氧化膜对6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能的影响

对6 mm厚的6082-T6铝合金进行两种表面处理然后实施搅拌摩擦焊接,研究了对接面氧化膜对接头组织和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,进行速度为1000 mm/min的高速焊接时,对接面未打磨和打磨的接头焊接质量都良好,接头强度系数达到81%;两种接头的疲劳性能基本相同,疲劳强度均为100 MPa;少数样品在焊核区外断裂,大部分样品在热影响区断裂。与接头相比,两种接头焊核区的疲劳性能有所提高,均为110 MPa,在疲劳测试中裂纹并未沿“S”线萌生和扩展。     

近红外光纤激光与蓝光半导体激光焊接紫铜工艺对比研究

目的 提高紫铜激光焊接接头的力学性能,并分析激光工艺参数对焊缝外观及焊缝微观组织的影响规律。方法 分别对蓝光半导体激光与近红外光纤激光焊接紫铜的工艺参数进行优化设计,采用光学显微镜观察焊缝的外观形貌,采用拉力机测试焊缝的抗拉强度,采用金相显微镜观察和分析焊缝的微观组织。结果 当采用近红外光纤激光进行焊接时,功率为2 000 W,焊接速度为20 mm/s,焊缝抗拉强度为156 MPa。当采用蓝光半导体激光进行焊接时,功率为500 W,焊接速度为20 mm/s,焊缝抗拉强度为246 MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的80%。结论 由于铜对蓝光波长的吸收率较高,当采用蓝光半导体激光进行焊接时,热量输入较低,焊缝的变形相对较小,并且焊缝中心各个方向上的温度梯度相同,容易形成等轴晶,有利于力学性能的提高。     

Mechanical properties of friction stir butt‐welded Al‐5086 H32 plate

Al‐5086 H32 plates with a thickness of 3 mm were friction stir butt‐welded using different welding speeds at a tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm. The effect of welding speed on the weld performance of the joints was investigated by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness measurements and mechanical tests (i.e. tensile and bend tests). The effect of heat input during friction stir welding on the microstructure, and thus mechanical properties, of cold‐rolled Al‐ 5086 plates was also determined. The experimental results indicated that the maximum tensile strength of the joints, which is about 75 % that of the base plate, was obtained with a traverse speed of 200 mm/min at the tool rotational speed used, e.g. 1600 rpm, and the maximum bending angle of the joints can reach 180^o. The maximum ductility performance of the joints was, on the other hand, relatively low, e.g. about 20 %. These results are not unexpected due to the loss of the cold‐work strengthening in the weld region as a result of the heat input during welding, and thus the confined plasticity within the stirred zone owing to strength undermatching. Higher joint performances can also be achieved by increasing the penetration depth of the stirring probe in butt‐friction stir welding of Al‐5086 H32 plates.     

旋转速度与焊接速度对铝铜异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接头成形的影响

目的为了获得较好的铝铜异种材料搅拌摩擦焊焊缝,研究旋转速度与焊接速度对焊缝成形的影响规律。方法采用对接的方式对4mm厚的纯铝和紫铜进行搅拌摩擦焊,对比了不同旋转速度和焊接速度对铝铜异种金属焊缝表面的影响,并对焊缝内部成形变化进行了分析。结果旋转速度和焊接速度对焊缝的成形影响较大,当旋转速度为1200 r/min,焊接速度为10 mm/min时,焊缝表面成形美观,焊缝表面相对较为光滑,焊缝内部存在相互交叠的片层结构和漩涡状结构,焊缝内部未见明显缺陷;与旋转速度1200 r/min,焊接速度10mm/min相比,在焊接旋转速度减小或者焊接速度变大时,由于焊接热输入减小,造成焊缝表面出现沟槽、孔洞等焊接缺陷,同时搅拌针的旋转搅拌作用影响焊缝成形和焊缝内部缺陷的产生。结论选择合适的旋转速度和焊接速度能够获得宏观成形较好和内部缺陷较少的焊缝。     

