变速变桨风力发电机组的优化控制

提出了大型变速变桨风力发电机组在不同控制阶段的优化控制策略。在低风速时,采用自适应转矩控制方式,实现机组的变速运行,追踪最佳风能利用系数。在额定风速以上时,为了解决传统桨距控制方式系统超调量大的问题,提出了一种新型气动转矩观测器,并将气动转矩与发电机转矩偏差输入控制器。通过Bladed外部控制器模块编程并进行仿真,结果表明,所提出的控制策略能够更好地追踪最大功率点,并改善桨距控制效果,稳定功率输出。     

基于额定风速以上的风力机变桨控制研究

变桨控制系统是变速变桨风力发电机组的重要组成部分,它不仅关系到大型MW级风力发电机组的安全运行,而且能控制风力发电机组,使其吸收更多的风能。文章基于2.0 MW变速变桨风力发电系统,采用PI控制策略,提出了增益调度控制算法,计算了PI增益随风速变化而变化的数值。通过调用线性化结果文件,设计了风力发电机组控制器回路,得出了满意的响应结果。最后基于GL规范,在湍流风的情况下对关键零部件是否加控制策略所得到的载荷进行了对比,结果显示关键零部件的载荷有显著降低,满足控制策略设计的要求。     

额定风速附近变速变桨风力发电机组功率优化控制

详细分析导致功率波动和功率损失的原因,提出一种转矩优化控制策略。该转矩优化控制方法结合查表法和非线性PI控制器,在低风速区仅启用查表法以追踪最优功率;额定风速附近及以上时运用非线性PI控制器使转矩输出形成滞环,来抑制额定风速附近的功率波动;采用基于转矩误差及误差变化率的桨距角模糊调节器,实现转矩和变桨控制解耦;给出一种功率平均值限制算法,可抑制阵风时(包括额定风速以下和以上)引起的转速短时过速和功率损失,同时也可减少变桨机构的疲劳载荷。以风力机设计专业软件Bladed为工具,结合C语言编写外部控制器,对风力发电机组转矩及变桨控制策略进行仿真研究,仿真结果表明所提出的优化方案可行。     

基于LQR方法的大型风力机转矩控制建模与仿真

当风速高于额定风速、小于切出风速时,恒电机转矩控制易导致传动链扭矩大幅波动,降低风力发电机组关键零部件的疲劳寿命。针对该问题建立基于状态空间的传动链线性化模型,采用线性二次型调节器(LQR)方法设计风力发电机的转矩控制器,将传动链一阶扭转模态对应的闭环极点向复平面的左侧移动,实现对传动链的动态加阻。通过Matlab7.1/Simulink中的控制器与FAST风力机模型的联合仿真表明该控制方法的有效性,即可提高传动链的阻尼,降低风力发电机组关键零部件的载荷。     

基于NMPC-PID的风力机独立变桨距控制策略研究

针对独立变桨风力发电机组叶片承受的不平衡载荷,尤其是随机性载荷问题,通过对其桨距角控制原理以及桨叶载荷数学模型的分析研究,提出结合神经网络、模型预测控制和自适应PID(NMPC-PID)的复合控制策略。采用Coleman坐标变换将叶片不平衡载荷分解为俯仰载荷和偏航载荷,跟据桨叶载荷的变化,对桨叶桨距角进行实时控制,以达到减小风电机组桨叶不平衡载荷的目的。以某2 MW风力发电机作为验证对象进行仿真研究,结果表明,当风速达到额定值以上时,该控制策略能降低桨叶所受不平衡载荷,减小转矩波动,提高风力机工作效率。     

基于神经元PID的风力发电机组独立变桨控制

针对传统统一变桨距控制策略存在的不足,基于风力机空气动力学原理,提出了基于神经元PID的独立变桨距控制策略,将测量的桨叶根部My方向载荷通过神经元PID控制算出d、q轴的桨距角,经反Park变换得到3个桨叶的附加桨距角,将其与统一变桨距角相加作为独立桨距角的设定值。并借助Fast软件平台以2MW变速变桨风力发电机组为例,仿真比较了独立变桨距控制策略与统一变桨距控制策略。结果表明,独立变桨距控制策略能有效保证在额定转速下机组输出功率稳定,且能有效降低风力发电机组各零部件的疲劳载荷。     

基于激光测风雷达的风速前馈控制算法设计

文章提出了基于激光测风雷达的风速前馈控制算法设计,其特点是通过激光雷达准确有效地测得风力发电机组前方一定距离的风速、风向信号,并把所测信号引入到原有变桨控制算法中,设计了风速前馈控制器,实现变桨速率前馈补偿.以国产某1.5 MW风力发电机组设计为例,基于Bladed软件平台对所采用的算法进行仿真验证.结果表明,在来流作用于风轮之前,控制器就已经接收到超前信号,提前准备变桨动作,避免或大大减少风力发电机组的超速故障,降低了机组载荷,提高了风力发电机组在极端风况下的安全性,进而有助于提高发电量,改善风力发电机组的运行效率.     

