Wave propagation and scattering in random media and rough surfaces

The author presents a comprehensive review highlighting historical as well as new developments in the area of random media. Both discrete and continuous media are considered as well as rough surfaces. The author discusses wave propagation in turbulence and in a random continuum where the refractive index is a random function of space and time. Examples are optical propagation in the atmosphere, microwaves in the troposphere, ionosphere, planetary atmosphere, and solar wind, and acoustic scattering in ocean turbulence. The author describes multiple scattering by random distributions of discrete scatterers. Examples are optical and microwave scattering by rain, fog, smog, snow, ice particles, and vegetation, optical and ultrasound scattering by tissues and blood, optical and acoustic scattering in the ocean, and scattering in composite materials. Scattering by rough surfaces and interfaces is discussed. Examples are acoustic scattering by ocean surfaces, microwave and optical scattering by vegetation, terrain, and snow cover, and ultrasound scattering by rough interfaces in biological media     

Progress in ZnO materials and devices

ZnO is a wide-band-gap semiconductor material that is now being developed for many applications, including ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes, UV photodetectors, transparent thin-film transistors, and gas sensors. It can be grown as boules, as thin films, or as nanostructures of many types and shapes. However, as with any useful semiconductor material, its electrical and optical properties are controlled by impurities and defects. Here, we consider various important donor-type impurities, such as H, Al, Ga, and In, and acceptor-type impurities, such as N, P, As, and Sb. We also examine the effects of a few common point defects, including Zn interstitials, Zn vacancies, O vacancies, and complexes of each. The main experimental techniques of interest here include temperature-dependent Hall-effect and low-temperature photoluminescence measurements, because they alone can provide donor and acceptor concentrations and donor energies. The important topic of p-type ZnO is also considered in some detail.     

Web engineering: an introduction

Within a short period, the Internet and World Wide Web have become ubiquitous, surpassing all other technological developments in our history. They've also grown rapidly in their scope and extent of use, significantly affecting all aspects of our lives. Industries such as manufacturing, travel and hospitality, banking, education, and government are Web-enabled to improve and enhance their operations. E-commerce has expanded quickly, cutting across national boundaries. Even traditional legacy information and database systems have migrated to the Web. Advances in wireless technologies and Web-enabled appliances are triggering a new wave of mobile Web applications. As a result, we increasingly depend on a range of Web applications. Now that many of us rely on Web based systems and applications, they need to be reliable and perform well. To build these systems and applications, Web developers need a sound methodology, a disciplined and repeatable process, better development tools, and a set of good guidelines. The emerging field of Web engineering fulfils these needs. It uses scientific, engineering, and management principles and systematic approaches to successfully develop, deploy, and maintain high-quality Web systems and applications. It aims to bring the current chaos in Web based system development under control, minimize risks, and enhance Web site maintainability and quality     

基于AT89S52的水情遥测终端设计与实现

设计了一种基于单片机的低功耗水情遥测终端,实现多种水情数据的采集、处理和报送。终端采用AT89S52单片机作为硬件核心,由扩充存储器、实时时钟、键盘输入、液晶显示、串行通信、调制解调及太阳能供电等外围电路构成。同时具备数字和模拟数据采集接口,通过连接相应传感器,实时采集雨量、水位、闸位、流量、温度等信息,使遥测参数多样化。显示模块与按键配合,用于动态显示、设置参数及系统的检测维护。设计的RS-232通信接口,可连接SMS/GSM、GPRS、无线电台等通信模块,满足不同通信方式下的应用,提高了通用性。该终端在实际应用中亦能稳定可靠地工作,满足水情遥测的功能和性能等技术要求。     

