Cu-doped ZrO2 aerogel: A novel catalyst for CO hydrogenation to CH3OH

Sol-gel derived Cu/ZrO₂ aerogels have been prepared and then their potential for CO hydrogenation towards methanol has been explored. These aerogels had very high surface areas (i.e. up to 250 m² g^-1) even after reduction in H₂ at 573 K. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed that fresh aerogels were amorphous and composed of clusters of particles below 5 nm in size. A fraction of these primary particles grew to about 10 nm after 24 h of the catalysed reaction. The fresh aerogel was very active and stable in this methanol synthesis reaction. A relatively strong interaction of the support with the Cu is indicated by TPR and this appears to correlate well with the high activity shown. Certainly, the high activity was not simply attributable to the high surface area of such aerogel samples.     

Ag/ZSM-5催化剂上甲醇芳构化过程

详细研究了Ag负载ZSM-5催化剂上甲醇芳构化反应过程.考察了反应温度、催化剂酸性、甲醇分压和Ag浸渍量对甲醇芳构化反应选择性的影响.高的甲醇分压有利于提高芳烃选择性,并显著改变芳烃产品组成.芳烃选择性先随着反应温度与银含量升高而升高,分别在475℃和3%Ag时达到最高值,然后随二者的进一步升高而降低.高的酸性对芳烃的生成反应非常关键.     

Highly Active Catalyst from [PdCl2(NH2(CH2)12CH3)2] on NH4ZSM-5

A palladium catalyst highly active for the cyclohexene hydrogenation has been obtained by heterogenisation of [PdCl₂(NH₂(CH₂)₁₂CH₃)₂] on zeolite NH₄ZSM-5. TOF is more than twenty times higher than for the homogeneous catalyst or the activated carbon heterogenised complex. Changes in the electronic state of palladium have been observed by XPS analysis. Palladium reduction is produced upon heterogenisation on the NH₄ZSM-5 zeolite.     

Investigation of the Phase Equilibria of CO2/CH3OH/H2O and CO2/CH3OH/H2O/H2 Mixtures

The storage of excess electricity from renewable energy sources is nowadays a crucial topic. One promising technology is the methanol (CH₃OH) synthesis from H₂/CO₂ mixtures. The achievable one‐pass conversion is limited within this exothermic equilibrium reaction. A possibility to overcome this limitation would be withdrawing CH₃OH and H₂O from the gas phase through in situ condensation under reaction conditions. In this work, the phase equilibrium for mixtures representative for different degrees of conversion was studied. A view cell was employed to determine systematically the single‐ and two‐phase regimes and obtain phase envelopes for mixtures of H₂, CO₂, CH₃OH, and H₂O from 66 to 305 °C and 61 to 233 bar. Furthermore, the densities in the single‐phase area were determined and quantified by an empirical model.     

SiO_2掺杂CaO/ZrO_2催化剂催化1,4-丁二醇选择性脱水合成3-丁烯-1-醇

以正硅酸乙酯和硝酸氧锆为前驱体,制备Si O2掺杂的Ca O/Si O2-Zr O2催化剂,考察其催化1,4-丁二醇选择性脱水合成3-丁烯-1-醇的反应性能,并借助X射线衍射、低温N2物理吸附、NH3和CO2程序升温脱附、红外光谱等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Si O2的掺杂使催化剂表面的酸碱活性中心明显增多,表现出优异的催化1,4-丁二醇合成3-丁烯-1-醇的催化性能。在反应温度330℃和1,4-丁二醇流速为2 m L·h-1条件下,1,4-丁二醇转化率97.3%,3-丁烯-1-醇选择性80.4%。     

Fe2O3-CuO/ZSM-5催化剂催化低浓度瓦斯制甲醇

采用催化氧化的方法,将煤矿抽采瓦斯制成高价值的化学品或液体燃料甲醇是其综合利用的一个发展方向。寻找对瓦斯转化具有较好的催化效果,且能替代贵金属催化剂的普通催化剂是瓦斯催化氧化制甲醇的研究重点。本文以硝酸铁、硝酸铜和ZSM-5分子筛为原料,采用离子交换法制备了Fe₂O₃/ZSM-5、CuO/ZSM-5和Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5催化剂,并在乙酸溶剂中考察了3种催化剂催化低浓度瓦斯部分氧化合成甲醇的性能。结果表明,Fe₂O₃/ZSM-5、CuO/ZSM-5和Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5对瓦斯部分氧化制甲醇反应均有催化活性,但Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5的催化效果最明显,且Fe、Cu负载量对催化剂的催化活性影响较为显著,Fe和Cu的最佳理论负载量分别为4.21%和3.22%。在Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5(x_Fe=4.21%,x_Cu=3.22%)添加量为0.1g、乙酸溶剂用量30mL的条件下,Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5催化甲烷体积分数为20%配制瓦斯制甲醇的最佳反应条件为初始反应压力4.0MPa、反应温度200℃、反应时间3h。     

