水油制备生物柴油,研究了反应时间、反应温度、醇油物质的量比和剂油物质的量比等对酯交换反应转化率的影响,确定了较适宜的反应条件。结果表明,在反应时间4 h、反应温度140 ℃、醇油物质的量比12和剂油物质的量比0.08条件下,酯交换反应转化率为92.13%。制备的生物柴油达到了中国柴油机燃料调合用生物柴油(BD100)标准GB/T20828-2007。     

Fuel consumption and emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled with castor oil and soybean biodiesel

This work investigates the impacts on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a diesel power generator operating with biodiesel. Fuel blends with 5%, 20%, 35%, 50%, and 85% of soybean biodiesel in diesel oil, and fuel blends containing 5%, 20%, and 35% of castor oil biodiesel in diesel oil were tested, varying engine load from 9.6 to 35.7 kW. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) and the exhaust concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) were evaluated. The engine was kept with its original settings for diesel oil operation. The results showed increased fuel consumption with higher biodiesel concentration in the fuel. Soybean biodiesel blends showed lower fuel consumption than castor biodiesel blends at a given concentration. At low and moderate loads, CO emission was increased by nearly 40% and over 80% when fuel blends containing 35% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel were used, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. With the load power of 9.6 kW, the use of fuel blends containing 20% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel increased HC emissions by 16% and 18%, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. Exhaust CO₂ concentration did not change significantly, showing differences lower than ±3% of the values recorded for diesel oil operation, irrespective of biodiesel type, concentration and the load applied. The results demonstrate that optimization of fuel injection system is required for proper engine operation with biodiesel.     

Physical-chemical properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel and castor oil biodiesel blends

This work presents the physical-chemical properties of fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel or castor oil biodiesel with diesel oil. The properties evaluated were fuel density, kinematic viscosity, cetane index, distillation temperatures, and sulfur content, measured according to standard test methods. The results were analyzed based on present specifications for biodiesel fuel in Brazil, Europe, and USA. Fuel density and viscosity were increased with increasing biodiesel concentration, while fuel sulfur content was reduced. Cetane index is decreased with high biodiesel content in diesel oil. The biodiesel blends distillation temperatures T₁₀ and T₅₀ are higher than those of diesel oil, while the distillation temperature T₉₀ is lower. A brief discussion on the possible effects of fuel property variation with biodiesel concentration on engine performance and exhaust emissions is presented. The maximum biodiesel concentration in diesel oil that meets the required characteristics for internal combustion engine application is evaluated, based on the results obtained.     

Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant

The use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel has become of great interest for the reasons of combating the destruction of the environment, the price of petroleum-based diesel and dependency on foreign energy sources. But for practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase the oxidation stability during long term storage. It is quite possible that these additives may affect the clean burning characteristics of biodiesel. This study investigated the experimental effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from croton megalocarpus oil. The three synthetic antioxidants evaluated its effectiveness on oxidation stability of croton oil methyl ester (COME) were 1, 2, 3 tri-hydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol, PY), 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid (Propyl Gallate, PG) and 2-tert butyl-4-methoxy phenol (Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA). The fuel sample tested in TDI diesel engine include pure croton biodiesel (B100), croton biodiesel dosed with 1000 ppm of an effective antioxidant (B100 + PY1000), B20 (20% croton biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel) and diesel fuel which was used as base fuel. The result showed that the effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of PY > PG > BHA. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but both were higher than that of diesel. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel. Combustion characteristics in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends PY and PG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage. Overall, the biodiesel derived from croton megalocarpus oil can be utilized as partial substitute for mineral diesel.     

脂肪酶催化食用废油制备生物柴油

利用脂肪酶为催化剂,食用废油与甲醇反应,制备生物柴油,最佳酯化反应条件为反应温度50℃、脂肪酶催化剂用量为原料量的3%、甲醇与食用废油体积比为3∶1、共溶剂丁酮量为甲醇量的1/6、pH=7,反应时间4h,生物柴油产率可达到78%,对产品的各项指标测定,均达到GB/T20828-2007要求,指标并与0#石化柴油相接近。     

A comparative study on the performance, emission and combustion studies of a DI diesel engine using distilled tyre pyrolysis oil–diesel blends

Alternate fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, LPG, CNG, etc., have been already commercialised in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to a certain extent by pyrolysis. In the present work, the crude tyre pyrolyisis oil (TPO) was desulphurised and then distilled through vacuum distillation. Also, two distilled tyre pyrolysis oil (DTPO)–diesel fuel (DF) blends at lower and higher concentrations were used as fuels in a four stroke single cylinder air cooled diesel engine without any engine modification. The results were compared with diesel fuel (DF) operation. Results indicate that the engine can run with 90% DTPO and 10% diesel fuel.