Service characterization for cost/benefit optimization of?enhanced?UMTS

In this paper an all-IP Enhanced-Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (E-UMTS) is considered, where enhancements include link level behavior, high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) channel, resource management, Diffserv architecture, and Radio Resource Management schemes. An overview of E-UMTS deployment scenarios and service needs is presented based on the views of relevant players. Deployment and mobility scenarios are considered, including expected population density and usage of service mix for three environments, namely offices, urban/vehicular, and business city center. In addition, based on population and service penetration values, E-UMTS traffic generation and activity models are described and characterized. Based on these scenarios and characterizations, system level simulations are carried out and the enhanced service quality performance is demonstrated, including blocking probability, handover failure probability and end-to-end delay in each deployment scenario. By using system level simulations, services and environmental conditions can be mapped into deployment strategies (and supported system capacity) whose evaluation is essential prior to field trials and real implementation. On the one hand, costs depend on the prices of the spectrum, equipment, operation and maintenance, as well as on the number of cells which, in turn, depends on the cell radius. On the other, revenues depend on the price per MB and on the supported throughput. As the goal of operators and service providers is to maximize the profit, the profit in percentage was obtained for the three considered scenarios. Its optimum values are found for cell radii around 31, 257, and 310 m for offices, vehicular and business city center scenarios, respectively.     

Methods for Displaying Three-Dimensional Images

The essential components of generating three-dimensional (3-D) images are defined, and various methods of creating each of the components are explained. The components are image acquisition, image multiplexing and processing, and display mechanisms. For image acquisition, transforming, synthesizing based on disparity, voxel and wavefront deformation, and sampling and photographing methods are used. For multiplexing, time, spatial, and spatiotemporal, and for processing, chirping, layering, and pixel cell based multiview image arrangement methods are used. The display mechanisms are classified into projection, contact,and scanning types depending on their means of displaying images. From these methods, 3-D images with real volume, with parallax only and with psychologically induced depth sense can be generated. The display mechanisms have another important mission of creating viewing zones. For this purpose, all 3-D imaging methods employ a special form of optics or mechanisms complying with their image multiplexing schemes. These optics and mechanisms are essential in realizing 3-D imaging systems but at the same time they provide many unfriendly and uncomfortable effects to viewers, and also impose some functional limitations.     

An agent-based self-adaptation architecture for implementing smart devices in Smart Space

Smart Space is a major currently challenging domain that includes ubiquitous, grid, and pervasive computing to provide intelligence, insight, and vision for emerging world of intelligent environment, products, services and human interaction. Smart Space consists of various objects (devices and applications) and, their extremely tight integration of and coordination between information world and physical resources. In Smart Space, people are allowed to acquire useful information and control devices anytime and anywhere with various smart devices. However the physical world where devices are deployed has much uncertainty and uncontrollable conditions, so that it is impossible to make devices suited to all situations. To achieve user satisfaction and overcome the system failure, devices in Smart Space must be dependable, secure, safe, and efficient, and operate in real-time. In addition, they must be scalable, cost-effective and adaptive. Especially, to deal with uncertainty and uncontrollable condition, devices in Smart Space could be more intelligent in the adaptation. In this paper, we propose an agent-based self-adaptation architecture for implementing smart devices in Smart Space. A self-adaptive smart device reasons about its state and environment, and adapts itself at runtime automatically and dynamically in response to changes. Also we present an adaptation mechanism used to implementing a self-adaptive system.     

A Development Environment for OSA-Based Applications over the Interworked WLAN and Cellular Networks

In this paper, we propose an OSA-based development environment for interworking WLAN and 3G cellular networks. The main goal of our work is to establish and create an environment that can serve as a demonstration of a working network for OSA-based application developers while featuring mobile services over the interworked LAN and 3G cellular networks. The proposed simulating environment has (i) a location update scheme that is used to obtain mobile users' locations and status information over the interworked WLAN and cellular networks, (ii) an instant message gateway (IMG) simulator that is developed to send and receive generic messages over the interworked WLAN and cellular networks, and (iii) a mapping of Parlay APIs onto SIP signaling messages for multiparty call applications over the interworked WLAN and cellular networks. An illustrated OSA-based application that utilizes the corresponding system functions and modules is developed and verified using the proposed simulating environment. Chung-Ming Huang received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from National Taiwan University on 1984/6, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer and Information Science from The Ohio State University on 1987/12 and 1991/6 respectively. He is currently a professor in Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C. He is the director of The Promotion Center for Network Applications and Services, Innovative Communication Education Project, Ministry of Education, Taiwan, R.O.C. His research interests include broadband Internet and applications, wireless and mobile network protocols, ubiquitous computing and communications, and multimedia streaming. Tz-Heng Hsu received the B.S. degree from Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Feng Chia University on 1996/6, and the M.S. degree and Ph.D from Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University on 1998/7 and 2005/7, Taiwan, R.O.C. He is currently a assistant professor in Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Technology. His research interests are wireless and mobile network protocols, applications over interworked WLAN and cellular networks and communications, and multimedia streaming. Chih-Wen Chao received the B.S. degree from Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University on 2003/6, and the M.S. degree from Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University on 2005/7, Taiwan, R.O.C. His research interests are OSA-based applications and distributed multimedia systems.     

