添加盐对Gemini阳离子表面活性剂溶液的影响

通过流变学方法研究了水杨酸钠(NaSal)对Gemini阳离子表面活性剂2-羟亚丙基-1,3-双(二甲基十二烷基氯化铵)(以12-3(OH)-12(2Cl)表示)水溶液黏弹性能的影响。结果发现,无机盐诱导12-3(OH)-12(2Cl)产生盐析作用,而NaSal可促使胶束生长;在固定n(NaSal)/n(12-3(OH)-12(2Cl))=0.6,12-3(OH)-12(2Cl)质量摩尔浓度较低时,溶液的黏度很小;随12-3(OH)-12(2Cl)质量摩尔浓度增加,溶液黏度明显增大并显示Maxwell流体行为;溶液的零剪切黏度(η_0)随12-3(OH)-12(2Cl)质量摩尔浓度增加有一个最大值出现,是因为体系中12-3(OH)-12(2Cl)的阳离子和水杨酸根(Sal~-)反离子形成的氢键使棒状胶束之问相互连接,导致网络结构形成;测定的晶体结构验证了分子间氢键的形成。     

Gemini表面活性剂在低阶煤表面吸附及成浆性能研究

为了研究Gemini阳离子表面活性剂不同结构是否对低阶煤表面吸附及水煤浆成浆性能有影响,选择Gemini阳离子表面活性剂(C_(12)-3(OH)-C_(12)(SAA-1)和C_(12)-(CH_2)_3-C_(12)(SAA-2))对煤粒表面进行疏水改性,通过对煤粒表面吸附量、水煤浆表观粘度和浆体稳定性为考察对象研究其改性效果。结果表明,SAA-2主要以季铵盐的正电荷为活性吸附点,即其饱和吸附量可达到2.95 mg/g,成浆浓度在57%时,表观粘度为723 m Pa·s,接触角为70.89°,Zeta电位为-37.4 mV;SAA-1除了与SAA-2有相同吸附点外,还有羟基与煤粒表面羟基之间的氢键和分子间力的活性吸附点,较SAA-2饱和吸附量增大,可达到3.17 mg/g,成浆浓度在57%时,表观粘度为676 m Pa·s,接触角为85.08°,Zeta电位为-49.6 mV,分散效果最佳。利用Turbiscan Lab稳定性分析仪测得经SAA-1改性水煤浆比SAA-2更稳定。     

Gemini表面活性剂在低阶煤表面吸附及成浆性能研究

为了研究Gemini阳离子表面活性剂不同结构是否对低阶煤表面吸附及水煤浆成浆性能有影响,选择Gemini阳离子表面活性剂(C_(12)-3(OH)-C_(12)(SAA-1)和C_(12)-(CH_2)_3-C_(12)(SAA-2))对煤粒表面进行疏水改性,通过对煤粒表面吸附量、水煤浆表观粘度和浆体稳定性为考察对象研究其改性效果。结果表明,SAA-2主要以季铵盐的正电荷为活性吸附点,即其饱和吸附量可达到2.95 mg/g,成浆浓度在57%时,表观粘度为723 m Pa·s,接触角为70.89°,Zeta电位为-37.4 mV;SAA-1除了与SAA-2有相同吸附点外,还有羟基与煤粒表面羟基之间的氢键和分子间力的活性吸附点,较SAA-2饱和吸附量增大,可达到3.17 mg/g,成浆浓度在57%时,表观粘度为676 m Pa·s,接触角为85.08°,Zeta电位为-49.6 mV,分散效果最佳。利用Turbiscan Lab稳定性分析仪测得经SAA-1改性水煤浆比SAA-2更稳定。     