固体酸WO3／ZrO2制备生物柴油的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了固体强酸WO_3/ZrO_2,研究了WO_3负载量和焙烧温度对催化剂晶相和比表面积的影响,并且研究了WO_3/ZrO_2催化剂对葵花籽油酯交换反应制备生物柴油(BDF)的催化性能,结果表明,WO_3/ZrO_2催化剂的催化性能与WO_3负载量及晶相结构密切相关,在负载量为0.1 g WO_3/ZrO_2时,经700～800℃高温焙烧,WO_3在ZrO_2表面上达到单层分散,且大部分ZrO_2以四方晶相存在,而四方相的存在对于形成WO_3/ZrO_2的强酸性是很重要的。所制备的催化剂具有较好的催化活性,在反应温度150℃、醇油物质的量比12:1及催化剂用量为葵花籽油质量分数的3%的条件下,反应8 h后葵花籽油的转化率可以达到60%以上。     

Pt/TiO2/ZSM-5催化剂的制备及其催化转化正丁烷

采用溶胶-凝胶法和等体积浸渍法,分别对ZSM-5分子筛进行TiO₂改性和Pt负载,获得了具有脱氢-裂解双功能的Pt/TiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂,采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、TEM、XPS和NH₃-TPD对样品的晶体结构,孔结构、形貌、活性金属价态和酸性质等进行了表征,并研究了正丁烷在此催化剂上催化转化制备低碳烯烃的反应规律。研究结果表明,TiO₂的引入,一方面使得改性后的ZSM-5分子筛获得了额外的酸性中心,特别是强酸性位含量的增加,有助于促进正丁烷的活化;另一方面Pt与TiO₂之间存在“金属-载体”强相互作用（SMSI）,在H₂还原气氛下,Pt能够促进TiO₂的还原,生成Ti³⁺物种,而Ti³⁺的存在增加了Pt周围的电荷密度,降低了Pt对低碳烯烃（C₂⁼～C₃⁼）的吸附能力,抑制了深度脱氢和生焦反应,从而提高双功能催化剂对烯烃的选择性。当H₂还原温度为450℃时,Pt/10TiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂在625℃下的正丁烷转化率为76.1%,低碳烯烃（C₂⁼～C₃⁼）收率为50.9%,分别比Pt/ZSM-5催化剂提高了16.7%和12.6%。     

Tuning the NOx conversion of Cu-Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst in NH3-SCR

Cu-Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst prepared by subsequent ion-exchange showed higher NOx conversion compared with Fe/ZSM-5 or Cu/ZSM-5. Presence of small amount of copper in xCu-yFe/ZSM-5 catalysts was found to be enough to improve the low temperature NOx conversion without significantly affecting the high temperature performance. Co-presence of Cu increases the reducibility of Fe and also increased strong acid sites in Cu-Fe/ZSM-5. However, no correlation between acid site strength and NOx conversion is observed. Higher NOx conversion over Cu-Fe/ZSM-5 can be correlated to the facile reduction of metal species. Thus the redox properties and NOx conversion can be tuned by changing the composition of Cu-Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst.     

Co-conversion of methanol and n-hexane into aromatics using intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 as a catalyst

The conversion of n-hexane and methanol into value-added aromatic compounds is a promising method for their industrially relevant utilization. In this study, intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 crystals were synthesized and their resulting catalytic performance was investigated and compared to those of the isolated ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites. The physicochemical properties of ZSM-5/ZSM-11 intergrown zeolite were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, N₂ isothermal adsorption-desorption, the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonium, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra of adsorbed pyridine, and nuclear magnetic resonance of ²⁷Al , and compared with those of the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites. The catalytic performances of the materials were evaluated during the co-feeding reaction of methanol and n-hexane under the fixed bed conditions of 400°C, 0.5 MPa (N₂), methanol:꞉n-hexane=7꞉:3 (mass ratio), and weight hourly space velocity=1 h^–1 (methanol). Compared to the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites, the ZSM-5/ZSM-11 zeolite exhibited the largest specific surface area, a unique crystal structure, moderate acidity, and suitable Brønsted/Lewis acid ratio. The evaluation results showed that ZSM-5/ZSM-11 catalyst exhibited better catalytic reactivity than the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 catalysts in terms of methanol conversion rate, n-hexane conversion rate, and aromatic selectivity. The outstanding catalytic property of the intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 was attributed to the enhanced diffusion associated with its unique crystal structure. The benefit of using zeolite intergrowth in the co-conversion of methanol and alkanes offers a novel route for future catalyst development.     

