Community discovery using nonnegative matrix factorization

Complex networks exist in a wide range of real world systems, such as social networks, technological networks, and biological networks. During the last decades, many researchers have concentrated on exploring some common things contained in those large networks include the small-world property, power-law degree distributions, and network connectivity. In this paper, we will investigate another important issue, community discovery, in network analysis. We choose Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) as our tool to find the communities because of its powerful interpretability and close relationship between clustering methods. Targeting different types of networks (undirected, directed and compound), we propose three NMF techniques (Symmetric NMF, Asymmetric NMF and Joint NMF). The correctness and convergence properties of those algorithms are also studied. Finally the experiments on real world networks are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Evolutionary Clustering for Mining and Tracking Dynamic Multilayer Networks

This article proposes a framework for community discovery in temporal multiplex networks by extending the evolutionary clustering approach to encompass both time and multiple dimensions. In this extended framework, the problem of finding community structures for time‐evolving networks with multiple types of ties is reformulated by adding the concept of dimensional smoothness, relative to a single timestamp, to that of temporal smoothness, at the base of evolutionary clustering. At each timestamp, the method tries to maximize the quality of the clustering obtained for the current multidimensional network and to minimize the differences with respect to that obtained at the previous timestamp. Moreover, the evolution of a community between two consecutive timestamps is maintained by exploiting the Hungarian approach, which determines the best cluster correspondence between two consecutive timestamps. Experiments on synthetic and real‐world networks show the capability of the approach in discovering and tracking group organization of actors constituting the network.     

基于信息瓶颈的社区发现

该文提出一种映射方法,把单部网络变换成二部图网络.针对得到的二部图网络,在信息论的框架下,提出了一种基于信息瓶颈的社区发现方法.该方法通过寻找网络的最优压缩表示来发现网络的社区结构,最优压缩表示尽可能多地保留原始网络的拓扑特征.在真实数据集和计算机产生的数据集上的实验表明,该方法能够有效地发现网络的社区结构.另外,对于有向网络的社区发现,现有方法忽略有向网络中边的方向而作为无向网络来处理,损失了有向的网络的方向信息,文中提出的社区发现方法能够很好地解决这一问题,并能从有向网络中挖掘出一些现有方法无法发现的知识,这一特点使得该文的方法比现有方法更适用于解决像WWW这样的有向网络.同时,真实世界的许多网络本身就是二部图网络,相对于现有的社区发现方法,文中的方法可以直接应用于这类网络.     

对等网络中平均最短路径长度的分析

对等网络理论上可以将它看成一个大的无向图，图中的顶点表示网络中的每个计算节点，图的边则表示计算节点之间的连接．P2P网络，类似于其他的复杂网络（如Internet、web和社会关系网络），这类网络中的节点的度的概率分布呈现出Power-law的分布特性．传统上对这些网络建模时采用的是随机图模型，然而随机图网络与Power-law（网络的一个表质区别是在随机图网络中节点度的概率分布呈现泊松分布，这种节点度的分布差异将导致对网络的建模分析不能反映实际网络的真实特性．通信网络（如Internet和P2P网络）中任意两点间的最短路径长度是衡量这种网络的一个重要特征量，它直接关系到诸如路由、搜索等相关算法的设计与实现，本文基于Power-law网络模型对P2P网络的最短路径长度进行理论建模与分析，并通过对实际网络的测量来验证理论分析结果的正确性．     

基于位置吸引力的加权复杂供应链网络局域世界演化模型研究

在一般局域世界演化模型的基础上,文章使得企业节点的初始位置值呈现幂率分布,以体现节点企业的不同角色。受万有引力定律的启发,用位置值的大小和远近值来定义节点企业间位置吸引力的概念,并应用吸引力规则确定每一个新加入节点的局域世界。新节点与局域世界中的老节点之间采用节点度与节点强度的复合优先连接方式,弥补了优先连接仅仅依赖节点度值的缺陷,从而构建基于位置吸引力的加权复杂供应链网络局域世界演化模型。实验模拟了该复杂网络的生长、边的退出和节点的退出等动态演化过程,通过计算与统计整体度分布、平均路径长度和聚集系数等复杂供应链网络的重要参数发现:该复杂供应链网络的度分布呈现出一定的幂率分布形式,能够保证大多数节点的度较低和少数节点的度较高的重尾特征,同时具有较大的集聚系数和较小的平均路径长度的小世界特征。该研究工作为供应链企业在实践中构建供应链网络提供了理论依据,有助于更好地分析现实供应链网络的相关特性并识别重要节点以便对供应链网络进行保护。     

A time-varying complex dynamical network model and its controlled synchronization criteria

Today, complex networks have attracted increasing attention from various fields of science and engineering. It has been demonstrated that many complex networks display various synchronization phenomena. In this note, we introduce a time-varying complex dynamical network model. We then further investigate its synchronization phenomenon and prove several network synchronization theorems. Especially, we show that synchronization of such a time-varying dynamical network is completely determined by the inner-coupling matrix, and by the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the coupling configuration matrix of the network.     

