电大尺寸物体电磁场问题的混合算法

将MoM(矩量法)-PO(物理光学法)混合算法在电大尺寸物体的电磁计算方面的应用，与传统的有限元法和矩量法等算法相比较，验证其正确性，并体现其计算量小、速度快的优点。使得过去用传统方法无法完成或计算量过大的电大尺寸物体的电磁散射问题真正得以解决。     

A Hybrid PSTD/ADI-CFDTD Method for Mixed-Scale Electromagnetic Problems

We propose a hybrid technique combining the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method with the alternating-direction implicit conformal finite-difference time-domain (ADI-CFDTD) method to solve 3-D mixed-scale problems in computational electromagnetics. A mixed-scale problem contains both electrically large and relatively homogeneous regions and electrically small fine details, thus poses a significant computational challenge to any single computational method if it is utilized alone. In particular, the ADI-CFDTD method is an unconditionally stable time-domain method with second-order spatial accuracy, and allows the time step to be increased beyond the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy limit; it is suitable for electrically small problem (structure details much smaller than a wavelength) but is inefficient and suffers from large numerical errors for electrically large-scale regions. The PSTD method, on the other hand, is accurate and efficient for regions with large, relatively homogeneous materials, but loses its efficiency for electrically small structures. The hybrid PSTD/ADI-CFDTD method overcomes these disadvantages and is potentially more useful than the individual solvers. The implementation details and numerical accuracy of this hybrid method are examined. Numerical examples demonstrate the advantages of the hybrid PSTD/ADI-CFDTD method     

电小尺寸凹槽的远区数值绕射系数

应用时域有限差分（FDTD）方法和时域加窗技术从物体的时域散射场中分离出劈和凹槽一类散射中心的贡献,计算其远区数值绕射系数。对于电小尺寸凹槽的远区数值绕射系数,结合微扰法给出了其计算结果。     

用MoM-UTD混合方法分析机载平台天线间的隔离度

天线间的隔离度是机载平台电磁兼容(EMC)的重要指标之一。由于机载平台的电尺寸很大,因此单纯矩量法(MoM)很难解决。一致性几何绕射理论(UTD)虽是高频方法,适合解决电大问题,但其精度较低。该文采用MoM-UTD混合方法分析机载平台天线间的隔离度,兼顾了计算精度和速度,得到的计算结果和测量值吻合良好。     

Metamaterial-based efficient electrically small antennas

A metamaterial paradigm for achieving an efficient, electrically small antenna is introduced. Spherical shells of homogenous, isotropic negative permittivity (ENG) material are designed to create electrically small resonant systems for several antennas: an infinitesimal electric dipole, a very short center-fed cylindrical electric dipole, and a very short coaxially-fed electric monopole over an infinite ground plane. Analytical and numerical models demonstrate that a properly designed ENG shell provides a distributed inductive element resonantly matched to these highly capacitive electrically small antennas, i.e., an ENG shell can be designed to produce an electrically small system with a zero input reactance and an input resistance that is matched to a specified source resistance leading to overall efficiencies approaching unity. Losses and dispersion characteristics of the ENG materials are also included in the analytical models. Finite element numerical models of the various antenna-ENG shell systems are developed and used to predict their input impedances. These electrically small antenna-ENG shell systems with idealized dispersionless ENG material properties are shown to be very efficient and to have fractional bandwidths above the values associated with the Chu limit for the quality factor without any degradation in the radiation patterns of the antennas. Introducing dispersion and losses into the analytical models, the resulting bandwidths are shown to be reduced significantly, but remain slightly above (below) the corresponding Chu-based value for an energy-based limiting (Drude) dispersion model of the permittivity of the ENG shell.     

用FDTD和物理光学混合法分析毫米波抛物面天线

抛物面天线通常的分析方法是几何光学法和物理光学法,对于电大尺寸的抛物面天线这两种方法都可以得到较好的结果,对于电小尺寸馈源的抛物面天线,馈源方向图不仅取决于辐射器本身的辐射特性,其馈电结构对馈源方向图也有较大的影响,在此情况下,用上述方法得到的结果与实验结果之间有较大的误差.利用FDTD可以把整个馈电结构纳入计算域中,得到辐射器完整的近区场,由等效原理可求出抛物面上电流分布,从而用物理光学方法计算抛物面天线远区场.本文用这种混合方法分析计算了毫米波波导裂缝作为辐射器的抛物面天线,计算结果和测试结果相当吻合,证明了方法的有效性.     

