离子液体中缩合反应研究进展

综述了离子液体中Knoevenagel、Aldol、Wittig、Pechmann、Paal-Knorr、Benzoin、Biginelli等各种缩合反应,表明离子液体作为一种新型的绿色溶剂有效地促进了缩合反应的进行,显著地提高了反应的选择性和收率。     

β─胡萝卜素的工业合成

介绍了C19＋C2＋C19Grignard反应和C15＋C10＋C15Wittig反应全合成β─胡萝卜素的工艺路线，以及Wittig反应工业生产β─胡萝卜素的工艺流程。     

三苯基膦乙烯基-4-苯甲酸Wittig反应活性研究

目的:探讨不同取代羰基化合物与三苯基膦乙烯基-4-苯甲酸发生Wittig反应的条件,优化生产工艺,为合成不同取代烯烃提供研究基础。方法:对氯甲基苯甲酸与三苯基膦反应生成季鏻盐,季鏻盐在强碱(如正丁基锂、苯基锂、乙醇钠等)的作用下脱去1分子的卤代烃,得到三苯基膦乙烯基-4-苯甲酸(以下简称Wittig试剂),得到的Wittig试剂与不同的醛、酮发生Wittig发应。结果:Wittig试剂与甲醛、5-硝基糠醛和苯甲醛发生Wittig反应,而与丙酮、丁酮不发生Wittig反应。结论:只与醛发生Wittig反应,不与酮发生反应;实验结果表明醛的反应活性大于酮。     

有羧基、氨基存在的叶立德及其Wittig反应

总结了带有羧基或氨基叶立德的制备和与醛酮的反应,以及普通叶立德和带有羧基或氨基的醛酮的Wittig反应,同时阐明了这一类型的Wittig反应和一般Wittig反应的异同。     

非经典Wittig反应的最新进展

综述了非经典Wittig反应的最新进展,包括酯、酰胺、酰亚胺、酸酐、唑酮等非醛酮类羰基化合物的Wittig反应。通过改变磷叶立德的结构或设计成分子内Wittig反应,可合成各种杂环化合物和药物前体。     

Wittig试剂及其反应在精细合成中众多的新应用

Wittig试剂及其反应和改良型Wittig—Homer试剂及其反应，在合成最新系列的高级的不同种类的精细有机化学品中，比如在合成各种昆虫信息素、绿色的除菌与除草农药、乙烷类液晶、新型医药及其中间体、重要的抗生素、有机发光材料和光到体等中，都得到了众多的应用。     

改良Wittig反应在生物活性化合物合成中的应用进展

介绍了改良Wittig反应的特点,叙述了改良Wittig反应在生物活性化合物合成中的应用,分别归纳了酯、腈、酰胺、酮等α位、烯丙位、苄位和其他膦酸酯的改良Wittig反应及其用碱、溶剂等条件,并介绍了改良Wittig反应在农药合成中的应用。认为制备膦酸酯的方法也可以使用偕二膦酸酯、乙二膦酸酯等与醛酮反应制得,也可使用活泼氢金属化后与二烷氧基磷酰氯缩合制得,或使用由简单膦酸酯经α烃基化制得的复杂膦酸酯等;应重点研究价廉易得的碱及相转移催化下的固体氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾或其水溶液,并加强改良Wittig反应的工业化研究。     

一种合成维蒂希(Wittig)试剂的新方法简

维蒂希试剂（Wittig）通常以四级磷盐在强碱作用下失去一分子卤化氢制备，而磷盐则可由三苯基磷和卤代烃反应得到。前者制备反应通常在乙醚或四氢呋喃中进行，强碱选用苯基铖或正丁基锂，反应收率一般，本文介绍了一种合成维蒂希试剂（Wittig）的新方法，利用该醇类有机物，如甲醇或乙醇的同系物，与三苯綦磷和48％的溴化氨水溶液共同作用生成接近定量收牢的烷綦三苯基磷盐，进一步反应生成格式试剂，收牢较高，反应操作简单，适合工业化生产。     

