美国特殊钢(材料)生产技术现状及展望

美国钢铁协会对钢的统计分为碳素钢、不锈钢(包括耐热钢)和其他合金钢。合金钢又按合金元素或用途分为C—B、Ni、Mo、Mn、Mn—Mo、Cr、Cr—V、Ni—Cr、Ni—Mo、Ni—Cr—Mo—V、Ni—Cr—Mo、Si—Mn、高强度,电工硅钢和其他17类。美国的合金钢、不锈钢和高碳钢就相当于美国的特殊钢。而美国的许多技术文章中所涉及的特殊钢主要是工具钢、不锈钢、耐热钢和某些     

有机粘结结合的Mo-Ni-Cu高性能铁基粉末

含有Mo、Ni和Cu的扩散结合合金粉末被广泛应用于高性能的中高密度零部件中,其优良的压缩性,烧结韧性,耐疲劳性以及尺寸稳定性已得到认可.该扩散结合合金粉的特性来源于其特殊的退火工艺,该工艺可使Ni和Cu颗粒牢固地结合于Mo预合金钢粉的颗粒上,因此该扩散结合合金粉比常规预混粉有更好的化学组成均一性.近年来,通过有机粘结工艺将Ni和Cu与铁颗粒结合的强度已与扩散结合相媲美,甚至略优于扩散结合工艺.     

固态原子吸收法在钢成分分析中的应用

采用一种新的合金成分分析法———固态原子吸收光谱法测定合金钢中成分。对测定条件和干扰消除进行了研究。在仪器最佳工作条件下,平行测定一合金钢标样中Mn,Si,Cu,Ni,Cr,Mo,Co,Pb5次,所得结果与标准值十分接近,相对标准偏差分别为1.12%,1.86%,3.66%,3.66%,2.78%,3.03%,1.67%和6.10%。     

高纯石墨中金属杂质成分的检测研究

本文探讨了快速测定石墨灰分含量中的14种污染物Al,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mg,Mn,Mo,Ni,Ti,V,Zn的方法,以满足研究要求,了解石墨精炼效果的要求。     

辉光放电光谱法测定因瓦合金中14种元素

采用11种与因瓦合金成分含量相接近的镍基合金标准样品绘制校准曲线,建立了基本不需要样品处理即可对因瓦合金中14种元素(C、Si、Mn、P、S、Ni、Cr、Mo、Cu、Al、Nb、Ti、Co、Fe)同时测定的辉光放电光谱法。确定辉光光谱仪检测因瓦合金的最佳条件:模块电压和相电压分别为8.22 V和3.82 V;功率为70 W;冲洗时间为80 s;积分时间为60 s。以各元素质量分数为横坐标,其对应的光谱强度为纵坐标绘制校准曲线,各元素校准曲线的相关系数均在0.99以上。采用实验方法对因瓦合金实际样品进行分析,结果显示:Cr、Ni、Mo、Ti、Fe的质量分数均大于0.3%,各元素测定值的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)均不大于1%;C、Si、Mn、P、S、Cu、Al、Nb、Co的质量分数均小于0.3%,各元素测定值的RSD(n=11)均小于5%。将实验方法应用于对因瓦合金样品中14种元素的测定,测得结果与滴定法测定Ni和Fe、高频燃烧红外吸收法测定C和S、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定Si、Mn、P、Cr、Mo、Cu、Al、Nb、Ti和Co元素的结果基本一致。     

Electrochemical Behavior of Bulk Amorphous Steel Fe55M2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2（M=Ni, Cu, Nb）

 Fe55Ni2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2,Fe55Cu2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2 and Fe55Nb2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2 alloys with diameter of 4mm were produced by copper mold casting. The role of alloying additions (Ni, Cu or Nb) on corrosion resistance of Fe55Nb2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2, Fe55Ni2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2 and Fe55Cu2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2 alloys were studied by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that Fe55Ni2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2 and Fe55Cu2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2 alloys can be cast into bulk metallic glasses. Fe55Ni2Cr12Mo10B6C13Y2 and     