Estimation of Current Distribution on Multilayer Printed Circuit Board by Near-Field Measurement

A method of estimating the current distribution on a microstrip transmission line of a multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) by measuring the near-field distribution is proposed. The microstrip transmission line on the PCB is divided into electrically small segments. An electric field integral equation (EFIE) is established to relate the near field to the current on these segments. The current is estimated by measuring the near field, evaluating the mutual impedance between the current segments, and solving the EFIE. The measurement parameters for near-field measurement are optimized by numerical analysis. Experimental results are presented and compared with the numerical results, confirming the validity of this method.     

介质涂敷电大尺寸导体柱电磁散射特性的有限元-快速多极混合算法分析

采用有限元-快速多极混合算法分析了介质涂层电大尺寸导体柱的电磁散射特性。与有限元-矩量法相比,快速多极算法将计算复杂度从Ｏ(N2)降低到O(N1.5),大大加快计算速度,减少存储量。计算表明该混合算法对电大复杂涂敷目标电磁特性的分析是灵活而有效的。     

物理光学迭代法的子域连接法

本文提出的物理光学迭代法的子域连接法不但适用对电大尺寸一般腔体雷达截面的计算,而且能有效降低数值计算时间.它是将腔体分成若干个子腔体,每个子腔体用物理光学迭代法分析,子腔体之间电磁耦合通过对整个腔体循环迭代计入.数值结果验证了本文方法的正确性.     

电小平面型单极子天线阻抗特性的研究

本文提出一种简单而实用的平面结构的单极子电小天线，研究输入阻抗随天线外形尺寸和频率的变化规律。天线采用有限元方法计算分析，并用已知的特例实验数据对计算结果进行验证，以确保数值模型的可靠性。通过详细比较分析所得到的结论为此类天线的电小化设计提供了依据。     

An IE-ODDM-MLFMA Scheme With DILU Preconditioner for Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering From Large Complex Objects

For electrically large complex electromagnetic (EM) scattering problems, huge memory is often required for most EM solvers, which is too difficult to be handled by a personal computer (PC) even a workstation. Although the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) effectively deals with electrically large problems to some extent, it is still time and memory consuming for very large objects. In order to further reduce the CPU time and the memory requirement, a hybrid algorithm, based on the overlapped domain decomposition method for integral equations (IE-ODDM), MLFMA and block-diagonal, incomplete lower and upper triangular matrices (DILU) preconditioner, is proposed for the analysis of electrically large problems. The dominant memory requirement for plane wave expansions in the three processes of aggregation, translation and disaggregation in the MLFMA is drastically reduced by the first two techniques. The iterative procedure for each overlapped subdomain solved by the MLFMA is effectively sped up by the DILU preconditioner. After integrating these techniques, the proposed hybrid algorithm is more efficient in computing time and memory requirement compared to the conventional MLFMA and is more suitable for analyzing very large EM scattering problems. Enough accurate solution can be obtained within quite a few outer iterations, where an outer iteration means a complete sweep for all the subdomains. Some numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its validity and efficiency.     

An approximate solution for E-polarization coupling into acoaxial cylinder with an infinite axial slot

An approximate solution is derived for determining the total current induced on a centrally located conducting wire within a two-dimensional axially slotted cylinder for the case of E-polarization. Its validity is tested against a full moment-method numerical solution of the describing integral equation. The derivation of the approximate solution is similar to the hollow-cylinder case presented by P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach (195) in that the same basic form for the aperture distribution is assumed. A rapidly converging series solution is developed which is shown to be valid for an electrically `narrow' slot (accurate for apertures up to one wavelength wide) over a rather broad frequency spectrum. Though the aperture must be electrically narrow, many practical coupling problems of interest can be accommodated. Useful insight into coupling phenomena is obtained by direct inspection of the solution, and some novel observations about the current response are made     

Efficient Computation of Nonparaxial Surface Fields Excited on an Electrically Large Circular Cylinder With an Impedance Boundary Condition

An alternative numerical approach is presented for the evaluation of the Fock-type integrals that exist in the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD)-based asymptotic solution for the nonparaxial surface fields excited by a magnetic or an electric source located on the surface of an electrically large circular cylinder with an impedance boundary condition (IBC). This alternative approach is based on performing numerical integration of the Fock-type integrals on a deformed path on which the integrands are nonoscillatory and rapidly decaying. Comparison of this approach with the previously developed one presented in , which is based on invoking the Cauchy's residue theorem by finding the pole singularities numerically, reveals that the alternative approach is considerably more efficient.     

