Enhancing the ammonia to hydrogen (ATH) energy efficiency of alternating current arc discharge

In order to enhance the ammonia to hydrogen (ATH) energy efficiency, systematic study was carried out with atmospheric pressure alternating current arc discharge reactor (using a pair of stainless steel (SS) tube electrodes). Results showed that, using small-diameter SS tube electrodes with small discharge gaps forced more ammonia molecules to go through the effective plasma volume and obtained high electrodes temperature. Adopting low discharge frequency increased the discharge time, the effective plasma volume and the electrode temperature. These changes can enhance both the gas-phase plasma decomposition and the electrode-surface catalytic decomposition of ammonia. Insulating the reactor significantly increased the electrode temperature in small-diameter reactor, so as to enhance the electrode-surface catalytic decomposition of ammonia. In large-diameter reactors, however, the electrodes temperature increased less rapidly and more ammonia bypass of the effective plasma volume occurred. A 12.5 mol/kW h ATH energy efficiency was reached when ammonia was completely converted under the conditions of electrode diameter 3 mm, electrode gap 4 mm, discharge frequency 5 kHz, reactor diameter 8 mm, NH₃ flow rate 150 ml/min and input power 48 W. The ATH energy efficiency was further enhanced under similar conditions when incomplete ammonia conversion was allowed.     

Coupled aeroelastic oscillations of a turbine blade row in 3D transonic flow

heodctionThe trend of imPrved gas ndine engine designwith higher Hntalc blade loadin and sInallerPhysical size attraCtS much Mon to the aeroelasticbehayour of blades not Ouly in comPI'essors, bu also intuIbines. Flow-induced triine and comPressor bladesoscillations can lead to fatigUe failures of a constrUctionand so rePrsent imPorIant Problems of reliability, safety,and operatin cost.The hahonal aPProach in flutter calculations ofblW disks is based on twency doInain analysis"ro,in whi…     

Modeling snow melting on heated pavement surfaces. Part II: Experimental validation

This paper describes an experimental validation exercise for a newly developed numerical model of the snow melting process on heated pavement surfaces. The model is able to predict the conditions of the snow, ice and water during the snow melting process on hydronically-heated pavements given time-varying weather and heating system boundary conditions. Validation results show that the model satisfactorily predicts the surface temperature and conditions, the degree of snow cover over the heated surface, and outlet fluid temperature given the weather data, inlet fluid temperature, and the fluid mass flow rate. It can therefore be used to analyze the performance of hydronic snow melting systems and can be used in the system design process. Development of the model is described in a companion paper.     

轴流泵内部流动诱导噪声数值研究

为改善轴流泵运行的稳定性,采用CFD方法和Lighthill声比拟理论,利用CFX对模型泵在0.55Q_(BEP)、0.6Q_(BEP)、0.9Q_(BEP)、Q_(BEP)、1.1Q_(BEP)流量下的轴流泵内部流场进行非定常模拟,并基于CFX数值模拟所得到的流动信息,根据FW-H方程提取叶片表面偶极子声源,并在LMS Virtual.Lab中采用内外声学直接边界元模型计算不同工况下的模型泵内叶频及其谐频处的内声场。研究结果表明,泵内边界上最大声压值随着流量的减小逐渐增大;叶片偶极子噪声在叶频96Hz处的深度失速工况泵内边界声压比最优工况下增大了28.9%;壳体偶极子噪声在轴频24Hz处的深度失速工况泵内边界声比最优工况下增大了6.5%,在叶频96 Hz时的深度失速工况泵内边界声压高于最优工况7%。     

深度调峰运行时汽轮机低压叶片的安全性分析

为了满足电网深度调峰和供热的要求,低压缸需要长期在低负荷甚至零出力工况下运行。本文以某660 MW汽轮机为对象,对其深度调峰和供热工况下低压叶片的通流特性和运行安全性问题进行了研究,得到了不同排汽压力时低压末级叶片的流场分布以及相关参数随背压变化的规律,分析计算了叶片所受汽流弯应力,确定了汽流弯应力随背压的变化。结果表明：该机组在深度调峰和供热的小容积流量工况下,叶片所受汽流弯应力很小,满足不调频叶片的设计要求,能够保证机组安全稳定运行;小容积流量工况下,汽轮机的排汽压力降低,真空度提高,其低压部分摩擦鼓风损失大幅度降低,鼓风发热问题减少,汽流弯应力降低,汽轮机可以安全稳定运行。     

Profile and secondary flow losses in a high-lift LPT blade cascade at different reynolds numbers under steady and unsteady inflow conditions

The aerodynamic flow field downstream of a Low-Pressure High-Lift(HL)turbine cascade has been experimentally investigated for different Reynolds numbers under both steady and unsteady inflows,in order to analyse the cascade performance under real engine operating conditions.The Reynolds number has been varied in the range 100000相似文献   