Establishing impacts of the inputs in a feedforward neural network

Artificial neural network models are now being widely used in various areas of statistical research. Nevertheless, there is a certain degree of reluctance amongst members of the business profession in applying neural networks to business analysis. One of the major causes of scepticism is the inability of the models to provide explanation on how they reach their decisions. The current experiment is concerned with solving this problem by developing a framework for establishing the impacts of the input variables on the network output. The framework was tested on a feedforward neural network model for turnover forecasting which was developed in co-operation with a British retailer using real world marketing data. The results obtained are compared with those from a sensitivity analysis.     

Meta-path-based outlier detection in heterogeneous information network

Mining outliers in heterogeneous networks is crucial to many applications,but challenges abound.In this paper,we focus on identifying meta-path-based outliers in heterogeneous information network(HIN),and calculate the similarity between different types of objects.We propose a meta-path-based outlier detection method(MPOutliers)in heterogeneous information network to deal with problems in one go under a unified framework.MPOutliers calculates the heterogeneous reachable probability by combining different types of objects and their relationships.It discovers the semantic information among nodes in heterogeneous networks,instead of only considering the network structure.It also computes the closeness degree between nodes with the same type,which extends the whole heterogeneous network.Moreover,each node is assigned with a reliable weighting to measure its authority degree.Substantial experiments on two real datasets(AMiner and Movies dataset)show that our proposed method is very effective and efficient for outlier detection.     

路径-维度GraphOLAP大规模多维网络并行分析框架

现实生活中大量数据都可以使用多维网络进行建模,如何更好地对多维网络进行分析至今仍是研究人员关注的重点.OLAP（联机分析处理）技术已被证实是对多维关系数据进行分析的有效工具,但应用OLAP技术管理和分析多维网络数据以支持有效决策仍旧是一项巨大的挑战.本文设计并提出了一种新的图立方体模型：路径-维度立方体,并针对提出的立方体模型将物化过程划分为关系路径物化与关联维度物化两部分,分别提出了物化策略并基于Spark框架设计了相关算法;在此基础上,我们针对网络数据设计并细化了相关的GraphOLAP（图联机分析处理）操作,丰富了框架的分析角度,提高了对多维网络的分析能力;最后,在Spark上实现了相关算法,通过对多个真实应用场景中的数据构建多维网络,在分析框架上进行了分析,实验表明我们提出的图立方体模型和物化算法具有一定有效性和可扩展性.     

无线传感器节点实时能耗监测

无线传感器网络设计的关键技术环节之一是低功耗。首先要准确地检测到运行时各模块的能量消耗,然后才能够进行控制优化。然而,应用上的需求千差万别,导致硬件平台的多样性。本文选取无线传感器网络领域节点能量消耗检测作为研究方向,提出了一种便携的无线传感器节点能耗数据采集装置,能够实时采集节点的电压、电流信息。针对当前研究集中于仿真模拟,这种装置可用于实际环境的能量消耗检测,检测精度高。在MicaZ节点上的实验结果表明,该系统能以较高精度监测节点的能量效率。实际测量发现,传感器网络中传感器能耗也属能量消耗的一部分,且消耗量不可忽视,为今后的研究改进提供了新的参考。     

Community detection in multiplex networks via consensus matrix

In complex network of real world,there are many types of relationships between individuals,and the more effective research ways for this kind of network is to abstract these relationship as a multiplex network.More and more researchers are attracted to be engaged in multiplex network research.A novel framework of community detection of multiplex network based on consensus matrix was presented.Firstly,this framework merges the structure of multiplex network and the information of link between each node into monoplex network.Then,the community structure information of each layer network was obtained through consensus matrix,and the traditional community division algorithm was utilized to carry out community detection of combine networks.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can get better performance of community partition in the real network datasets.     

异质信息网络表征学习综述

随着信息技术的快速发展,信息网络无处不在,例如社交网络、学术网络、万维网等.由于网络规模不断扩大以及数据的稀疏性,信息网络的分析方法面临巨大挑战.作为应对网络规模及数据稀疏挑战的有效方法,信息网络表征学习旨在利用网络的拓扑结构、节点内容等信息将节点嵌入到低维的向量空间中,同时保留原始网络固有的结构特征和内容特征,从而使...     

复杂网络中的在线社交网络演化模型

在线社交网络是一种广泛存在的社会网络,其节点度遵循幂率分布规律,但对于其结构演化模型方面的相关研究还不多。基于复杂网络理论研究在线社交网络内部结构特征,提出一种结合内增长、外增长及内部边更替的演化模型,借助平均场理论分析该模型的拓扑特性,实验和理论分析表明由该模型生成的网络,其度分布服从幂率分布,且通过调整参数,幂率指数在1~3,能较好地反映不同类型的真实在线社交网络的度分布特征,因此具有广泛适用性。     

