纯钛VAR熔池形貌和凝固组织模拟及其工业验证

运用ANSYS和μMat Ic软件分析了980 mm纯钛锭VAR过程中熔池形貌以及凝固组织的变化规律。模拟计算结果表明:起弧阶段的熔池很小,呈浅U型;随后熔池形貌由U型逐渐变为V型;当坩埚内热量输入与输出达到平衡时,熔炼进入稳定阶段,熔池深度和宽度不再变化;补缩过程中,熔池不断缩小直至消失。凝固组织的变化规律为:与坩埚壁接触的钛液快速冷却形成细晶组织;随着熔炼的进行,以枝晶形状生长的部分细晶粒最终形成具有一定择优取向的柱状晶;铸锭中心区域和液固临界区域,晶粒直接在金属液内形核并长大,形成的等轴晶粒阻碍了柱状晶的生长,发生柱状晶-等轴转变。通过解剖工业铸锭验证,熔池形貌和凝固组织与数值模型的计算结果相吻合。     

VAR熔炼纯锆铸锭表面质量控制研究

以实际生产中遇到的纯锆铸锭表面夹层、结疤及冷隔缺陷为出发点,通过数值模拟和工业生产实验相结合的研究方法,确定了较佳的纯锆铸锭真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)工艺,明显改善了铸锭的表面质量。研究发现：各熔炼参数主要通过影响熔池形状和坩埚壁附近的熔体温度对铸锭表面质量产生影响;增大熔炼电流可以同时改善熔池到边情况和增加坩埚壁附近熔体的温度;增大稳弧电流和稳弧周期可以促进高温熔体向坩埚壁的运动,使熔池更加饱满,从而提高纯锆铸锭的表面质量。     

真空自耗熔炼过程宏观偏析的数值模拟

摘要：基于国内某特钢厂真空自耗生产过程,利用ProCAST软件建立三维熔炼模型,研究了不同电流强度和熔速对铸锭熔池形状和宏观偏析的影响规律。铸锭侧面表层基本不发生宏观偏析,铸锭1/4处偏析度约为1.03的正偏析,铸锭中心处由于枝晶沉降形成偏析度为0.96的负偏析。电流强度从4kA增加至8kA,熔滴滴落温度增加,熔池深度加深,熔炼70%时熔池深度分别为64.6和77.4mm。铸锭1/4处和顶部的宏观偏析逐渐加重,铸锭1/4处的偏析度从1.06增加至1.08,铸锭顶部的偏析度从1.07增加至1.13。电极熔速从0.8kg/min增加至2.4kg/min,熔池深度加深,熔炼70%时熔池深度分别为64.6和101.5mm。铸锭顶部的偏析度从1.07增加至1.18。     

真空自耗熔炼过程宏观偏析的数值模拟

基于国内某特钢厂真空自耗生产过程,利用ProCAST软件建立三维熔炼模型,研究了不同电流强度和熔速对铸锭熔池形状和宏观偏析的影响规律。铸锭侧面表层基本不发生宏观偏析,铸锭1/4处偏析度约为1.03的正偏析,铸锭中心处由于枝晶沉降形成偏析度为0.96的负偏析。电流强度从4 kA增加至8 kA,熔滴滴落温度增加,熔池深度加深,熔炼70%时熔池深度分别为64.6和77.4 mm。铸锭1/4处和顶部的宏观偏析逐渐加重,铸锭1/4处的偏析度从1.06增加至1.08,铸锭顶部的偏析度从1.07增加至1.13。电极熔速从0.8 kg/min增加至2.4 kg/min,熔池深度加深,熔炼70%时熔池深度分别为64.6和101.5 mm。铸锭顶部的偏析度从1.07增加至1.18。     

基于数值模拟的镍基高温合金电渣重熔工艺优化

利用MeltFlow软件对镍基高温合金电渣重熔过程进行数值模拟计算,探究了电渣重熔过程中温度场、流场、熔池形貌及微观组织的分布特点,通过工业试验验证模拟的准确性,定量分析熔速对熔炼过程的影响规律,提出了一种改善铸锭凝固质量的工艺优化方法.结果 表明,渣池内的温度相对较高且分布均匀,熔池形貌近似"V"型.铸锭一次枝晶间距...     