The performance of Wells turbine under bi-directional airflow

This paper presents the performance of a Wells turbine operating under unsteady bi-directional airflow conditions. In this study, four kinds of blade profile were selected, NACA0020, NACA0015, CA9 and HSIM 15-262123-1576. The experiments have been carried out for two solidities under sinusoidal and irregular unsteady flow conditions based on Irish waves (Site2). It was found that for a Wells turbine operating under bi-directional air flow, the rotor geometry preferred is the blade profile of CA9 with rotor solidity σ=0.64. In addition, the efficiency curve of the Wells turbine under unidirectional flow conditions fails to present the rapid rise in the instantaneous efficiency which occurs at low flow coefficient of bi-directional flow condition. A comparative analysis between the numerical simulation results and experimental results was carried out. As a result, an excellent agreement was found between the numerical and experimental results. In addition, the effect of blade profile and rotor solidity on hysteretic characteristics of the turbine has been clarified experimentally under bi-directional airflow.     

汽轮机T型叶根有限元模态分析边界条件的研究

对汽轮机叶片有限元模态分析的边界条件处理方法进行了探讨，分析了各种边界条件对叶片自振频率的影响。通过大量的数值模拟，得出了各种边界条件与叶片固有频率变化关系，进而提出了弹性模拟叶片边界约束的计算模型，为叶片模态有限元数值计算及故障分析提供了理论基础。图6表3参5     

Numerical Modelling of the Aeroelastic Behaviour and Variable Loads for the Turbine Stage in 3D Transonic Flow

Introduction Aeroelastic phenomena in the turbine stage are characterized by instability, continuous interaction and energy exchange between the fluid and the structure; so they cannot be studied properly in the frame of each of uncoupled domains separately (aerodynamics or structural dynamics). The traditional approach in flutter calculations of bladed disks is based on frequency domain analysis[1,2], in which the blade motion is assumed to be a harmonic function of time with a constant phas…     

基于几何精确梁的风力机叶片动力学建模及动态特性分析

基于几何精确梁理论,结合广义-α时间预测法的迭代算法,考虑叶片复合铺层材料的各向异性特性,建立了大型风力机叶片的几何非线性动力学模型并导出了相应的特征方程,编制了数值仿真程序。通过对几何非线性梁标准算例和某10 MW柔性风力机叶片动力特性的模拟分析,验证了动力学模型的正确性,以及几何精确梁模型对分析叶片几何非线性大变形及其所导致的非线性动力学效应的有效性。叶片在静止和转动工况下的模态分析结果表明,在动力刚化效应作用下,叶片的固有频率会随着转速的增加而增大,动力刚化效应在挥舞方向比在摆振方向更明显,在低阶模态比在高阶模态更明显。     

Plasma synthesis of ammonia in a tangled wire dielectric barrier discharge reactor: Effect of electrode materials

Plasma synthesis of NH₃ from N₂ and renewable H₂ under mild conditions is very attractive for decentralised sustainable green ammonia production using intermittent renewables. In this study, NH₃ synthesis was performed under ambient conditions in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor. Different tangled wire internal electrodes were employed to understand the influence of electrode materials on plasma ammonia synthesis. Compared with a rod electrode, a tangled wire electrode substantially enhanced the NH₃ concentration and reduced the energy cost for ammonia production, which can be attributed to the expanded surface area and the chemisorption properties of the tangled electrodes. The influence of the N₂/H₂ molar ratio and total flow rate on the reaction performance was also evaluated. The lowest energy cost (59.0 MJ mol⁻¹) for ammonia production was achieved using a Cu tangled electrode at a total flow rate of 250 ml min⁻¹ and a discharge power of 20 W. The electrical diagnostics of the plasma process showed that the tangled wire electrodes decreased the breakdown voltage of the DBD and enhanced charge deposition, which enhanced the NH₃ production. The reaction mechanism was discussed for the process optimisation of ammonia synthesis in a tangled wire DBD system.     

考虑应力刚化影响的风力机叶片振动模态分析

利用ANSYS软件建立了500 W风力机叶片的有限元模型。基于振动分析的基本理论,分析了应力刚化对风力机叶片固有频率的影响,研究了旋转状态下叶片振型的变化规律。通过比较不同转速下的仿真结果发现,叶片旋转越快,应力刚化对固有频率的影响越大,特别是对低阶固有频率的影响最为明显,在叶片的动力学分析计算中应予以考虑。研究结果对风力机叶片的动力学设计及控制具有一定的参考价值。     

Modeling snow melting on heated pavement surfaces. Part I: Model development

Hydronic or electric heating of pavement surfaces has been used in the prevention of ice formation and snow deposition with the aim of improving transportation safety. This paper describes a numerical model of a heated pavement and the snow melting processes occurring on its surface. A set of boundary conditions have been defined, and models of heat and mass transfer developed, that allow treatment of various surface and weather conditions associated with storm events. Given heat fluxes and weather data, this model can predict the transient surface conditions and temperatures including the extent of snow cover. Model development is described in this paper and its application to a representative snow melting system illustrated. A companion paper presents a validation exercise using data collected from a full-scale bridge snow melting system during a real storm event.     