焊接速度对Mg/Cu异种合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头成形的影响

目的研究不同焊接速度条件下镁铜异种合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的成形规律。方法在保证其他焊接工艺相同的条件下,通过改变焊接速度,比较分析了焊接速度对接头的表面成形、横截面形貌特征、微观结构及力学性能的影响规律。结果随着焊接速度从118 mm/min减小至95 mm/min时,焊缝表面成形变得更光滑,飞边显著减少,内部孔洞缺陷消失,焊缝成形质量显著提高;但继续减小焊接速度至75 mm/min时,焊缝内部却再次出现孔洞缺陷。结论采用工艺参数为950 r/min的旋转速度、95 mm/min的焊接速度焊接时,焊缝成形质量最高;中心混合区主要由层片状铜合金、颗粒状镁合金和金属间化合物Mg2Cu组成;接头抗拉强度最大,达81.5 MPa。     

ZK60镁合金光纤激光焊接工艺参数及接头性能研究

目的 采用光纤激光对ZK镁合金进行焊接,分析焊接工艺参数对焊接接头性能的影响规律。方法 采用正交实验方法,在焊接过程中对焊接主要的工艺参数比如:激光的功率,焊接的速度,离焦量进行三因素三水平正交实验,采用拉力实验机对焊接接头进行抗拉强度测试,得到抗拉强度最大的工艺参数组合。对焊缝微观组织及断口形貌进行分析。结果 当激光功率为1 400 W、焊接速度为40 mm/s、离焦量为3 mm时,焊缝抗拉强度达到最高的308 MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的95%。结论 在合适的工艺条件下,光纤激光焊接过程中,如果热输入较低,焊接速度过快,导致熔池冷却速度非常快,同时细化了晶粒,提高焊缝接头的综合力学性能。     

功率密度对DP590钢激光焊缝熔深及组织的影响

目的研究相同热输入(功率/速度)下激光功率密度(功率/光斑面积)变化对焊缝熔深及组织的影响。方法在保持热输入不变的条件下,对不同功率下1.8 mm厚的DP590钢板进行光纤激光焊接试验,在光学显微镜下检测不同条件下的熔深,在扫描电镜下观察不同条件下的焊缝组织。然后,采用FLOW-3D软件对不同条件下焊接熔池/小孔行为与激光能量吸收进行了计算研究。结果随着功率密度的增加,焊缝熔深总体不断递增,但在速度为0.055 m/s和0.065 m/s时突变。结论通过模拟发现,匙孔吸收的能量影响了焊缝熔深变化。同时,焊缝冷却速率随着焊缝吸收能量的增加而降低,使得焊缝区马氏体组织大小出现差异。     

Q960E超高强钢焊接接头组织和性能研究

目的 对Q960E超高强钢的焊接工艺进行研究以获得高强高韧的焊接接头。方法 选择超高强钢Q960E作为母材、FK1000ER120S–G焊丝作为填充材料进行MAG焊,采用改变焊接电流的方式来研究焊接热输入对焊接接头组织和性能的影响。结果 当焊接电流为155~230 A时,均获得了全焊透无明显缺陷的焊缝。随着焊接热输入的增大,焊接接头中各亚区宽度增大,其中焊缝区变化最为显著,在最小热输入条件下焊缝宽度为3.98 mm,在最大热输入条件下焊缝宽度增至5.53 mm。对焊接接头进行组织分析发现,焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和板条马氏体;完全相变区组织主要为板条马氏体;未完全相变区组织主要为回火马氏体和部分重结晶形成的马氏体。硬度测试表明,在热影响区的回火区发生了软化现象,最低硬度仅为290HV;在完全相变区发生了硬化现象,硬度最大值可达500HV。在不同热输入条件下,焊接接头各亚区硬度变化趋势一致,焊接接头抗拉强度为995~1 076 MPa,拉伸试验均断裂在热影响区,断后伸长率为9.33%~10.21%,断裂时存在颈缩现象,为韧性断裂。随着热输入的增加,粗晶区马氏体板条束宽度增大,未完全相变区马氏体含量上升。结论 在所选焊接工艺窗口内焊接均能获得高强高韧的焊接接头。     