An Efficient Adaptive Grouping for Single Code Assignment in WCDMA Mobile Networks

For achieving high utilization and efficient code management of the OVSF code tree in 3G WCDMA networks, several researches have extensively studied. Based on combining both the code assignment and the reassignment mechanisms, it increases obviously high utilization and reduces completely the code blocking. Nevertheless, the required rate of traffic should be powers of two of the basic rate, i.e. 1R, 2R, 4R, …, etc., which is impractical and results in wasting the system bandwidth while the required rate is not powers of two of the basic rate. Several multi-code assignment mechanisms have proposed to reduce the waste rate. Nevertheless, these methods bring two inevitable drawbacks including, high complexity of handling multiple codes, and increasing the cost of using more rake combiners at both the base stations and mobile nodes. Therefore, we propose an adaptive grouping code assignment herein to provide a single channelization code for any possible rate of traffic, even though the required rate is not powers of two of the basic rate. Based on the dynamic programming algorithm, the adaptive grouping approach forms several calls into a group. Then it allocates a subtree to the group and adaptively shares the subtree codes for these calls in the concept of time-sharing of slots during a group cycle time. Therefore, the waste rate and code blocking are thus reduced obviously while using a single rake combiner. Since the delay problem may be occurred in such a time-sharing approach, we propose two schemes of cycle interleaving methods to reduce delay. Numerical results indicate that the proposed adaptive grouping approach reduces significantly the waste rate and thus increases the system utilization. Moreover, the proposed cycle interleaving scheme reduces data delay significantly. Ren-Hung Hwang received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA, in 1989 and 1993, respectively. He joined the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, in 1993, where he is now a full Professor and the Chair of the Department of Communication Engineering. His research interests include Internet QoS, peer-to-peer infrastructure design, and 3G QoS. Ben-Jye Chang received his M.S. degree in computer engineering from University of Massachusetts, Lowell, in 1991 and the Ph.D. degree in computer science and information engineering from National Chung-Cheng University, Taiwan, in 2001. He joined the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering faculty at Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, in 2002, where he is currently an Associate Professor. His research interests include QoS-based networks, QoS wirless networking, resource management for wireless networks and mobile cellular networks, and performance evaluation of networks. Min-Xiou Chen received the BS degree in computer science and information engineering from Tung Hai University, Tai-Chung, Taiwan, in 1996, and the MS and PhD degrees in computer science and information engineering from National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, in 1998 and 2005, respectively. He is now an assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan. His research interests include wireless communication, SIP, sensor network and resource management in WCDMA systems. He is a member of the IEEE. Kun-Chan Tsai received the BS degree in information engineering and computer science from Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, in 2001, and the MS degree in computer science and information engineering from National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, in 2003. His research interests include wireless communications and resource management in WCDMA systems.     

Hybrid Morphology Processing Unit Architecture for Moving Object Segmentation Systems