整体式太阳热水器在寒冷气候条件下的冻结厚度与热损系数U值及水层深度的关系

利用一维焓法建立了第三类边界条件下有限厚度的水存在自然对流时的冻结过程的理论模型，并利用类似于反问题的方法。结合计算和实验的手段确定了热损系数U值，所建模型和计算结果通过不同的实验条件得到了验证。该模型可用来确定在寒冷气候条件下整体式（ICS）太阳热水器的冻结厚度与热损系数U值及水层深度的关系，并根据国内一些城市冬季的气象参数，给出了典型的计算结果，所得结果可对ICS太阳热水器的设计及对透明盖板材料和选择性涂层的选用提供参考。     

基于模态参数的在役风力发电机叶片损伤识别研究

通过对小型风力发电机叶片进行停转与运转状态下多种损伤工况的数值模拟,进行模态分析,以此研究叶片损伤识别与定位的方法,并提出加权柔度曲率指标,建立加权柔度曲率值与刚度损伤值的拟合函数.研究得到:首先通过自振频率的变化可判断叶片是否发生损伤;其次无论叶片是否发生损伤,随着叶片转速的增大,其固有频率都会增大.加权柔度曲率值在...     

裂纹对叶盘系统振动特性影响的研究

为减少叶盘系统故障,针对存在裂纹叶盘系统振动特性展开研究。建立裂纹深度和位置分布不同的叶盘的结构模型,利用有限元分析方法对其振动特性进行研究。结果表明：裂纹使叶盘系统固有频率明显降低,随着裂纹深度的增加,基频降低的幅度增大;相比于单个裂纹,当叶盘结构含有两个裂纹时,叶盘结构的二阶频率也会降低,且当两个裂纹分布在相邻的叶片时,其二阶频率降低的程度弱于其他分布情况。     

垂直轴风力机叶片翼型结冰的数值计算

为研究寒冷气候条件对直线翼垂直轴风力机叶片表面结冰的影响,对该种风力机叶片常用的NACA0015翼型进行了翼型结冰的数值模拟计算.计算基于二维定常不可压缩流体的N-S方程,并引入离散相模型DPM.参照实际风力机野外工作环境参数,通过改变风速和空气中水滴流量等条件,计算了在8种典型攻角下的翼型表面结冰分布情况.结果表明:气流中所含的过冷水滴量和风速是影响风力机翼型表面结冰的关键因素;风速较低时,水滴流量的影响占主导作用;翼型攻角不同,其表面结冰的厚度、面积和生长趋势不同.在一定攻角范围内,翼型表面的结冰面积随翼型迎风面积、风速和空气中水滴流量的增加而增大.在一定条件下,结冰面积可达到翼型面积的30%以上.     

Smart control of a horizontal axis wind turbine using dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators

Rotating stall around a small-scale horizontal axis wind turbine was experimentally studied to characterize and assess smart rotor control by plasma actuators. Phase-locked Particle Image Velocimetry was used to map the flow over the rotor blade suction surface at numerous radial stations at a range of tip-speed-ratios. Flow separation occurred from the inboard of the blade and spread radially outwards as the tip-speed-ratio reduced. Plasma actuators placed along the span that produced a chord-wise body force had very little effect on the flow separation, even when operated in pulsed forcing mode. In contrast, plasma actuators along the blade chord that produced a body force into the radial directions (plasma vortex generators) successfully mitigated rotating stall. Torque due to aerodynamic drag was reduced by up to 22% at the lowest tip-speed-ratio of 3.7, suppressing stall over the outboard 50% of the blade. This was due to quasi-two-dimensional flow reattachment in the outboard region, and shifting of a fully stalled zone towards the hub in the inboard region because the plasma-induced body force counteracted the Coriolis-induced radial flow. This can significantly increase the turbine power output in unfavourable wind conditions and during start-up.     

旋转对气冷涡轮内部流场影响的PIV测量

采用PIV测速技术分别对旋转和不旋转两种情况下的气冷涡轮内部流场进行实验测量,研究旋转对气冷涡轮内部流场的影响。同时改变吹风比(M=1.5,2),研究不同射流吹风比对涡轮流场的影响。实验结果表明,冷却孔射流下游附近存在明显的尾迹区域。旋转情况下涡轮内部流场中存在的离心力、哥氏力的作用使射流与主流的掺混流场结构改变。与静止涡轮叶栅流场相比,旋转对叶片压力面侧流场的影响明显大于吸力面。同时,吹风比增大使射流与主流掺混流场区域以及射流尾迹区的范围扩大。