液化空气集团鲁奇公司建造第二代生物燃料工厂

根据欧盟减少温室气体排放政策的要求。到2010年欧洲生物动力燃料占其总燃料需求的份额应增加到5．75％。德国联邦政府则提出了更高的要求。近期,液化空气集团（AirLiquide Group）全资德国子公司——鲁奇（Lurgi）将与德国卡瑞思克鲁赫技术研究所合作建造第二代的生物燃料工厂,该工厂将完成生物质能源技术的第二步,即将从生物质原料中提炼的液体转化为合成气。     

中国第二代生物燃料资源发展潜力分析

该文通过对中国纤维素资源进行分析,评价未来我国第二代生物燃料的发展潜力,为国家政策决策提供依据。通过对我国农作物秸秆、林业生产剩余物、灌木林等资源产量、利用现状等进行分析,得到中国现有第二代生物燃料资源量为3.42亿t,可生产纤维素乙醇5180万t;此外,尚有未利用土地资源约为6020.56万hm2,可用于柳枝稷、芒属植物、柳属植物等新型能源作物种植,中国第二代生物燃料的发展潜力巨大。     

各国加快发展第二代生物燃料

前不久,日本航空公司（JAL）首次将亚麻荠等植物提炼的生物燃料用于示范飞行。在历时一个半小时的飞行试验中,使用生物燃料的发动机表现正常,与使用煤油的发动机没有差异。此次试验的成功,为第二代生物燃料的应用开辟了新的空间。     

生物燃料发展现状及利弊争议

生物燃料作为一种可持续发展的能源,在理论上具有一定的优势,但实现未来大规模的开发利用还存在很多不确定的挑战.介绍全球生物燃料发展现状及其发展所面临的诸多挑战,提出发展第二代纤维生物燃料的思考与建议.     

第二代生物燃料或将驶入“加速跑道”

利用秸秆发展第二代生物燃料,对于解决当前石油资源短缺、增加农民收入以及减少环境污染等方面具有十分重要的意义。4月8日,由中国科学院过程工程研究所研究员陈洪章主持的中科院知识创新工程重要方向项目\"纤维素乙醇产业化关键技术研究及示范\"项     

原料供应困扰中国生物燃料产业发展

日前中国生物燃料考察组前往美国和巴西，进行了生物燃料技术和市场应用考察。 通过走访相关部门和企业了解到，目前美国的燃料乙醇生产是以玉米为主要原料，生物柴油则是以转基因大豆为主要原料，其原料供给能够满足生物燃料生产需求；巴西燃料乙醇生产是以甘蔗为原料．生物柴油的原料品种更多，其原料供给适应巴西的自然条件。     

HRD-76柴油生物燃料的模型燃料构建

HRD-76作为典型的第二代柴油生物燃料得到广泛关注.本文通过匹配核磁共振光谱分析的官能团信息,选用2,6,10-三甲基十二烷和正十六烷作为HRD-76燃料的模型燃料.构建了模型燃料的化学反应机理,并对该机理的可靠性进行了验证.最后,利用该模型燃料对HRD-76燃料在不同条件下的着火延迟时间进行了模拟.该模型燃料与实验...     

发展燃料乙醇和生物柴油的碳排放效应综述

燃料乙醇和生物柴油最初被认为是"清洁能源"和"绿色能源",并在各国政府以"减排"为目标的相关政策支持下得到了快速发展;但近两年却有学者提出,发展生物燃料可能会导致更多的碳排放,对碳排放效应的认识发生了转折性分歧。文章基于燃料乙醇和生物柴油的碳排放效应,系统综述了其碳排放效应研究历程,结果表明:仅通过生命周期评价法对比燃料乙醇和生物柴油与化石燃料的生产流程,二者的确能够显著减少温室气体排放;但如将它们所带来的土地利用的变化考虑在内,就会产生更大的碳排放;尤其是改变森林、草地等碳储量高的土地利用方式,可能需要上百年的回收期。因此,未来制定燃料乙醇和生物柴油发展政策前,有必要将其带来的土地利用变化的碳排放效应考虑在内,以准确认识其综合碳排放效应。     

第三代高效氧-燃料电站

据《Gas Turbine World》2008年7～8月号报道,属于正在进行的DOE（美国能源部）先进涡轮合同,Siemens Energy和Clean Energy Systems在完成了第一阶段的可行性研究后,正在进行用于第三代高效氧-燃料电站的第二阶段开发研究工作。     