Video segmentation is a key operation in MPEG-4 content-based coding systems. For real-time applications, hardware implementation of video segmentation is inevitable. In this paper, we propose a hybrid morphology processing unit architecture for real-time moving object segmentation systems, where a prior effective moving object segmentation algorithm is implemented. The algorithm is first mapped to pixel-based operations and morphological operations, which makes the hardware implementation feasible. Then the high computation load, which is more than 4.2 GOPS, can be overcome with a dedicated morphology engine and a programmable morphology PE array. In addition, the hardware cost, memory size, and memory bandwidth can be reduced with the partial-result-reuse concept. This chip is designed with TSMC 0.35 μm 1P4M technology, and can achieve the processing speed of 30 QCIF frames or 7,680 morphological operations per second at 26 MHz. Simulation shows that the proposed hardware architecture is efficient in both hardware complexity and memory organization. It can be integrated into any content-based video processing and encoding systems. Shao-Yi Chien was born in Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1977. He received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, in 1999 and 2003, respectively. During 2003 to 2004, he was a research staff in Quanta Research Institute, Tao Yuan Shien, Taiwan. In 2004, he joined the Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include video segmentation algorithm, intelligent video coding technology, image processing, computer graphics, and associated VLSI architectures. Bing-Yu Hsieh was born in Taichung, Taiwan, in 1979. He received the B.S.E.E and M.S.E.E degrees from National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, in 2001 and 2003, respectively. He joined MediaTek, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 2003, where he develops integrated circuits related to multimedia systems and optical storage devices. His research interests include object tracking, video coding, baseband signal processing, and VLSI design. Yu-Wen Huang was born in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in 1978. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering and Ph. D. degree in the Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering from National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, in 2000 and 2004, respectively. He joined MediaTek, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 2004, where he develops integrated circuits related to video coding systems. His research interests include video segmentation, moving object detection and tracking, intelligent video coding technology, motion estimation, face detection and recognition, H.264/AVC video coding, and associated VLSI architectures. Shyh-Yih Ma received the B.S.E.E, M.S.E.E, and Ph.D. degrees from National Taiwan University in 1992, 1994, and 2001, respectively. He joined Vivotek, Inc., Taipei County, in 2000, where he developed multimedia communication systems on DSPs. His research interests include video processing algorithm design, algorithm optimization for DSP architecture, and embedded system design. Liang-Gee Chen was born in Yun-Lin, Taiwan, in 1956. He received the BS, MS, and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from National Cheng Kung University, in 1979, 1981, and 1986, respectively. He was an Instructor (1981–1986), and an Associate Professor (1986–1988) in the the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University. In the military service during 1987 and 1988, he was an Associate Professor in the Institute of Resource Management, Defense Management College. From 1988, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University. During 1993 to 1994 he was Visiting Consultant of DSP Research Department, AT&T Bell Lab, Murray Hill. At 1997, he was the visiting scholar of the Department of Electrical Engineering, University, of Washington, Seattle. Currently, he is Professor of National Taiwan University. From 2004, he is also the Executive Vice President and the General Director of Electronics Research and Service Organization (ERSO) in the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). His current research interests are DSP architecture design, video processor design, and video coding system. Dr. Chen is a Fellow of IEEE. He is also a member of the honor society Phi Tan Phi. He was the general chairman of the 7th VLSI Design CAD Symposium. He is also the general chairman of the 1999 IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems: Design and Implementation. He serves as Associate Editor of IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology from June 1996 until now and the Associate Editor of IEEE Trans. on VLSI Systems from January 1999 until now. He was the Associate Editor of the Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing from 1999 until now. He served as the Guest Editor of The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology, November 2001. He is also the Associate Editor of the IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing. From 2002, he is also the Associate Editor of Proceedings of the IEEE. Dr. Chen received the Best Paper Award from ROC Computer Society in 1990 and 1994. From 1991 to 1999, he received Long-Term (Acer) Paper Awards annually. In 1992, he received the Best Paper Award of the 1992 Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems in VLSI design track. In 1993, he received the Annual Paper Award of Chinese Engineer Society. In 1996, he received the Out-standing Research Award from NSC, and the Dragon Excellence Award for Acer. He is elected as the IEEE Circuits and Systems Distinguished Lecturer from 2001–2002.     