VAR熔炼制备超大规格TC4 ELI钛合金铸锭研究

舰船和海洋领域对钛合金材料的需求呈大型化发展趋势,铸锭作为锻件和板材的母材,其大型化也势在必行。为满足大型铸锭的工业化生产,采用有限元分析法对真空自耗电弧熔炼（VAR）超大规格TC4ELI钛合金一次锭和成品锭的熔炼过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,一次锭熔炼过程中稳弧电流和稳弧周期直接影响熔池中夹杂物的运动轨迹;对于TC4 ELI钛合金一次锭熔炼,较为合适的稳弧参数为稳弧电流30 A,稳弧周期40 s;成品锭熔炼时,降低熔炼电流,增大稳弧电流和稳弧周期,即加强VAR熔炼过程中的搅拌有助于提高铸锭成分均匀性和表面质量。根据数值模拟结果进行了12.8 t级超大规格TC4 ELI钛合金铸锭的工业化生产,所得铸锭表面质量良好,成分均匀。     

搅拌磁场对Ti1023铸锭宏观组织和成分的影响

研究了真空自耗电弧熔炼Ti1023钛合金过程中,搅拌磁场对铸锭宏观组织和铁元素含量的影响。结果表明,熔融金属在没有搅拌磁场的状态下凝固,铸锭的晶粒粗大且中间等轴晶和柱状晶的界线比较明显。施加搅拌磁场后,晶粒变细。磁场对不同熔化阶段的铸锭组织的影响程度不同,在熔炼阶段对组织影响最强,补缩阶段次之,起弧阶段最弱。未施加磁场时,熔池较窄,施加磁场后,熔池变宽,并且铁元素的偏析有一定程度的减轻。     

镍基高温合金真空自耗数值模拟

摘要：基于某特钢厂生产过程,对镍基高温合金的真空自耗过程进行数值模拟,研究了不同电流强度、熔速和通入氦气对铸锭Nb元素宏观偏析、黑斑形成的影响规律。铸锭在顶部和1/4处产生较为严重的宏观偏析。随着熔炼电流强度增加,铸锭顶部的磁场增加,顶部宏观偏析和1/4处黑斑逐渐加重。随着熔速的增加,熔池深度增加,铸锭顶部的Nb元素偏析加重,铸锭1/4处黑斑增加。熔炼时通入氦气,铸锭冷却速率大幅度提高,铸锭的元素偏析程度和黑斑明显减少,且最大偏析部位向铸锭顶部移动。     

电渣重熔M2高速钢铸锭的组织均匀性

利用实验结合数值模拟的方法研究了直径为400mm的电渣重熔M2高速钢铸锭的组织均匀性,比较了靠近铸锭中心及边缘的微观组织差异,分析了局部凝固时间对共晶碳化物形态的影响规律。结果表明,靠近中心区域为粗大的柱状晶,莱氏体共晶包直径从100μm到400μm不等,共晶碳化物层片最宽可达几十微米,长度可达一百多微米。计算得到铸锭心部的局部凝固时间最长约1 300s。而靠近铸锭边缘处,柱状晶更加细小,共晶包直径介于50~200μm之间,共晶碳化物层片宽度约10μm左右,长度约几十微米。计算得到铸锭边缘的局部凝固时间最短为365s。电渣锭凝固至准稳态时,金属熔池呈锅底状,实测熔池深度约178mm,与模拟结果基本吻合。     

稳弧搅拌方式对大规格纯钛铸锭组织的影响

研究了VAR熔炼中稳弧搅拌方式对大规格纯钛铸锭组织的影响。对铸锭进行纵向解剖,结果表明:熔炼时使用直流稳弧搅拌的铸锭,中部等轴晶区较宽,是交流搅拌铸锭的5倍左右,边部柱状晶与铸锭轴线方向呈约40°夹角,晶粒更细小;交流稳弧搅拌的铸锭,中部等轴晶区较窄,边部柱状晶区约占整个纵截面面积的四分之三,且边部柱状晶方向基本与铸锭轴线方向垂直。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.