6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺窗口的研究

目的提高6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的质量,确定合适的工艺参数范围。方法设计3种不同的搅拌头进行焊接,分析接头拉伸强度与组织性能,并根据试验结果建立工艺窗口,选择合适的轴肩尺寸及工艺参数范围。结果随着轴肩尺寸减小,焊缝宽度、金属流动性、热力影响区面积均减小,在较大的焊接速度及较小的搅拌头转速下,焊缝底部出现缺陷;采用轴肩直径小的搅拌头进行焊接,在一定焊接参数范围内,焊接接头的拉伸强度得到提高;随着轴肩直径减小,焊核区晶粒组织细化,材料变形程度减小;由建立的工艺窗口可知,当轴肩尺为9 mm时,可选择的参数范围最大。结论焊接时采用小尺寸轴肩,可以在搅拌头行走速度更低、转速更大的情况下,仍然可以保持合理产热量,使接头性能得到提高。     

热输入对Inconel 617镍基高温合金激光焊接接头显微组织与力学性能的影响EI北大核心

采用两种热输入不同的焊接工艺参数对3 mm壁厚的Inconel 617镍基高温合金进行激光焊接。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对焊接接头显微组织进行观察分析,并测试了焊接接头在室温(25℃)及高温(900℃)下的拉伸性能。结果表明:激光焊接热输入对Inconel 617焊接接头显微组织及力学性能影响明显。在高热输入(200 J/mm)条件下,焊缝正面宽度3.88 mm,熔化区中部晶粒尺寸粗大,取向杂乱,树枝晶二次枝晶间距较大(6.71μm),枝晶间碳化物颗粒尺寸较为粗大,枝晶间Mo,Cr等合金元素的凝固偏析较为严重。焊接接头热影响区宽度约0.29 mm,在晶界和晶内形成了γ+碳化物共晶组织,这是由于焊接升温过程中,热影响区内球状碳化物颗粒与周边奥氏体发生组分液化,并在焊后凝固过程中形成共晶。低热输入(90 J/mm)工艺参数获得的焊缝正面宽度为2.28 mm,焊缝呈沿熔合线母材外延生长并沿热流方向定向凝固形成的柱状晶形态。焊缝中部树枝晶二次枝晶间距较小(2.26μm),枝晶间碳化物颗粒尺寸细小,热影响区宽度约0.15 mm。室温(25℃)拉伸测试表明:高热输入下获得的焊接接头由于焊缝中固溶元素偏析造成的局部组织弱化,从焊缝中部破坏,强度与伸长率有所降低,低热输入条件下获得的焊接接头从母材破坏。而高温实验条件下(900℃),母材晶界发生弱化导致所有试样均从母材破坏。     

7075铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为及性能研究

目的 针对7075–O铝合金高焊速、高转速搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷多、质量差等问题,研究焊接接头材料流动对焊缝性能的影响。方法 选用焊接速度1 000 mm/min,搅拌转速分别为1 000、1 200、1 600、1 700 r/min的条件对7075–O铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。同时,利用Fluent软件模拟7075–O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动场分布,分析焊接材料流动与缺陷形成的关系。结果 利用7075–O铝合金三维流动模型,预测出高焊速条件下焊缝前进侧形成一个低压区,孔洞等缺陷易出现在此区域,数值模拟预测与试验结果吻合。在高焊接速度1 000 mm/min、焊接转速1 200 r/min时,焊缝表面光滑平整,焊核区域的硬度分布更加均匀。结论 随着搅拌转速从1 000 r/min增大到1 700 r/min,热输入量逐渐增大,孔洞缺陷由隧道型孔洞转变为不连续的小孔。同时,随着搅拌转速的增大,焊缝高硬度区域的宽度先增大而后降低。当搅拌转速为1 200 r/min时得到了优质的焊接接头,焊缝焊核区硬度分布均匀,硬度值最高为176HV。     

焊接速度对 7A52 铝合金 FSW 组织及力学性能的影响

目的在保证搅拌速度一定时,针对8 mm厚的7A52铝合金,在不同焊接速度下采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)进行焊接试验,研究其焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。方法利用搅拌摩擦焊机进行对接焊接,焊后制取金相试样观察焊接接头宏观形貌和显微组织,并测定其力学性能。结果7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头焊核区的面积随着焊接速度的增大而增大,当焊接速度为250mm/min时,焊接接头的焊核区面积最大,焊核区的显微组织都为细小的等轴晶,焊接接头横截面的焊核区呈明显"洋葱环"的形貌,而热力影响区的结构特征则呈现出了较高的塑性变形流线层。焊接接头显微硬度分布都呈现出"W"形变化,在焊接速度为150 mm/min时,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度能达到452 MPa,达到了母材抗拉强度的89%。结论通过对不同焊接速度下7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头的组织和性能进行研究,得到了不同焊接速度下焊接接头组织和力学性能。     