植物园

植物园（含树木园）以科学研究、保护、展示和教育为目的,收集保存活植物并保有其档案记录。其主要任务是迁地保护植物多样性、实现其资源的可持续利用,开展相应的植物展示、科普教育和科学研究。全世界现有约2 000个各种类型的植物园和树木园,保存了80 000种植物,包括许多珍稀、濒危的植物种类。中国的植物园目前已达约160个,在植物引种、驯化、开发利用、保护方面取得了巨大成绩,在科普教育、旅游服务方面的重要性得到承认。植物园工作者在相关研究领域取得了理论和技术的创新成果,在管理、政策、培训和植物记录系统计算机化方面也在和世界接轨。面临生物多样性保护与可持续发展的挑战和机遇,我们期待中国的植物园在建园、植物收集保存、科普旅游、能力建设、科学研究等领域取得更大成绩,更好地满足经济和社会发展、环境和资源保护利用的需求,与世界植物园同步前进。     

MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language: enabling interoperable digital rights management

The Internet has spawned a revolution in the way people distribute content and access services. At the same time, the availability of broadband and wireless networks has increased, as have the capability and portability of computing and consumer electronic devices. These factors have fueled the development of new technologies to automate, manage, and secure content flow and service access over the Internet. This paper deals with the recently approved ISO standard, MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language (REL). This language is precise, flexible, extensible, and rich in expressing rights. Thus, it can support reliable, flexible, and cost-effective interoperable digital rights management (DRM) systems and applications for electronic commerce and enterprise management of content and services. It is an international standard for expressing and interpreting rights for using and distributing content, resources, and arid services. As an enabling technology for interoperable DRM, its' adoption by industry and incorporation into products certainly takes time. The challenge is to proliferate the REL's adaptation across many different DRM systems as well as conditional access and authorization systems. Moreover, the REL must pervade not only entertainment but also many other applications, such as enterprise, medical information, and even privacy protection.     

Variation

Variation afflicts the design, manufacture, and operation of integrated circuits. Techniques and tools are needed in three areas to address variation: statistical metrology, advanced process control, and design for manufacturability. First, statistical metrology seeks to characterize and model variations and their sources. Advanced metrology helps to understand geometric and material property variations, while variation test structures and test circuits enable study of the impact of specific or aggregate variations on performance. Second, advanced process control attempts to reduce process variation through sensing and feedback/feedforward control during fabrication. Third, design for manufacturability (DFM) seeks methods to improve performance and yield given process and environmental variation, through robust design, increased regularity, and other approaches. Finally, linkages between these areas, particularly between statistical metrology and DFM, will be important and empowering.     

基于区块链技术的高校信息化建设研究

区块链技术具有去中心化、安全高效、不可篡改等特征,与高校信息化建设中的独立性和科学化要求相吻合。高校在信息化建设中,可借助区块链这一优势,对数据管理等工作进行有效管理,实现信息化建设目标。但在信息化建设中,高校显现出规章制度不完善、应用生态不成熟、监管机制不健全、法律法规不完善、区块链人才紧缺等问题,影响了高校信息化建设的革新进程。基于此,高校可从区块链技术的优势入手,从规章制度、生态体系、监管体系、法律法规、人才体系等方面探寻新的发展思路。     

Transthoracic Ventricular Defibrillation in the 100 kg Calf with Untruncated and Truncated Exponential Stimuli

The effectiveness in reversing ventricular fibrillation of 30 s duration of 50 untruncated and truncated exponential waveforms was studied in 6000 fibrillation-defibrillation episodes in 100 kg calves. The study employed waveforms which could be generated with nominal stored energy levels (in the basic capacitor-switch sense) of 220, 440, and 660 J and initial current levels of 50, 70, 100, 140, and 200 A. Fifty A waveforms having a time constant of decay of 10 ms were truncated at 15 and 30 A while those having time constants of 20 and 30 ms were truncated at 15, 30, and 45 A. Seventy A waveforms having time constants of 5, 10, and 15 ms were untruncated or truncated at 15, 30, and 45 A. One hundred A waveforms having time constants of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 ms were untruncated or truncated at 15, 30, and 45 A. One hundred forty A waveforms having time constants of 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 ms were untruncated or truncated at 15, 30, and 45 A. Two hundred A waveforms having time constants of 0.63, 1.25, and 1.88 ms were untruncated or truncated at 45 A. We used 75 animals in the study.     

Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

This paper reviews the relative merits of induction, switched reluctance, and permanent-magnet (PM) brushless machines and drives for application in electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, with particular emphasis on PM brushless machines. The basic operational characteristics and design requirements, viz. a high torque/power density, high efficiency over a wide operating range, and a high maximum speed capability, as well as the latest developments, are described. Permanent-magnet brushless dc and ac machines and drives are compared in terms of their constant torque and constant power capabilities, and various PM machine topologies and their performance are reviewed. Finally, methods for enhancing the PM excitation torque and reluctance torque components and, thereby, improving the torque and power capability, are described     

新互联网体系理论及关键技术

互联网在可信(安全、可靠、可控、可管)等方面存在严重弊端。为解决这些问题,文章研究和探索新一代互联网体系的基础理论,给出了新网络的体系结构模型;创造性地提出新网络体系下的交换路由模型与理论,建立接入标识、广义交换路由标识及其映射理论;提出普适服务体系模型与理论,创建服务标识及其映射理论、连接标识及其映射理论;并对新互联网体系中的接入控制管理、可信路由及服务质量、多流传输、网络监测管理等关键技术进行了研究和探讨。     

基于卷积神经网络的档案分类与识别技术

文中基于卷积神经网络,研究了档案分类与识别技术,旨在提高档案管理的效率和准确性。首先,介绍了卷积神经网络在图像分类任务中的应用,总结了现有研究的主要成果。然后,阐述了档案分类与识别的概念,详细介绍了卷积神经网络的基本原理和特点。接着,提出了基于卷积神经网络的档案分类与识别技术的基本流程,包括数据预处理、特征提取、分类归档等步骤。最后,详细讨论了数据采集、数据预处理、模型设计、模型训练、模型测试、结果分析等关键环节。     

Cover Picture: Sequential Nucleation and Growth of Complex Nanostructured Films (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2006)

A sequential nucleation and growth process has been developed to construct complex nanostructured films step‐by‐step from aqueous solutions, as reported by Liu, Voigt, and co‐workers on p. 335. This method can be applied to a wide range of materials, and can be combined with top–down techniques to create spatially resolved micropatterns. The cover figure shows images of oriented nanowires, nanoneedles, nanotubes, nanoplates and stacked columns, wagon‐wheels, hierarchical films based on wagon‐wheels, hierarchically ordered mesophase silicate, and micropatterned flower‐like structures. Nanostructured films with controlled architectures are desirable for many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine, and energy/chemical conversions. Low‐temperature, aqueous chemical routes have been widely investigated for the synthesis of continuous films, and arrays of oriented nanorods and nanotubes. More recently, aqueous‐phase routes have been used to produce films composed of more complex crystal structures. In this paper, we discuss recent progress in the synthesis of complex nanostructures through sequential nucleation and growth processes. We first review the use of multistage, seeded‐growth methods to synthesize a wide range of nanostructures, including oriented nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoneedles, as well as laminated films, columns, and multilayer heterostructures. We then describe more recent work on the application of sequential nucleation and growth to the systematic assembly of large arrays of hierarchical, complex, oriented, and ordered crystal architectures. The multistage aqueous chemical route is shown to be applicable to several technologically important materials, and therefore may play a key role in advancing complex nanomaterials into applications.     

Organizational Processes Underlying Differences Between Listening and Reading as a Function of Complexity of Material

Listening and reading are the two major modes for the acquisition of knowledge. This study describes differences in selection (filtering), coding, and organizing materials by these two modes as a function of the complexity of the material. Complexity is defined logically, as well as linguistically and cognitively. For the three sets of materials used here, one excerpt was simple lexically, syntactically, and ideologically. The second was complex lexically and syntactically, but was constructed to contain precisely the same ideas and theme as the first. The third excerpt was simple lexically and ideologically, but was complex syntactically. The data were analyzed linguistically in traditional ways and cognitively for ideas, signals, total cognitive units, for omissions, distortions, and for additions of units. In general, listening, like speaking, seems to be freer from the stimulus and more prone to distort the material it conveys. Like speaking, listening seems to be a looser and less inhibited modality. It seems to be a more direct and less complicated process and a modality that is “more in tune” with thought processes as they occur naturally, than does reading.