高比重合金在国防工业和民用工业中的应用

一、概述高比重合金是一类以钨为基(钨含量为85～99％)并加入少量Cu、Fe、Ni、Co、Mo、Cr等元素而组成的合金。这类合金最早出现于本世纪三十年代。由于具有一系列优异的物理机械性能而引起人们的重视     

Ti／Mn基Laves相贮氢合金贮氢性能的影响因素

介绍了影响Ti/Mn基Laves相贮氢合金贮氢性能的一些因素,这些因素包括锆部分取代钛,Cr、V、Fe、Cu、Ni、Co、Mo等元素部分取代锰,非化学计量,非金属杂质元素与杂质气体。同时也介绍了热处理、熔炼方式、氟化处理对Ti/Mn基Laves相贮氢合金贮氢性能的影响。     

难溶高碳合金钢消解方法的探讨

采用盐酸和硝酸并利用微波消解法完全消解难溶高碳合金钢,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定其中的主要合金元素含量。试验对消解方法、消解试剂的选择及用量、水用量对高硅样品消解的影响、微波消解程序等进行了探讨。最终确立了最佳消解条件为:称取0.2g样品,依次加入10.0mL水、5.0mL盐酸、5.0mL硝酸,在目标温度达到180℃条件下进行微波消解处理。而对于硅质量分数在1.0%以上的高硅难溶高碳合金钢样品,应适当增加水用量。按照实验方法处理多个难溶高碳合金钢样品,并采用ICP-AES测定其中的主要合金元素Si、Mn、Ni、Cr、Mo、V,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)为0.23%~4.7%;按照实验方法处理4个难溶高碳合金钢标准样品,并使用ICP-AES测定Si、Mn、Ni、Cr、Mo、V,测定结果与认定值相吻合。     

反相色层分离电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定可燃毒物(Gd,U)O_2中12种微量元素

采用磷酸三丁酯-聚偏氟乙烯反相分配色层分离法使Al,Ca,Co,Cr,Fe,Mg,Mn,Mo,Ni,Sn,Ti,V,Gd与U分离,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定Al,Ca,Co,Cr,Fe,Mg,Mn,Mo,Ni,Sn,Ti和V 12种元素,大量Gd不干扰。取样100 mg时,测定范围为20~640μg/g。方法已用于可燃毒物(Gd,U)O2中上述12种微量元素测定。回收率在94%~110%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.6%~9.2%。     

粉末形状与松装密度对不锈钢烧结多孔材料制备工艺及其性能的影响

通过选用气雾化及水雾化两种工艺方法制备的不锈钢粉末来制取粉末烧结多孔材料。探讨了粉末形状及松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料制造工艺中的成形压力和烧结温度等工艺参数的影响;研究了原料粉末松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料的透气性、拉伸强度的影响。结果表明:成形压力、烧结温度和制品的透气性受粉末松装密度影响显著。粒度范围为0.18～0.90mm时,气雾化粉末的成形压力比水雾化粉末要高近1倍;当粉末的粒度相同时,采用松装密度大的球形粉末所需的烧结温度比松装密度小的不规则粉末的高60～70℃;粒度为0.45～0.60mm时,选用松装密度为4.13 g/cm3粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性为3.16×10-10m2,而选用松装密度为2.67 g/cm3的粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性仅为8.8×10-11m2。不锈钢多孔材料的强度受原料粉末的松装密度影响显著;粒度相同,制备工艺相同时,采用较低松装密度的粉末的制品,能够得到较高的强度。     

New insights into influencing variables of water atomisation of iron

Abstract

Trace amounts of surfactants have an acute influence on measured surface tension of melts and may influence viscosity. A water atomisation experiment was performed to investigate if variations of these elements could affect quality. Effects of water pressure, melt superheat, and sulphur content, iron scrap oxygen content, and aluminium content were studied. Responses studied were particle size distribution, apparent density, flow, powder chemistry, morphology, green density, and dimensional change. A large sulphur addition reduced the particle size, as a result of a reduction of surface tension, but the largest effect came from changing water pressure. Higher water pressures also resulted in powders with lower apparent density, lower flowrate, and reduced swelling during sintering. An empirical water atomisation model is proposed. Aluminium additions reduced the powder size standard deviation and increased the carbon content of the powder. A reduced powder size standard deviation was seen also for melts with raised superheating.     