模糊控制在风力发电系统功率控制中的应用

建立风力发电系统仿真模型,提出应用模糊控制调节风力发电机组输出功率的控制策略.在额定风速以下,采用最佳功率给定法.以追踪最大风能利用系数作为控制目标,提出应用模糊控制器和查表来调节发电机输出功率的方法;在额定风速以上,设计了基于变量化因子的模糊控制器,快速调节风力发电的桨矩角,使输出保持为额定功率.仿真结果证实了该控制策略的有效性,提高了风力发电机组的运行效率.     

大型风力发电机组变桨距系统结构可靠性设计研究

随着风力发电技术的不断发展,大功率、长叶片已逐渐成为大型风力发电机组的主要特征和发展方向,以持续提升风能利用的经济性。风力发电机组大型化带来叶片长度和重量的显著增加,风轮每旋转一周,在低速轴上的受力和作用在叶片上的重力均会出现周期性变化,同时,在风轮旋转平面上,因风切变、塔影效应和湍流的作用而产生循环变化的载荷。风力发电机组大型化必然带来机组疲劳载荷的增加,疲劳载荷是风力发电机组在全风速范围内运行所产生的典型载荷循环,循环的数量正比于各种风速下机组发电运行的时间,决定着部件的设计使用寿命。为进一步研究风切变、塔影效应、叶片重力、叶片推力载荷对大风轮直径机组叶根疲劳载荷所产生的影响,文章通过对风轮运行载荷分析和系统仿真,对变桨传动系统结构有限元计算和分析,研讨影响变桨传动系统可靠运行的主要因素,为大型风力发电机组变桨传动系统可靠性设计提供参考。     

基于变桨距控制策略的异步风电机组暂态稳定性研究

为了提高和改善在电网故障下并网风电机组的暂态稳定性,该文以并网笼型异步风力发电机组为例,考虑风力机传动链柔性带给机组振荡的影响,在典型变桨控制策略的基础上提出了一种增加以风力机转速为控制量的分阶段控制策略.通过建立并网异步风力发电机组的电磁暂态模型,基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,应用改进的变桨距控制策略,对电网三相对称短路故障下并网异步风力发电机组的暂态运行特性进行了仿真,并将其结果和多种不同变桨控制策略以及无功补偿策略的结果进行了比较.仿真结果验证了该文提出的变桨距控制策略能有效改善风力发电机组的暂态稳定性.     

Modelling–based approach for digital control design for nonlinear WECS in the power system

The case has been established that the wind power plant must be treated as an integral part of the electric system, thereby constituting the wind energy conversion system. Recent advancement in size and technology of wind turbines requires sophisticated control systems to effectively optimize energy conversion and enhance grid integration. As a first step toward controller design, modelling has become a prerequisite. This paper explores controller design based on modelling the wind speed as a stochastic process, and the wind turbine as a multi‐mass system with a soft shaft linking the turbine with the doubly fed induction generator. A control strategy incorporating a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) that relies on state estimation for full‐state feedback is proposed to augment a linear controller for generator torque control. The control objectives are to reduce stresses on the drivetrain and to ensure operation geared toward optimal power conversion. This study focuses on above‐rated wind speeds, and the LQG's main purpose is to add damping to the drivetrain, thereby minimizing cyclic fatigue, while a pitch control mechanism prevents rotor overspeed, thereby maintaining rated power. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed paradigm in meeting the control objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multivariable control strategy for variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines

Reliable and powerful control strategies are needed for wind energy conversion systems to achieve maximum performance. A new control strategy for a variable speed, variable pitch wind turbine is proposed in this paper for the above-rated power operating condition. This multivariable control strategy is realized by combining a nonlinear dynamic state feedback torque control strategy with a linear control strategy for blade pitch angle. A comparison with existing strategies, PID and LQG controllers, is performed. The proposed approach results in better power regulation. The new control strategy has been validated using an aeroelastic wind turbine simulator developed by NREL for a high turbulence wind condition.     