噻唑类表面活性剂的合成研究

以2-氨基噻唑、氯乙酰氯为原料,合成2-(2-氯乙酰胺基)噻唑中间体。中间体分别与N,N-二甲基癸基叔胺、N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺、N,N-二甲基十四烷基叔胺、N,N-二甲基十六烷基叔胺反应合成一系列噻唑类表面活性剂。通过单因素实验,考察了反应温度、反应时间及反应原料投料比对目标产物收率的影响。利用1HNMR和IR对目标产物结构进行表征。通过电导率法测得噻唑类表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)值分别为1.94×10~(-2)、5.01×10~(-3)、1.62×10~(-3)、4.78×10~(-4)mol/L。     

基于三乙烯二胺新型表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

三乙烯二胺分别与正溴代十二、十四、十六烷反应获得单季铵盐,再与氯乙酸乙酯反应,经碱性水解、纯化后获得一类新型杂表面活性剂2-(4-烷基-1,4-二氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷)乙酸盐溴化物(结构式为BrCnH2n+1N(CH2CH2)3 NCH2COO,n=12,14,16,命名为3a,3b,3c),总收率分别为78.8...     

N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂的合成和性能研究

以十二酰氯、十四酰氯、十六酰氯和苯丙氨酸为原料,肖顿鲍曼法合成了3种不同碳链长度的N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂:N-十二酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(12)PheNa)、N-十四酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(14)PheNa)和N-十六酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(16)PheNa)。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)对产物的结构进行了表征。考察了三种表面活性剂的表面活性、泡沫、乳化、润湿性能。结果表明,随着碳链长度的增加(C_(12)～C_(16)),N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)由0.15 mmol/L减少至0.02 mmol/L,对应的表面张力(γ_(cmc))由34.56 mN/m降低至31.52 mN/m;随着烷基碳链的增长,乳化性能越好,润湿性能越差;起泡性能随着烷基链的增加呈现先增加后减少,泡沫稳定性随着烷基链的增加而增加。     

咪唑类离子液体表面活性剂的合成及其形成微乳液的增溶能力研究

合成并提纯了3种离子液体表面活性剂——溴代-1-十二烷基(十四烷基、十六烷基)-3-甲基咪唑(C12 mimBr、C14mimBr、C16mimBr),利用平衡表面张力法测定了临界胶束浓度,检验了其纯度.利用δ-γ“鱼形”相图研究了C12 mimBr (C14mimBr、C16mimBr)/醇/烷烃/盐水(5％ NaC...     

非离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚与脂肪醇的混合表面膜

本工作测定了非离子表面活性剂C_(12)O(EO)nH(n=3,5,7)与C_(12)OH、C_(18)OH在7moldm~(-3)NaNO_3水溶液表面上的单分子二元混合膜的π—a关系。结果表明除C_(12)O(EO)_3H/C_(12)OH混合膜与加和律相符外,其他混合膜都与加和律呈不同程度的正偏差。根据Shah和Shiao关于碳氢链热运动的观点以及RO(EO)nH型分子的界面模型,初步解释了实验结果。     

基于“lock-in”效应的阳离子三联表面活性剂蠕虫状胶束流变性能

以三联阳离子表面活性剂双(2-羟基-二亚甲基醚)-α,ω,γ-三(十六烷基二甲基氯化铵)(16-4(OH)-16-4(OH)-16)在水杨酸钠(NaSal)及氯化钠(NaCl)作用下形成的蠕虫状胶束为研究对象,向该体系中增溶苯乙烯(S_t)引发聚合,探讨了聚合前后胶束溶液的流变性能。通过表观黏度法研究了16-4(OH)-16-4(OH)-16/NaSal/NaCl及十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)/NaSal两种体系聚合后溶液的耐温(T)及耐剪切性,并利用流变测试对16-4(OH)-16-4(OH)-16/NaSal/NaCl体系增溶S_t聚合前后溶液性能进行了表征。结果表明:CTAB/NaSal胶束体系中S_t最佳增溶量为0.05 g,T=100℃或剪切90 min,聚合后溶液表观黏度(η_a)分别为66.9、15.5 mPa·s;而16-4(OH)-16-4(OH)-16/NaSal/NaCl胶束中S_t 最佳增溶量为0.10 g,T=100℃且连续剪切90 min后,聚合后溶液的η_a 始终维持在99.1 mPa·s,该体系聚合后稳态模量(G₀)高于未增溶S_t体系,由此说明蠕虫状胶束内S_t聚合物链可以产生对其微结构的“lock-in”效应。     