空气气氛下RuO2/ZSM-5催化醇的部分氧化反应

通过原位反应法制备了RuO₂/ZSM-5催化剂，并用XRD、XPS和TEM对合成的催化剂进行了表征，结果表明，RuO₂主要以20 nm左右的微晶分散在载体中，原位反应引入钌物种，没有改变载体ZSM-5的结构，大部分钌为四价。催化试验表明，在以空气为氧化剂的温和条件下，RuO₂/ZSM-5不仅可有效地催化芳香醇和带烯丙基的醇类（激活醇）氧化生成醛酮，而且对一些非激活醇也有较好的催化效果。     

CuNi/Al2O3催化剂上乙炔选择加氢的研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuNi/Al2O3催化剂,研究了Ni负载量、Cu负载量及n(Cu)/n(Ni)对催化剂上乙炔选择加氢活性和选择性的影响,以及催化剂的还原性能。结果表明:CuNi/Al2O3催化剂中Cu提高了Ni的还原性,使催化剂具有很高的活性及乙烯选择性。随Cu/Ni原子比的提高,催化剂的活性下降,选择性升高,当Ni的负载量为10%、n(Cu)/n(Ni)=0.5时,在反应温度为50℃、反应压力为0.2 MPa、原料气流量为45 mL/min及H2流量为1.5 mL/min的反应条件下,乙炔的转化率达88.98%,乙烯的选择性达74.01%,乙烯收率为65.86%。     

氧化铝成型的Pt-SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3上n-C50/C60的异构化性能

采用浸渍法制备了Pt-SO₄ ^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（PSZA）催化剂,考察了黏结剂拟薄水铝石的来源对PSZA异构化活性和机械强度的影响,确定了较为适合的黏结剂来源。对氢氧化锆母体制备进行从25g放大10倍至250g,研究放大催化剂的异构化性能。在此基础上考察了Al₂O₃黏结剂含量对PSZA异构化活性和机械强度的影响。采用XRD、TG、XRF等手段对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明：拟薄水铝石的来源不同,结晶度不同,制备的催化剂的异构化活性与机械强度均有差别,拟薄水铝石的结晶度越高,制备的催化剂上的硫含量越低,异构化活性越高,机械强度也越高。此外,放大10倍制备的催化剂异构化性能没有明显变化。黏结剂含量对催化剂的初始异构化活性没有明显影响,而反应稳定性随着黏结剂含量的提高大幅度降低。兼顾催化剂的异构化活性与机械强度,较适宜的Al₂O₃质量分数为5%～10%。     

添加氧化锆对二氧化碳加氢合成二甲醚催化剂Cu-ZnO-Al_2O_3/HZSM-5性能的影响

本文采用共沉淀沉积法及化学还原法制备了一系列的非晶态铜基催化剂,在常规固定床高压流动反应装置上对其CO2加氢合成二甲醚催化性能进行了研究。结果表明:添加ZrO2提高CO2转化率;经NH3-TPD表征可知,氧化锆能增强催化剂表面酸性。另外,催化剂中HZSM-5分子筛含量增大,能显著提高二甲醚的选择性。XRD分析表明,催化剂中各个组分分散均匀。     

Reactions of adsorbed CH3 species with CO2 on Rh/SiO2 catalyst

Methyl radicals, produced by the high temperature pyrolysis of azomethane, were adsorbed on Rh/SiO₂. The reaction between adsorbed CH₃ and gaseous CO₂ has been followed by determining the intensity changes of the asymmetric stretch of CH₃ and the composition of the gas phase. It was found that adsorbed CH₃ reacts with CO₂ at and above 373 K. It is assumed that similar processes may also take place in the dry reforming of methane, and that they are responsible for the lack of carbon deposition on supported Rh catalysts. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同硅铝比Co/ZSM-5催化剂对费托合成汽油馏分烃选择性的调控