Structure‐property investigations on a laser beam welded dissimilar joint of aluminium AA6056 and titanium Ti6Al4V for aeronautical applications. Part II: Resistance to fatigue crack propagation and fracture

Investigations were continued on the dissimilar laser beam welds of AA6056 and Ti6Al4V, fabricated by inserting Ti‐sheet into the profiled Al‐sheet and melting AA6056 alone. By using microstructure, hardness and strength as the criteria, sites exhibiting non‐uniform microstructure and localized plastic deformation due to strength mismatch were investigated in two orientations: ? crack parallel to the weld and ? crack perpendicular to the weld for fatigue crack propagation and fracture toughness at room temperature. Effect of temper of AA6056 on these properties was studied for two conditions; welding in T4 followed by post weld heat treatment T6, and welding in T6 and naturally aged for a defined period. The orientation “crack parallel to the weld” was investigated in 3 locations on the side of AA6056: the interface and the two changeovers on the Al‐side. Firstly, between the fusion zone and the heat affected zone (3 mm from the interface) and secondly, between (primary) heat affected zone and towards the base material (7 mm from the interface). Although brittle intermetallic TiAl₃ had been formed at the interface, uncontrolled separation or debonding at the interface was not observed. Insofar the bond quality of the weld was good. However, the ranking of interface was the lowest since fatigue crack propagation was relatively faster than that in the fusion zone and heat affected zone, and fracture toughness was low. Therefore, unstable fatigue crack propagation is observed when the crack propagates perpendicular to the weld from AA6056 towards Ti6Al4V. The results have shown that the dissimilar joints exhibit improved performance when laser beam welded in the T6 condition.     

Effect of heat input and weld chemistry on mechanical and microstructural aspects of double side welded austenitic stainless steel 321 grade using tungsten inert gas arc welding process

Stainless steel 321 is a stabilized austenitic grade that prevents the formation of chromium carbides at the grain boundaries and subsequently reduces the risk of corrosion attack at the weld surface by forming titanium carbide. It is primarily used in industries such as pressure vessels, boilers, nuclear reactors, carburetors and car exhaust systems. In order to assess the effect of gas tungsten arc welding process parameters on weld penetration, the proposed Taguchi L₉ orthogonal matrix has been selected with two factors and three levels for welding austenitic stainless steel 321 by adjusting the welding current and welding speed. Bead-on-plate experiments were performed on base metal of 6 mm thick plate by changing the process parameters, and corresponding weld bead measurement and macrostructure images are examined. Maximum depth of penetration −3.3017 mm is achieved with a heat input −1.4058 kJ/mm, i. e., welding current-220 A and welding speed-120 mm/min. Double-side arc welding technique is used to obtain full penetration on 6 mm thick plate. The quality of the weldment was assessed using non-destructive radiography inspection. Mechanical integrity and microstructural characteristics of the weldments were studied using tensile (transverse and longitudinal), bend, impact, microhardness, optical microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, ferrite number measurement and scanning electron microscope. The results reveal that the double side-tungsten inert gas weldment have better mechanical properties. It is corroborated from the weld metal microstructure that it contains γ-austenite, δ-ferrite and titanium carbides (intermetallic compounds). X-ray diffraction analysis and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy plots confirm the increase in the ferrite phase in weld metal. The ferrite measurement results show that the ferrite volume in the base metal and weld metal is 1.2 percent and 6.1 percent respectively. In addition, the higher δ-ferrite volume in the weldment helps in attaining superior mechanical integrity. Fractography shows that the failure mode of the weld metal and the base metal is ductile.     

Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA7039 aluminum alloy

A high strength Al–Zn–Mg alloy AA7039 was friction stir welded by varying welding and rotary speed of the tool in order to investigate the effect of varying welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties. The friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters have great influence on heat input per unit length of weld, hence on temperature profile which in turn governs the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. There exits an optimum combination of welding and rotary speed to produce a sound and defect free joint with microstructure that yields maximum mechanical properties. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing welding speed/ increasing rotary speed i.e. with increasing heat input per unit length of welded joint. The high heat input joints fractured from heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side while low heat input joints fractured from weld nugget along zigzag line on advancing side.     