Gemini表面活性剂C12-3-C12·2Br及C12-3(OH)-C12·2Cl的合成及表面活性

合成了联结基团分别为亚甲基链及含羟基亚甲基链的两种季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂,即C12-3-C12.2Br及C12-3(OH)-C12.2Cl。用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对它们的结构进行了鉴定,并对影响反应的因素进行了研究,得出了合成C12-3-C12.2Br的最佳条件为:n(N,N-二甲基十二烷基胺)∶n(1,3-二溴丙烷)=2.2∶1.0,以乙醇作溶剂,在回流温度下反应24 h,产率可达80%以上。合成C12-3(OH)-C12.2Cl的最佳条件为n(二甲基十二烷基叔胺)∶n(二甲基十二烷基叔胺盐酸盐)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)=2.0∶1.0∶1.0,以正丙醇为溶剂,在回流温度下反应3 h,产率可达94.5%以上。测定了它们的表面张力γ、临界胶束浓度cmc及降低水溶液表面张力的效率C20,结果表明:与相应的单头基单烷烃链表面活性剂相比,Gemini表面活性剂具有很低的cmc和很强的表面活性,联结基团对其性能有较大的影响。     

碳氟表面活性剂在有机液体中的表面活性

从不同的碳氟链（ 包括四氟乙烯五聚体衍生物、全氟丙烯环氧齐聚体衍生物以及全氟烷基衍生物等） 出发, 制备了多种碳氟化合物。通过表面张力测定,研究了碳氟化合物在甲苯、正己烷、正癸烷、环己烷等烃类化合物以及在氯仿、硝基甲烷、二甲亚砜、正丁醇等极性化合物中的表面活性。探讨了表面活性剂结构对其表面活性的影响。     

羧酸盐型双子表面活性剂合成研究进展

羧酸盐双子表面活性剂因其具有独特的物理化学性能及易生物降解等特性而广受国内外学者关注。本文主要对羧酸盐双子表面活性剂分子的疏水链、亲水基及联接基团的键合方式进行了概述。     

新型Gemini磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的合成及应用

以磷酸二氢钠、环氧氯丙烷和十二烷基酰胺基丙基叔胺为原料,合成了一种新型双子磷酸酯两性表面活性剂。对其合成工艺进行了研究．确定了最佳工艺条件．最后对该产品应用性能进行了研究。     

Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems

The aqueous solution properties of a nonionic silicone surfactant of dimethylpolysiloxane and its mixed surfactant systems were studied. It was found that the silicone surfactant has a high surface activity and forms micelles in two steps: premicelles in dilute concentrations and polymolecular micelles above 3.7 × 10⁻⁷ mol dm⁻³. In mixed systems of the silicone surfactant with anionic hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant, weak intermicellar interactions were found. They are due to electrostatic interaction between hydrophilic groups of the respective micelles. Dye solubilization measurements showed that the solubilized amount of Yellow-OB is greater than predicted by ideal systems. Hydrazo-azo tautomerism is observed in fluorocarbon-silicone surfactant systems, while Yellow-OB is solubilized only in the azo-form in the hydrocarbon-silicone surfactant system.     

日本糖基和氨基酸系表面活性剂的开发及应用

以糖和氨基酸为原料的表面活性剂因其温和性、安全性和生物降解性近年来在日本受到高度重视 ,在日本已开发与应用这两类无公害的表面活性剂 ,并有良好的市场前景。     

聚合型乳化剂及其应用

聚合型乳化剂是一种新型乳化剂。本文介绍了聚合型乳化剂的类型和一般性质，通过传统乳化剂与聚合乳化剂比较，阐明了可聚合型乳化剂的优点，最后介绍了聚合型乳化剂的应用情况。     