加拿大确定生物燃料发展目标

加拿大于2008年5月初确定其生物燃料发展目标,到2010年将使汽油中含有5％的乙醇,到2012年将使柴油中含有2％的可再生燃料。政府对生物燃料生产商给予的补贴定为15亿加元（142亿美元）,即20加分几。截至2008年5月初,加拿大已建成16套以谷物和小麦为原料生产乙醇的装置,总生产能力为16亿L／a。     

生物质气化发电过程建模与优化

目前国内外在生物质气化发电技术方面,由于缺乏对生物质气化过程特性的建模和参数优化问题的研究,使得生物质燃气中焦油量和污染物的含量过高,燃气品质难以保证,进而对燃气轮机发电机组产生不利的影响,降低了气化燃气的利用价值。因此,对于生物质发电气化过程的建模和重要参数优化控制的研究和探讨具有重要的意义。     

流化床中生物质气化的数值模拟

基于欧拉多相流模型,自编化学反应子模型,通过建立生物质流化床气化动力学模型,对某实验室规模的流化床生物质气化炉进行了数值模拟,研究了蒸汽与生物质的质量比（mS/mB）、生物质粒径对产气组分、蒸汽分解率等的影响.结果表明：mS/mB增大,H2体积分数先上升后保持不变,而CO和CH4的体积分数先下降后几乎不变,蒸汽分解率下降;生物质粒径减小有利于气化过程,使CO和H2的体积分数明显上升;计算结果和试验结果基本吻合,表明基于欧拉多相流的动力学模型能对流化床中生物质的气化进行比较准确的模拟.     

低碳经济背景下的新能源开发和利用

环境污染和能源短缺的现实压力使新能源的开发利用成为低碳经济背景下更为紧迫的选择,全世界开始重新关注新能源。但至今还没有一种新能源能够取代现在普遍使用的化石能源,而只能作为常规能源有限的补充。太阳能光伏发电和风力发电的利用过程无疑是低碳的;但其开发制造过程却要耗散大量的资源,需要大量化石燃料作支撑,应该说是高碳的,新能源低碳、无污染、零排放等说法是不全面、不客观的。新能源开发和设备制造过程对化石燃料的依赖、高成本和二氧化碳等污染物的排放之间是有正相关性的。目前新能源的开发利用并不经济,风力发电成本是火电的2～3倍,太阳能光伏发电成本是火电的5～10倍。生物能源被视为唯一可以大规模替代汽油和柴油的可再生能源,应重视发展纤维素乙醇,其制造技术的突破是可以预期的,相关问题的解决也相对容易。新能源发展规划要结合国情,趋利避害,不能一哄而起,企业竞争的关键是技术创新和成本的不断降低。要全面看待新能源开发利用的优势和存在的问题,加强研发、稳步推进,避免重复浪费,对不同种类新能源的发展规划要做出科学合理的选择。另外,要特别注意对常规能源的节约,无论今后能源结构如何变化发展,节能都应当是一个永恒的主题。     

生物质气化发电的经济效益分析

应用财务评价的方法分析了影响生物质气化发电经济效益的主要因素,从项目规模、出售电价和原料成本三个方面阐述了提高生物质气化发电经济效益的方法,提出了发展生物质气化发电技术的相关建议。     

A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics

As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that have come to the forefront recently. In this paper, a detailed review has been conducted to highlight different related aspects to biodiesel industry. These aspects include, biodiesel feedstocks, extraction and production methods, properties and qualities of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable oil, advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel, the economical viability and finally the future of biodiesel. The literature reviewed was selective and critical. Highly rated journals in scientific indexes were the preferred choice, although other non-indexed publications, such as Scientific Research and Essays or some internal reports from highly reputed organizations such as International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Information Administration (EIA) and British Petroleum (BP) have also been cited. Based on the overview presented, it is clear that the search for beneficial biodiesel sources should focus on feedstocks that do not compete with food crops, do not lead to land-clearing and provide greenhouse-gas reductions. These feedstocks include non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum, and more recently microalgae and genetically engineered plants such as poplar and switchgrass have emerged to be very promising feedstocks for biodiesel production.It has been found that feedstock alone represents more than 75% of the overall biodiesel production cost. Therefore, selecting the best feedstock is vital to ensure low production cost. It has also been found that the continuity in transesterification process is another choice to minimize the production cost. Biodiesel is currently not economically feasible, and more research and technological development are needed. Thus supporting policies are important to promote biodiesel research and make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy. Currently, biodiesel can be more effective if used as a complement to other energy sources.     