Partitioning road networks using density peak graphs: Efficiency vs. accuracy

Road traffic networks are rapidly growing in size with increasing complexities. To simplify their analysis in order to maintain smooth traffic, a large urban road network can be considered as a set of small sub-networks, which exhibit distinctive traffic flow patterns. In this paper, we propose a robust framework for spatial partitioning of large urban road networks based on traffic measures. For a given urban road network, we aim to identify the different sub-networks or partitions that exhibit homogeneous traffic patterns internally, but heterogeneous patterns to others externally. To this end, we develop a two-stage algorithm (referred as FaDSPa) within our framework. It first transforms the large road graph into a well-structured and condensed density peak graph (DPG) via density based clustering and link aggregation using traffic density and adjacency connectivity, respectively. Thereafter we apply our spectral theory based graph cut (referred as α-Cut) to partition the DPG and obtain the different sub-networks. Thus the framework applies the locally distributed computations of density based clustering to improve efficiency and the centralized global computations of spectral clustering to improve accuracy. We perform extensive experiments on real as well as synthetic datasets, and compare its performance with that of an existing road network partitioning method. Our results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing normalized cut based method for small road networks and provides impressive results for much larger networks, where other methods may face serious problems of time and space complexities.     

加权局域网络上的病毒传播行为研究

病毒传播问题的研究一直是国际上科学家所关注的焦点,但是在加权局域网络中的病毒传播研究却是空白。由于实际存在的网络很大一部分是加权局域网络,因此研究了一种特定加权局域网络中的传播行为。采用病毒传播的SI模型,令病毒的传播速度和网络的连接权重正相关。对加权局域网络中病毒传播行为的研究表明：加权局域网络的无标度性质和加权局域世界性质对病毒的传播有深刻的影响。由于加权局域网络能够很好地反应实际世界,因此该研究具有很广的应用背景。     

ABACUS: frequent pAttern mining-BAsed Community discovery in mUltidimensional networkS

Community discovery in complex networks is the problem of detecting, for each node of the network, its membership to one of more groups of nodes, the communities, that are densely connected, or highly interactive, or, more in general, similar, according to a similarity function. So far, the problem has been widely studied in monodimensional networks, i.e. networks where only one connection between two entities may exist. However, real networks are often multidimensional, i.e., multiple connections between any two nodes may exist, either reflecting different kinds of relationships, or representing different values of the same type of tie. In this context, the problem of community discovery has to be redefined, taking into account multidimensional structure of the graph. We define a new concept of community that groups together nodes sharing memberships to the same monodimensional communities in the different single dimensions. As we show, such communities are meaningful and able to group nodes even if they might not be connected in any of the monodimensional networks. We devise frequent pAttern mining-BAsed Community discoverer in mUltidimensional networkS (ABACUS), an algorithm that is able to extract multidimensional communities based on the extraction of frequent closed itemsets from monodimensional community memberships. Experiments on two different real multidimensional networks confirm the meaningfulness of the introduced concepts, and open the way for a new class of algorithms for community discovery that do not rely on the dense connections among nodes.     

Metaphor and Manifestation Cross-Reality with Ubiquitous Sensor/Actuator Networks

A series of projects by the MIT Media Lab's Responsive Environments Group explore ways of bridging the rapidly expanding reach of networked electronic sensors with the limited realm of human perception. These include various implementations of cross-reality which render and manifest phenomena between the real world and shared online virtual environments via densely embedded sensor and actuator networks. We visualize information from ubiquitously deployed real-world smart power strips and sensor-rich media portals at different levels of abstraction through analogous Second Life constructs. Conversely, we manifest virtual world events into physical space using on-platform actuators and displays. We also show a set of simpler 2D visualizations that enable mobile devices to efficiently browse and interact with sensor network data. We touch on a recently developed system that uses a small badge to passively manage dynamic privacy in environments such as these that stream potentially revealing information across the real/virtual divide. These technologies' application areas involve fluid browsing of and interaction with the geographically dispersed real world in an unconstrained virtual environment and ubiquitous multiscale telepresence.     

Modeling and navigation of social information networks in metric spaces

We are living in a world of various kinds of social information networks with small-world and scale-free characteristics. It is still an intriguing problem for researchers to explain how and why so many obviously different networks emerge and share common intrinsic characteristics such as short diameter, higher cluster and power-law degree distribution. Most previous works studied the topology formation and information navigation of complex networks in separated models. In this paper, we propose a metric based range intersection model to explore the topology evolution and information navigation in a synthetic way. We model the network as a set of nodes in a distance metric space where each node has an ID and a range of neighbor information around its ID in the metric space. The range of a node can be seen as the local knowledge or information that the node has around its position in the metric space. The topology is formed by setting up a link between two nodes that have intersected ranges. Information navigation over the network is modeled as a greedy routing process using neighbor links and the distance metric. Different from previous models, we do not assume that nodes join the network one by one and set up link according to the degree distribution of existing nodes or distances between nodes. Range of node is the key factor determining the topology and navigation properties of a network. Moreover, as the ranges of nodes grow, the network evolves from a set of totally isolated nodes to a connected network. Thus, we can easily model the network evolutions in terms of the network size and the individual node information range using the range intersection model. A set of experiments shows that networks constructed using the range intersection model have the scale-free degree distribution, high cluster, short diameter, and high navigability properties that are owned by the real networks.