双馈风力发电系统的最大风能控制策略

在分析变速恒频风力发电系统最大风能捕获策略的基础上,提出了一种通过直接控制双馈发电机转子电流就可实现系统低于额定风速下的最大风能捕获又可使得电机铜耗最小化运行的控制策略.首先,在考虑风力机特性和双馈发电机基本电磁关系的基础上,分别推导了双馈发电机定子铜耗最小化运行和最大风能捕获的数学模型.其次,根据双馈发电机最优转子电流的数学模型,建立了双馈风力发电机系统最大风能捕获的控制策略.最后,利用Matlab/Simulink对不同风速下双馈发电机系统的运行性能进行了分析和比较,结果验证了该控制策略的正确性和可行性.     

A sensorless control for a variable speed wind turbine operating at partial load

This paper presents a sensorless control for a variable speed wind turbine (WT) operating at partial load in order to eliminate the direct measurement of the wind speed. In this proposal, the estimated aerodynamic torque is used to determine the optimal reference of the speed control for maximum energy conversion. The maximization of the efficiency on energy conversion and the minimization of detrimental dynamical loads are control trade-offs considered in the design of an optimal discrete-time feedback LQG/LTR controller for the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), which is based on the optimization of a quadratic cost function. The performance of the proposed control when the WT is submitted to a gust or step variation on wind speed is evaluated from computational simulations. It is also presented some proposals for sensorless control of the electrical generator.     

Disturbance observer‐based integral sliding mode control for wind energy conversion systems

Recently, wind power production has been under the focus in generating power and became one of the main sources of alternative energy. Generating of maximum power from wind energy conversion system (WECS) requires accurate estimation of aerodynamic torque and uncertainties presented in the system. The current paper proposed the generalized high‐order disturbance observer (GHODO) with integral sliding mode control (ISMC) for extraction of maximum power via variable speed wind turbine by accurate estimation of wind speed. The assumption in previous works that considers the aerodynamic torque as slow‐varying is not applicable for the real system. Therefore, the high‐order disturbance observers were designed for precise estimation of uncertainties with fast‐changing behavior. A robust control system was designed to control the speed of the rotor at the optimal speed ratio. The obtained simulation results have shown the better performance characteristics than conventional linear quadratic regulator (LQR) approach. The stability of the proposed algorithm was proven by Lyapunov stability anaysis. Simulations results were obtained in Matlab/Simulink environment.     

Autonomous BDFIG-wind generator with torque and pitch control for maximum efficiency in a water pumping system

This paper presents and analyzes the operation strategy for an autonomous wind energy conversion system oriented to water pumping. It consists of a wind turbine with a Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG), electrically coupled with a squirrel cage induction machine moving a centrifugal type water pump. Because of no brushes and slip rings, the BDFIG is suitable for autonomous systems, which often work in hard conditions. Additionally, the power flow on the BDFIG principal stator could be driven from a fractional power converter connected on the auxiliary stator winding. This Turbine-BDFIG and Motor-Pump configuration provides a high robustness and reliability, reducing the operational and maintenance costs. The operation strategy proposes, for wind speeds smaller than the rated, to maximize the volume of water pumped based on the optimization of the wind energy capture. To do that, a sliding mode control tracks the optimal turbine torque by means of a torque control. Meanwhile, for wind speeds greater than the rated, a pitch control keeps the water pump within the safe operation area by adjusting the speed and power of the turbine in their rated values. To assess and corroborate the proposed strategy, simulations with different wind profiles are made.     

基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略

为解决大规模风电并网带来的系统频率稳定性降低问题,风电机组通过虚拟惯量控制可为系统提供短期频率支撑,然而惯性响应期间风电机组转速收敛缓慢,导致一部分转子动能被无故浪费;转速恢复阶段的有功突变易造成频率二次跌落。为此,提出基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,实现在释放较少动能的前提下提供与传统策略相同的频率响应服务;并在频率步入准稳态时,借助时变功率函数开始转速恢复,实现转速快速恢复的同时缓解二次频率跌落。基于EMTP-RV仿真软件搭建包含风电场的电力系统模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。     

Gain scheduling control of variable speed WTG under widely varying turbulence loading

Probabilistic paradigms for wind turbine controller design have been gaining attention. Motivation derives from the need to replace outdated empirical-based designs with more physically relevant models. This paper proposes an adaptive controller in the form of a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) for control of a stall-regulated, variable speed wind turbine generator (WTG). In the control scheme, the strategy is twofold: maximization of energy captured from the wind and minimization of the damage caused by mechanical fatigue due to variation of torque peaks generated by wind gusts. Estimated aerodynamic torque and rotational speed are used to determine the most favorable control strategy to stabilize the plant at all operating points (OPs). The performance of the proposed controller is compared with the classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The LQG is seen to be significantly more efficient especially in the alleviation of high aerodynamic torque variations and hence mechanical stresses on the plant drive train. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.