开发利用生物质能是我国农林业发展的重要领域

我国有丰富的生物质资源,开发潜力巨大。农林业部门要担当重任,充分利用土地资源,发展能源农业和能源林业,使生物质能成为我国立足国内开发的一个主要能源品种,为我国能源安全和全球环境保护做出贡献。同时,生物质能开发利用也将是建立以农村为上游的一个新型能源产业链,形成新的经济增长点,增加农民收入,成为新农村建设的一个重要领域。     

Supply chain network design and operation: Systematic decision-making for centralized,distributed, and mobile biofuel production using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) under uncertainty

Biomass resources are dispersed and subject to seasonal and geographical uncertainties. Therefore, supply chain network design and management can significantly influence the economic viability of a biofuel technology. Fast pyrolysis offers several advantages for biofuel production. It is a relatively cheap process and can be conducted in centralized, decentralizes, or even mobile configurations. Furthermore, it does not overlap with the human food supply chain, using wastes or lignocellulosic feedstocks. In this article, a mixed integer (piece-wise) linear program (MILP) was developed to determine the optimal supply chain design and operation, under uncertainty. Rigorous process modelling and detailed economic analysis were coupled with exhaustive search of potential production locations and biomass resources in order to enhance the fidelity of the solution. The optimisation results suggest that a combination of geographically centralized pyrolysis and upgrading centres would suffice for supply chain management under deterministic conditions. However, under uncertain scenarios, it is advantageous to deploy mobile pyrolyzers to add extra flexibility to the process operation. Further analysis suggested that as the mobile pyrolyzers are commercialized and their unit price is reduced, this technology has the potential to become a key member of the biofuel supply chain.     

水蒸汽流化下煤热解气化中污染物释放与脱硫综合模型及参数识别方法研究

本文在流态化模型、热解模型、硫化氢与脱硫剂气固反应等单一过程模型基础上，建立了水蒸汽流化条件下煤热解气化过程中污染物释放与脱硫综合模型，分析了模型计算结果，并对当实验数据含有相关随机误差时的参数识别方法进行了考察，为实验装置设计和测量系统的选择提供了依据。     

发酵五碳糖和六碳糖产乙醇染色体整合大肠杆菌的构建

为了保证外源基因表达的稳定性,减少发酵副产物的生成,根据同源重组原理,将大肠杆菌丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶pfl基因两侧的基因片段作为同源片断,构建了带有运动发酵单胞菌丙酮酸脱羧酶基因pdc和乙醇脱氢酶基因adhB的整合重组质粒PA-pfl,用化学法转入大肠杆菌TOP10的感受态细胞,将经过氨苄青霉素筛选得到的重组子进行PCR扩增,证明pdc和adhB基因整合到了大肠杆菌的染色体基因组丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶基因pfl位点上.乙醇发酵结果表明,重组菌E.coli TOP10-pfl不但能稳定地利用葡萄糖产乙醇,也能稳定地利用木糖产乙醇,在大肠杆菌中建立了一条新的代谢糖生成乙醇的途径.     

Co-production system of hydrogen and electricity based on coal partial gasification with CO2 capture

To solve the problems of high cost and low efficiency of conventional co-production system of hydrogen and electricity with low hydrogen-to-electricity ratio, a novel co-production system based on coal partial gasification with CO₂ capture is proposed and thermodynamically analyzed. The new system integrates the conceptions of cascade conversion of coal and cascade utilization of syngas to realize the system with high efficiency, low cost, environmental friendliness and flexible hydrogen-to-electricity ratio. The performance of the new system is evaluated by an Aspen Plus model and effects of the operating conditions are also studied. It is found that the system with capturing CO₂ of 59.7% and hydrogen-to-electricity ratio of 4.76 holds a high exergy efficiency of 54.3% when the carbon conversion ratio of the pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) gasifier is equal to 0.7. The carbon conversion ratio of the PFB gasifier is a dominant factor to decide the performance of system. In comparison with the series-type co-production system, the parallel-type co-production system and separate production system, the new system proposed in this study has exergy-saving efficiency of 17.7%, 15.1% and 8.9%, respectively.