维蒂希反应在精细化工中应用进展

维蒂希反应(Wittig Rection)是合成烯烃的重要反应之一，以良好的立体选择性、产率在精细有机合成领域举足轻重的地位，但目前反应机理、影响因素等尚不明确。科学家们在此基础上发展了维蒂希-霍纳尔反应（Wittig-Horner Reaction）以及氮杂-维蒂希反应（aza-Wittig）弥补了维蒂希反应的不足。首先从空间位阻、电子效应等方面介绍了维蒂希反应在环外双键、α,β-不饱和羰基化合物、共轭多烯、杂环化合物等结构设计合成，然后系统综述了其在生命科学、医疗制药、农业生产、功能材料等领域的应用，最后对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

氨基取代的苄基三苯基磷溴盐的合成

标题化合物可以作为Wittig试剂应用在Wittig反应中。以2-羟甲基苯胺、3-羟甲基苯胺或4-羟甲基苯胺为原料,经保护基反应、溴代反应和亲核取代反应合成了标题化合物,其结构经1HNMR和MS表征,总收率70%。     

咪鲜胺在粤浙两地水稻和土壤中残留动态

为了评价咪鲜胺在水稻上使用后的残留动态及环境安全性，在广东、浙江两地同时进行了咪鲜胺在水稻上的残留动态试验。结果表明：在广东地区，咪鲜胺在植株中的半衰期为2．59d，在土壤中的半衰期为2．46d，在稻田水的半衰期为0．46d；在浙江地区，咪鲜胺在植株中的半衰期为3．08d，在土壤中的半衰期为1．89d，在稻田水的半衰期为1．52d。收获的水稻糙米中咪鲜胺最终残留量均低于0．5mg／kg。     

Evaluation of surfactant-aided degumming of vegetable oils by membrane technology

The first step in the process of vegetable oil refining is degumming, in which phospholipids and mucilaginous gums are removed that otherwise result in a low-grade oil. A membrane process is remarkably simple yet potentially offers many advantages in degumming. Studies were conducted on surfactant-aided membrane degumming with soybean and rapeseed oils in a magnetically stirred flat membrane batch cell with different types of microfiltration membranes. The reduction of phospholipids in soybean oil was in the range of 85.8–92.8% during the membrane process. The phosphorus content of membrane permeates of soybean oil was in the range of 20–58 mg/kg. Crude rapeseed oil contained higher amount of nonhydratable phospholipids and hence resulted in lower reduction in phospholipids, in the range of 66.4–83.2%. Addition of hydratable phospholipids could improve the efficiency of degumming in the membrane process without using any electrolyte, resulting in improvement of quality as well as quantity of the phospholipids.     

Physiological effects of alarm chemosignal emitted during the forced swim test

Two experiments were conducted. In the first, male rats were immersed for 25 min in fresh water or water previously swum in by another rat. Control rats were not immersed in water. Rats tested in water previously swum in by another rat were significantly less immobile than rats tested in fresh water. Water immersion resulted in significant increases in serum corticosterone, glucose, and phosphorus levels, a decrease in potassium levels, and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio, compared to nonimmersed controls regardless of water condition. When the two water-immersed groups were compared, rats tested in previously swum water had significantly higher glucose and significantly lower potassium levels and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio than rats tested in fresh water. Immobility times were significantly correlated with the phosphorus/potassium ratio. In the second experiment, blood gases were measured prior to testing and at 25 min after immersion in rats tested in fresh and previously swum water. Rats in soiled water hypoventilated to a significantly greater extent than rats in fresh water but did not differ significantly in blood oxygenation. These two studies demonstrate that alarm chemosignals can produce physiological effects in conspecifics.     

Effects of decomposing rice straw on growth of and nitrogen fixation byRhizobium

Five phenolic compounds produced by decomposing rice straw and sterile extracts of decomposing rice straw in soil were very inhibitory to growth of three strains ofRhizobium. The effects were additive and in several instances synergistic. The phenolic compounds also reduced nodule numbers and hemoglobin content of the nodules in two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties. Extracts of decomposing rice straw in soil (same concentration as in the soil) significantly reduced N₂ fixation (acetylene reduction) in Bush Black Seeded beans. This may explain in part the great reduction in soybean yields in Taiwan following rice crops when the rice stubble is left in the field.     