FMM算法用于二维复杂散射体的RCS计算

利用快速多极子算法(FMM)计算任意形状二维电大尺寸导体加介质体目标的电磁散射，介质体为镶嵌在电大尺寸金属体上的有耗介质。建立金属一介质体的混合积分方程，用共轭梯度法和场量叠代的方法计算散射场，在叠代过程中用快速多极子方法，大大降低计算时间和减小内存要求。数据结果表明该方法的准确和高效。     

二维电大导体目标宽带雷达散射截面的快速计算

在矩量法的基础上,应用空间分解技术将二维电大导体目标剖分成若干子区域,考虑子区域间的耦合,通过累进迭代法计算出目标表面电流,然后结合渐近波形估计技术计算了二维电大导体目标的宽带雷达散射截面.数值计算表明:计算结果与矩量法逐点计算结果相吻合,计算效率大大提高.     

Fast solution of transient scattering from electrically large complex objects based on Time Domain Integral Equation solvers

A fast Time Domain Integral Equation (TDIE) solver is presented for analysis of transient scattering from electrically large conducting complex objects. The numerical process of March-ing-On-in-Time (MOT) method based TDIE encounters high computational cost and exorbitant memory requirements. A group-style accelerated method–Plane Wave Time Domain (PWTD) algorithm, which per-mits rapid evaluation of transient wave field generated by temporally bandlimited sources, is employed to reduce the computational cost of MOT-based TDIE solvers. An efficient compressed storage technique for sparse matrix is adopted to decrease the enormous memory requirements of MOT. The scheme of the Multi-Level PWTD (MLPWTD)-enhanced MOT with compressed storage for sparse matrix is presented for analysis of transient scattering from electrically large complex objects in this paper. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the presented scheme.     

三维随机粗糙海面与舰船的复合电磁特性的高频方法分析研究

3维随机粗糙海面与其上方复杂目标复合电磁(EM)散射特性的建模与分析在微波遥感、目标识别、雷达成像、导弹制导等领域中有着重要的研究价值。该文主要研究了基于高频算法的随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性,开发了PO-IPO混合方法,为3维随机粗糙海面与复杂目标一体化高效求解提供了新思路。文中分别使用了物理光学方法(PO)、迭代物理光学方法(IPO)、PO-PO以及PO-IPO混合方法对海面及舰船进行了建模与仿真,其中,引入锥形波来代替平面波作为发射源,锥形波可以更好地抑制粗糙面在边缘位置被突然截断而形成的电磁反射和边缘绕射等效应。从数值仿真结果中可以看出,PO-IPO混合方法可将复杂物体本身面元间以及粗糙海面与物体间的耦合作用考虑在内,因此PO-IPO可以作为一种有效的途径来快速获取随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性。      

Gordon板块元算法稳定性研究及其在电磁散射中的应用

本文在分析平面板元上Ｇｏｒｄｏｎ算法与傅里叶变换算法数值稳定性的基础上指出：板块元边缘的任意分割会导致ＦＴ－ＰＰＭ的坏条件计算问题；而板块元边缘的任意分割对于Ｇ－ＰＰＭ而言都是好条件计算问题。     

Comparative investigation on numerical de-embedding techniques forequivalent circuit modeling of lumped and distributed microstripcircuits

A so-called "short-open calibration" (SOC) technique is applied together with two existing numerical de-embedding techniques for equivalent circuit modeling of microstrip circuits based on a full-wave method-of-moments (MoM) algorithm. A stub-loaded microstrip line discontinuity with both electrically short (lumped) and long (distributed) stub lengths is extensively studied in terms of its Z-matrix circuit model. Our obtained results show that the SOC scheme allows an accurate calibration of all the potential error terms out of the core circuit network, thereby avoiding numerical noise-related behaviors regardless of either lumped or distributed circuits, which are nevertheless observed for the two existing techniques     

Combined field integral equation formulations for electromagnetic scattering from convex geometries

The properties of different forms of the combined field integral equation (CFIE) formulation of electromagnetic scattering from convex, perfect electrically conducting geometries are considered. Several difficulties encountered in the numerical implementation of the traditional CFIEs of electromagnetic scattering theory are discussed. An alternate form of the CFIE is introduced which is free of many of the deficiencies of traditional formulations for smooth, convex geometries. The improved numerical properties of the new formulation are illustrated with numerical examples.