Effect of Electrolyte and Temperature on Volatile Organic Compounds Removal from Wastewater Using Aqueous Surfactant Two-Phase System of Cationic and Anionic Surfactant Mixtures

Abstract

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are frequently observed contaminants in industrial wastewaters causing concerns about environmental and health effects. An aqueous surfactant two-phase (ASTP) extraction system using mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants have been shown to be a promising surfactant-based separation technique to concentrate solutes such as proteins and dyes from aqueous solution. A phase separation of a surfactant solution occurs at certain surfactant compositions and concentrations, forming two isotropic phases. One is rich in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-rich phase) and the other is lean in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-dilute phase). Most of the organic contaminants tend to solubilize and concentrate in the surfactant-rich phase, leaving the surfactant-dilute phase containing only small amounts of contaminants as remediated water. The effect of NaCl addition on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the extraction ability of ASTP formed by mixtures of cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide; DTAB) and anionic surfactant (alkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate; DPDS) at 50 mM total surfactant concentration with a 2:1 molar ratio of DTAB:DPDS was investigated; the CMC of the mixture slightly decreases with increasing NaCl concentration. The extraction and preconcentration of benzene are greatly enhanced by added NaCl. The higher the degree of hydrophobicity of contaminants, the greater the extraction into the surfactant-rich phases. At 1.0 M NaCl addition, about 95% of xylene, 92% of ethylbenzene, 90% of toluene, and 79% of benzene are extracted into the surfactant-rich phase within a single stage extraction and the contaminant partition ratios can be as high as 395 for xylene, 273 for ethylbenzene, 206 for toluene, and 84 for benzene, which are greater than those obtained from the conventional ASTP extraction system using nonionic surfactants.     

Dissolution of Soap Scum by Surfactants. Part III. Effect of Chelant Type on Equilibrium Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Calcium and Magnesium Soap Scums in Various Surfactant Systems

Soap scum can be effectively removed by using an appropriate surfactant with a chelating agent at a high solution pH. The equilibrium solubilities and dissolution rates of two model soap scums [calcium stearate and magnesium stearate: Ca(C₁₈)₂ and Mg(C₁₈)₂] were investigated in aqueous solutions containing three different types of surfactants [methyl ester sulfonate (MES) as an anionic surfactant; alcohol ethoxylate (EO9) as a nonionic surfactant; and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO) as an amphoteric surfactant] in the presence of different biodegradable chelants: trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (Na₃EDDS) and tetrasodium glutamate diacetic acid (Na₄GLDA) compared with disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (Na₂EDTA), a chelant with poor biodegradability. The highest equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate of either soap scum were observed at high pH in the DDAO system with Na₄GLDA. In addition, the calcium soap scum had a similar to higher equilibrium solubility and a higher dissolution rate constant as compared with the magnesium soap scum.     

Interaction Between an Anionic and an Amphoteric Surfactant. Part I: Monomer–Micelle Equilibrium

A mixture of anionic and amphoteric surfactants is composed of three components at intermediate pH levels: anionic, cationic (protonated amphoteric), and zwitterionic (unprotonated amphoteric). Knowledge of the composition of each surfactant in both monomer and micellar forms (monomer–micelle equilibrium) is important in applications using this mixture. Hydrogen ion titration of the mixed surfactant solution as a function of surfactant composition is combined with the pseudophase separation model and regular solution theory for the three-surfactant mixture to calculate the concentration of each surfactant in monomer and in micelle forms at different pH levels. The specific systems studied here contain sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO), which are used in a wide range of consumer products. The degree of protonation of monomeric DDAO is not affected by the presence of SDS, indicating an insignificant formation of ion pairs between these monomers. However, the presence of SDS in micelles shifts the micellar pK _a of DDAO protonation significantly and the method used here allows the quantification of partial fugacities of each individual surfactant in micelle form. The composition in the monomer phase at each pH will aid in understanding and predicting solution compositions corresponding to anionic/amphoteric surfactant precipitation boundaries, which is the focus of the subsequent paper in this series.