DIMBOA Glucoside, a Wheat Chemical Defense, Affects Host Acceptance and Suitability of Sitobion avenae to the Cereal Aphid Parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi

The influence of hydroxamic acids (Hx), plant secondary metabolites associated with aphid resistance in wheat, on the host acceptance and suitability of the aphid Sitobion avenae to the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi was evaluated. Aphids showed a reduction in mean relative growth rate and in body size in the wheat cultivar with higher Hx level. Reduction in aphid size was related to a decreased success in avoiding parasitoid oviposition. A minor increase in A. rhopalosiphi developmental time was observed in aphids feeding on the higher Hx cultivar. Experiments with different concentrations of DIMBOA glucoside, the main Hx in wheat, in artificial diets showed an increase in parasitoid developmental time at the highest concentration, with no change in other performance variables. The evidence is discussed in relation to the compatible utilization of host-plant resistance and biological control in integrated pest management.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高，其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中，研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象，关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效，而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程，再到生物炭的老化，逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述，并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望，为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明，污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素，且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加，在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少，油中先增后减，气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下，气相中的氮含量高于固相，而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明，污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Increased C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Candidate Biomarker in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Biomarkers are useful to facilitate the diagnosis and/or prognosis of patients and to reveal possible mechanistic clues about the disease. This study aimed to identify and validate selected putative biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of sALS patients at early disease stages compared with age-matched controls and with other neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD), spinal muscular atrophy type III (SMA), frontotemporal dementia behavioral variant (FTD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). SWATH acquisition on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for protein quantitation, and ELISA for validation, were used in CSF samples of sALS cases at early stages of the disease. Analysis of mRNA and protein expression was carried out in the anterior horn of the lumbar spinal cord in post-mortem tissue of sALS cases (terminal stage) and controls using RTq-PCR, and Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. SWATH acquisition on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) revealed 51 differentially expressed proteins in the CSF in sALS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed CXCL12 to be the most valuable candidate biomarker. We validated the values of CXCL12 in CSF with ELISA in two different cohorts. Besides sALS, increased CXCL12 levels were found in MS but were not altered in AD, SMA, and FTD. Therefore, increased CXCL12 levels in the CSF can be useful in the diagnoses of MS and sALS in the context of the clinical settings. CXCL12 immunoreactivity was localized in motor neurons in control and sALS, and in a few glial cells in sALS at the terminal stage; CXCR4 was in a subset of oligodendroglial-like cells and axonal ballooning of motor neurons in sALS; and CXCR7 in motor neurons in control and sALS, and reactive astrocytes in the pyramidal tracts in terminal sALS. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in the spinal cord probably plays a complex role in inflammation, oligodendroglial and astrocyte signaling, and neuronal and axonal preservation in sALS.     

宝钢转炉钢包用耐火材料的现状及发展趋势

综述了宝钢转炉钢包用耐火材料的变化过程及使用现状 ,重点介绍了近年来宝钢在钢包耐火材料使用上的一些技术进步 ,提出了存在的问题及对策 ,展望了今后宝钢转炉钢包的发展方向。     

精-异丙甲草胺在大豆及土壤中的残留动态

为了评价精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态及环境安全性,在天津、吉林两地同时进行了精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态试验.结果表明,天津地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为19.1 d,在土壤中的半衰期为27.9 d;吉林地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为21.4 d,在土壤中的半衰期为34.1 d.收获的大豆籽粒中精-异丙甲草胺最终残留量均为未检出.     

分别测定双磷酸酯阻燃增塑剂中氯和溴含量的方法

介绍利用Ｂｒ的特征反应使系统中的Ｂｒ全部转化后，分别测定阻燃增塑剂中氯与溴含量的一种新方法。该方法分析速度快，操作简单，测定结果准确，重现性好，可应用于生产中的控制分析。