以ZSM-5分子筛为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Co/ZSM-5系列催化剂,用于费托合成反应一步法制汽油馏分烃(C_5~C_(11)烷烃)。考察了不同硅铝比(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=25,38,50,80和200)的ZSM-5分子筛对Co/ZSM-5催化剂费托合成汽油馏分选择性的影响。采用氮气物理吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征,并在高压固定床反应器上对催化剂的费托合成催化性能进行了测试。结果表明,对比Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=25,38,50和80)催化剂,Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=200)催化剂表现出最高的汽油馏分烃类选择性,高达52.8%,这主要归功于Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=200)催化剂上较小钴颗粒尺寸、较优的还原性能以及适量弱酸位的协同作用。分子筛的酸性为催化剂的加氢裂解转化提供活性位,促进重质烃产物发生裂解和异构等二次反应,较小的钴颗粒尺寸和较优的还原性能有利于提高C_5~+烃选择性。     

FT-IR spectroscopic investigation of the surface reaction of CH4 with NO x species adsorbed on Pd/WO3–ZrO2 catalyst

The interaction of methane at various temperatures with NO _x species formed by room temperature adsorption of NO + O₂ mixture on tungstated zirconia (18.6 wt.% WO₃) and palladium(II)-promoted tungstated zirconia (0.1 wt.% Pd) has been investigated using in situ FT-IR spectroscopy. A mechanism for the reduction of NO over the Pd-promoted tungstated zirconia is proposed, which involves a step consisting of thermal decomposition of the nitromethane to adsorbed NO and formates through the intermediacy of cis-methyl nitrite. The HCOO⁻ formed acts as a reductant of the adsorbed NO producing nitrogen.     

不同硅铝比Co/ZSM-5催化剂对费托合成汽油馏分烃选择性的调控

以ZSM-5分子筛为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Co/ZSM-5系列催化剂,用于费托合成反应一步法制汽油馏分烃(C_5^C_(11)烷烃)。考察了不同硅铝比(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=25,38,50,80和200)的ZSM-5分子筛对Co/ZSM-5催化剂费托合成汽油馏分选择性的影响。采用氮气物理吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征,并在高压固定床反应器上对催化剂的费托合成催化性能进行了测试。结果表明,对比Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=25,38,50和80)催化剂,Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=200)催化剂表现出最高的汽油馏分烃类选择性,高达52.8%,这主要归功于Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=200)催化剂上较小钴颗粒尺寸、较优的还原性能以及适量弱酸位的协同作用。分子筛的酸性为催化剂的加氢裂解转化提供活性位,促进重质烃产物发生裂解和异构等二次反应,较小的钴颗粒尺寸和较优的还原性能有利于提高C_5C_(11)烷烃)。考察了不同硅铝比(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=25,38,50,80和200)的ZSM-5分子筛对Co/ZSM-5催化剂费托合成汽油馏分选择性的影响。采用氮气物理吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征,并在高压固定床反应器上对催化剂的费托合成催化性能进行了测试。结果表明,对比Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=25,38,50和80)催化剂,Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=200)催化剂表现出最高的汽油馏分烃类选择性,高达52.8%,这主要归功于Co/ZSM-5(Si O_2/Al_2O_3=200)催化剂上较小钴颗粒尺寸、较优的还原性能以及适量弱酸位的协同作用。分子筛的酸性为催化剂的加氢裂解转化提供活性位,促进重质烃产物发生裂解和异构等二次反应,较小的钴颗粒尺寸和较优的还原性能有利于提高C_5⁺烃选择性。     

Decomposition and oxidation of CH3 13CH2OH on A12O3, Pd/Al2O3, and PdO/Al2O3 catalysts

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and oxidation (TPO) were used to investigate the decomposition and oxidation of ethanol on Al₂O₃, Pd/Al₂O₃, and PdO/Al₂O₃. Ethyl--¹³C alcohol (CH₃ ¹³CH₂OH) was adsorbed on the catalysts so that reaction pathways of the two carbons could be distinguished. Alumina was mainly a dehydration catalyst, but dehydrogenation was also observed and some carbon remained on the surface. In the presence of O₂, A1₂O₃ oxidized the decomposition products and the-carbon was oxidized faster. Ethanol, which was adsorbed on A1₂O₃, decomposed much faster on Pd/A1₂O₃ by diffusing to Pd and undergoing CO elimination to form CH₄,¹³CO, H₂, and surface carbon. On PdO/A1₂O₃, the decomposition was slower than on Pd/A1₂O₃ until lattice oxygen was extracted above 450 K; the decomposition products were oxidized by lattice oxygen. In the presence of gas phase O₂, Pd/Al₂O₃ was an active oxidation catalyst at low temperature, but lattice oxygen had to be extracted from PdO/A1₂O₃ before it had significant oxidation activity.