Inconel 625 合金粉末的雾化制备方法对比

分别采用旋转电极、等离子雾化、无坩埚雾化、真空气雾化、水雾化制备出了Inconel 625粉末。对粉末的球形度、流动性、松装密度、氧含量等性能进行了对比。结果表明,旋转电极方法制备的Inconel625粉末球形度最好,均匀性最佳,但是较难制备出细粒径粉末。无坩埚雾化制备出的粉末性能综合性能相对较好,能够制备出球形度较好的较西粒径粉末。水雾化法制备出的粉末氧含量及球形度等性能最差。     

粉末特性对30CrMnSiNi2A钢组织和性能的影响

采用水雾化（water atomization,WA）、气雾化（gas atomization,GA）和等离子旋转电极雾化（plasma rotating electrode process,PREP）方式制备30CrMnSiNi2A钢粉,对比分析了不同雾化粉末的特征及其烧结体的组织与性能。结果表明:不同雾化粉末的形貌、粒度分布、氧含量及流动性等特征均存在一定差异,其中水雾化和气雾化粉末中存在空心粉和卫星粉,等离子旋转电极雾化粉末无内部缺陷,具有优异流动性,且氧含量最低。三种雾化粉末的烧结样品组织均为粒状贝氏体,但呈现出不同的原始颗粒边界形貌,随粉末氧含量的降低,原始颗粒边界处夹杂物尺寸减小,成分由富Al氧化物变为富Al、Si氧化物。相比于水雾化和气雾化粉末,等离子旋转电极雾化粉末的烧结样品拉伸性能最优,其拉伸强度和伸长率分别为1310 MPa和11.5%,这得益于良好的粉末质量和低的氧含量。     

紧耦合气雾化技术制备选区激光熔化用18Ni300合金粉末的研究

基于紧耦合气雾化技术制备符合选区激光熔化用18Ni300合金粉末, 重点研究了雾化压力对粉末粒度(中值粒径, D₅₀)、粒度分布、球形度、氧含量、流动性和松装密度等特性的影响。结果表明: 雾化压力对上述粉末特性影响显著, 当雾化压力在3.5 MPa到4.5 MPa范围时, 随着压力的提高, 粉末粒度降低、表面形貌改善、流动性变好、松装密度增加。当雾化压力为4.5 MPa时, 所制备的粉末综合特性最优, 粉末粒度(D₅₀)为34 μm, 球形度为0.77, 氧含量为0.02%(质量分数), 流动性为17.4[s·(50g)-1], 松装密度为4.32g·cm-3, 15~53 μm粒径范围粉末收得率为38.1%, 满足选区激光熔化技术对金属粉末性能的要求。     

稀土Y对气雾化制备PH13-8Mo钢粉末特性的影响

摘要：研究了不同含量的稀土Y对选区激光熔化技术(SLM)用PH13 8Mo钢粉末特性的影响,并通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件、粉体综合特性测试仪、霍尔流速计、激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜和电子探针等方法对不同Y含量的PH13-8Mo钢粉末特性的变化规律进行研究。结果表明,随着金属粉末中Y含量的增加,金属粉末的松装密度从3.73提高到3.93g/cm3,50g粉末的自由流动时间从25.44减小到25.11s,粉末的流动性变好。同时,PH13 8Mo钢粉末的平均粒径从37.29减小到30.99μm,粉末的粒度分布区间变窄。研究还发现,不含Y的PH13-8Mo钢粉末的组织由树枝晶和等轴晶组成,而Y质量分数为0.080%的PH13 8Mo钢粉末的组织均由等轴晶组成。综上,在PH13.8Mo钢粉末中加入稀土Y,粉末的特性得到优化。     