Ti2AlNb合金电子束焊接头残余应力及变形的数值模拟

目的 研究平板对接电子束焊接过程中Ti2AlNb合金接头的残余应力及变形规律。方法 采用高斯圆柱体和高斯面组合热源模型模拟了6.6 mm厚的Ti2AlNb合金平板对接电子束焊过程,对比研究了高焊速高束流和低焊速低束流2种工艺参数下焊接接头的残余应力和变形分布规律,并用小孔法测量了焊缝中心及距焊缝中心10 mm位置的残余应力值。结果 在高焊速高束流参数下,获得了熔池体积小、熔池宽度窄(为3.62 mm)、深宽比高的焊缝;在该参数下焊缝横截面上的高应力集中区(应力在900 MPa以上)尺寸较小,其宽度仅为低焊速低束流参数下的89%;同时,在高焊速高束流参数下,焊缝法向变形最大值为0.79 mm,低于低焊速低束流参数下的0.82 mm;模拟计算所得残余应力与实测值的误差在5.64%以内。结论 高束流高焊速工艺具有热输入小、热量集中、加工效率高的特点,有助于获得高应力集中区域小、深宽比高、变形小的焊缝,比低束流低焊速工艺更具优势。     

Strength and fatigue strength of a similar Ti‐6Al‐2Sn‐4Zr‐2Mo‐0.1Si linear friction welded joint

Strengths for monotonic and cyclic loadings of similar overmatching Ti‐6Al‐2Sn‐4Zr‐2Mo‐0.1Si (Ti6242) linear friction welds (LFW) were studied and compared with the parent material (PM) behaviour. Non‐destructive synchrotron observations revealed the presence of pores in the weld interface. The weld centre zone (WCZ) showed a higher strength leading to lower macroscopic ductility of the cross‐weld samples. Local strain and normalized strain rate have been assessed by stereo digital image correlation (DIC) and revealed an early plastic activity at yielding in the vicinity of the WCZ attributed to residual stresses. For the target life, the fatigue strength was slightly reduced but compromised by a strong scatter. Indeed, an internal fish‐eye fatigue crack initiation was found on an unexpected dendritic defect that was very different from the PM microstructure and the known martensitic α′ in the WCZ. The dendritic defect was linked to surface contamination prior to welding and led to melting.     

6061-T6 铝合金激光焊接接头腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展

目的研究6061-T6铝合金激光焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性,并分析裂纹扩展的影响因素。方法利用光纤激光器,焊接尺寸为150 mm×100 mm×4 mm(焊接方向、横向、熔深方向)的6061-T6铝合金,采用SE(B)三点弯曲疲劳裂纹扩展试验并利用连续降K法,分别在空气和人工海水中进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过使用金相显微镜(OE)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对金相结构进行观测分析。结果同样工艺参数的焊接接头,在海水中疲劳裂纹门槛值(4.063 016 MPa·m~(0.5))大于空气中的门槛值(3.479 166 MPa·m~(0.5));在疲劳裂纹扩展中速区(da/dN10~(-5) mm/cycle)时,海水焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于空气中的,低速区(da/d N10~(-5) mm/cycle)则小于在空气中的。结论成形良好的焊缝、晶粒细小的焊缝组织有助于接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能的提高;中速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏大,主要是由腐蚀条件下焊缝裂纹尖端阳极溶解和交变载荷共同作用导致;低速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏小,主要原因是腐蚀产物堆积于疲劳裂纹扩展尖端,产生较强裂纹闭合效应。     

Effect of rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V friction stir welded joints

The effect of tool rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints was investigated for Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy. Joints were produced by employing rotation speeds ranging from 400 to 600 rpm at a constant welding speed of 75 mm/min. It was found that rotation speed had a significant impact on microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. A bimodal microstructure or a full lamellar microstructure could be developed in the weld zone depending on the rotation speeds used, while the microstructure in the heat affected zone was almost not influenced by rotation speed. The hardness in the weld zone was lower than that in the base material, and decreased with increasing rotation speed. Results of transverse tensile test indicated that all the joints exhibited lower tensile strength than the base material and the tensile strength of the joints decreased with increasing rotation speed.