The role of particle size on the laser sintering of iron powder

The effects of powder particle size on the densification and microstructure of iron powder in the direct laser sintering process were investigated. Iron powders with particle sizes ranging from 10 to 200 μm were used. It was found that the sintered density increases as the laser energy input is increased. There is, however, a saturation level at which higher density cannot be obtained even at very intensive energy input. This saturation density increases as the size of the iron particles decreases. Meanwhile fine powders with narrow particle size distributions have a tendency toward agglomeration, and coarse powders with broad particle size distributions have a tendency toward segregation, both of them resulting in lower attainable density. In order to investigate the role of particle size, a “densification coefficient (K)” was defined and used. This coefficient depends on the particle size and the oxygen content of iron powder. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the presence of oxygen significantly influences the densification and pore morphology of laser-sintered iron. At higher oxygen concentrations, the iron melt pool is solidified to agglomerates, and formation of pores with orientation toward the building direction is more likely to occur. When the oxygen concentration is kept constant, the densification coefficient decreases with decreasing the particle size, meaning the densification kinetics enhances. This article presents the role of powder characteristics and the processing parameters in the laser sintering of iron powder as a model material. The mechanism of particle bonding and microstructural features of laser-sintered parts are addressed.     

气雾化压力对3D打印用316L不锈钢粉末性能的影响

采用真空熔炼气雾化工艺制备3D打印用316L不锈钢粉末,通过调整雾化参数,研究了不同雾化压力对粉末化学成分、粒度分布、球形度、表面形貌、流动性及松装密度等特性的影响。结果表明:在保温温度(1560±20)℃、保温时间20 min、漏包温度(1050±30)℃、高纯氮气雾化及雾化压力3.0 MPa工艺参数下,制备得到的粉末性能可达到氧含量(质量分数)0.08%、中位径31.39μm、球形度0.75、流动性21.56 g/(50 s)及松装密度3.88 g/cm~3,基本满足不同金属3D打印技术对粉末材料性能的要求。     

粉末粒度和氧含量对HIP态FGH96合金组织的影响

对氩气雾化法制备的高温合金FGH96粉末进行了热等静压(HIP)处理,分析了粉末粒度和氧含量对HIP态合金组织的影响,研究了FGH96合金组织中PPB的类型、相结构和形成机制。结果表明,氩气雾化FGH96粉末的氧含量较低,平均氧含量约为50×10-6,随着粉末粒度降低,颗粒比表面积增大,促进了粉末氧含量的升高;粉末经HIP处理后氧含量具有遗传特征,原始粉末氧含量越高,HIP态合金氧含量也越高,且平均氧含量增至83×10-6;粉末尺寸和氧含量对合金致密化行为无明显影响,HIP态合金密度约为8.33 g·cm-3。小尺寸粉末制备的HIP态合金原始颗粒边界主要析出ZrO2和MC碳化物,而大尺寸粉末制备的HIP态合金原始颗粒边界主要析出大尺寸花瓣状γ’相和少量MC碳化物。粉末粒度和氧含量影响PPB析出,小尺寸粉末因氧含量高经HIP处理时颗粒边界处存在更多、尺寸更大稳定的ZrO2,ZrO2成为MC碳化物析出形核的核心,促进了大量MC碳化物的析出。     

Variability of powder characteristics and their effect on dimensional variability of powder injection moulded components

Abstract

In this study, the effect of powder characteristics and their variability on the dimensional variability of green and sintered PIM components has been examined for 316L stainless steel. Three lots of gas atomised and three lots of water atomised powders were characterised and used to make six batches of PIM compound. These compound lots were injection moulded using a cavity pressure transducer and screw position regulation controls. The moulded geometry was measured in the green state and sintered state for dimensional variability. The general findings are that gas atomised powder produce less dimensional variability than the water atomised powder from lot to lot, however, the water atomised powders produce less in lot dimensional variability and are generally less susceptible to distortion of cantilevered members during sintering. Also, the lot to lot variation in the powder characteristics, such as particle size and pycnometer density, have an effect on dimensional stability whereas variations in powder characteristics such as surface area, tap and apparent density, and chemistry have little effect on dimensional stability.