含淹没植被明渠水位及糙率变化试验研究

采用概化水槽试验研究了在不同植物间距、水流条件下,含淹没植被明渠水位、曼宁糙率系数的变化特征,给出了含淹没植被明渠的糙率经验公式.试验结果表明:相同的流量、水深条件下,明渠的水位壅高值和水面比降均随植物间距的减小而逐渐增大,当植物枝叶相互间贴近或交叉时,植物对明渠水位、比降的影响程度相对较大;水深基本相同、植物排列方式相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水面比降基本呈线性增大趋势;水深相同的条件下,含淹没植被明渠糙率受水流流速的影响较小.     

含淹没植物明渠近床面区紊流特征高度试验研究

为研究含淹没植物明渠紊流统计参数垂向分布突变位置、理论床面和渗透高度的关系,进行了含淹没刚性植物明渠水流试验,使用圆柱铝棒模拟刚性植物,采用激光多普勒流速仪(LDV)测量流场,对由纵向流速、雷诺应力、局部阻力系数分布确定的特征高度和渗透高度进行研究,比较各类紊流特征高度的相对位置,分析植物密度与淹没度对其的影响。试验结果表明,在植物密度较大的情况下,近床面区流速沿垂向保持常数,雷诺应力梯度较小,一定高度处分布规律发生明显变化,能够较容易地确定流速梯度和雷诺应力梯度突变位置,淹没度对由3种方法确定的特征高度影响不明显;各种方法确定的特征高度中,雷诺应力特征高度与渗透高度更加接近;渗透高度随植物密度与淹没度的增大而增大;渗透高度与理论床面高度存在一定的线性关系。     

淹没植被明渠边界切应力试验研究

生态河道中的植物在净化水质的同时增大了河道阻力,是抬高河道水位、影响河道行洪安全的原因之一。采用塑料草模拟植被,建立横断面为梯形的明渠水槽,研究植被淹没情况下明渠水深、流速以及植物间距对明渠切应力的影响。通过对研究水体的受力分析,推导出床面平均切应力计算公式;根据试验结果,计算得出不同条件下的边界平均切应力,分析不同水流条件、不同植物密度情况下明渠边界切应力的变化规律。结果表明:水流流速以及植物布置间距对明渠边界切应力影响较大,水深对边界切应力影响相对较小。     

含柔性植被明渠水流水力特性的试验研究

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对含柔性淹没植被明渠水流的水力特性进行试验研究。利用人造水草模拟天然柔性植被,对不同密度、不同流量条件下含柔性植被明渠恒定均匀流场进行了测量,得到了淹没植被情况下纵向流速、雷诺应力、紊动强度沿垂向分布与曼宁系数的变化情况。试验结果表明:纵向流速的垂向分布可以分为3区,包括自由水面区、中间冠层区和近床面区。自由水面区流速随植被密度增大而增大,中间冠层区与近床面区流速随植被密度增大而减小。雷诺应力与紊动强度的峰值出现在植被冠区顶部附近,并随着植被密度增大而增大。     

淹没柔性植物对明渠推移质运动影响的实验研究

由于水流中植物的存在,使推移质泥沙运动规律变得更为复杂,目前,含植物水流中推移质泥沙运动的研究成果较少。实验研究了含淹没柔性植物水流中,不同植物密度及水深对时均流速、脉动强度、泥沙起动流速以及推移质输沙率的影响。结果表明,在植物顶部以下,有植物时的时均流速明显小于无植物时的流速,而脉动强度大于无植物时的脉动强度;当水深相同时,随着植物密度的增大,泥沙起动流速呈逐渐减小的趋势,并与植物密度呈较好的三次方多项式相关关系;植物密度对推移质输沙率的影响并非呈单一变化规律,随着植物密度的增大,推移质输沙率呈先增大然后逐渐减小的趋势,当植物密度相同时,水深越小,泥沙起动流速越小,推移质输沙率越大。     

淹没柔性植被明渠恒定水流水力特性研究

采用三维多普勒超声测速仪(ADV)对淹没柔性植被明渠恒定水流的水力特性进行了实验研究。采用羽毛来模拟天然河道的柔性植被,对不同的植被密度、不同淹没度和不同流量条件下柔性植被明渠恒定水流流速场进行了测量,得到了淹没植被情况下纵向流速和雷诺应力沿垂向的分布。分析表明,植被上层区域与植被区域水流表现出不同的水力特性,植被上层区域的雷诺应力近似为直线分布,纵向流速呈经典的对数律分布;而植被区域,纵向流速则呈“S”型分布。在分析植被上层水流雷诺应力与纵向流速的关系的基础上,利用普朗特混合长度理论推导了植被上层水流流速的理论表达式,理论公式所得结果与实测数据符合良好。     

淹没柔性植被明渠恒定水流水力特性的试验研究

采用三维多普勒超声测速仪(ADV)对淹没柔性植被明渠恒定水流的水力特性进行了试验研究。采用羽毛来模拟天然河道的柔性植被,对不同的植被密度、不同淹没度和不同流量条件下柔性植被明渠恒定水流流速场进行了测量,得到了淹没植被情况下纵向流速和雷诺应力沿垂向的分布。结果表明,植被上层区域与植被区域水流表现出不同的水力特性,植被上层区域的雷诺应力近似为直线分布,纵向流速呈经典的对数律分布;而植被区域,纵向流速则呈“S”型分布。在分析植被上层水流雷诺应力与纵向流速的关系的基础上,利用普朗特混合长度理论推导了植被上层水流流速的理论表达式,该公式的计算结果与实测数据符合良好。     

不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响

自然河道中植被呈现多种多样的分布状态,为探究不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响,利用室内水槽模拟含刚性淹没植被的明渠进行试验研究。结果表明:刚性淹没植被的布置形态对明渠流水流特性影响显著。在本文研究的植被布置形态下的水深、植被阻力系数与植被粗糙系数均增大,表现为交错型布置斑块型布置线性布置;流速与雷诺数均减小,表现为线性布置斑块型布置交错型布置;糙率n随着平均流速与水力半径之积VR的增大而减小。     

明渠弯道交汇口水动力特性数值模拟

为研究不同宽深比和径宽比对明渠弯道交汇口水动力特性的影响规律,利用体积函数法(VOF)追踪自由表面,采用RNG k-ε模型封闭控制方程,建立明渠弯道交汇水流三维数值模型对3种宽深比和3种径宽比的5种组合工况进行了模拟,分析了交汇口附近的水面形态、流速分布、断面环流和分离区形态等特征。结果表明：随着宽深比的增大或径宽比的减小,交汇口附近水面跌落程度减弱;与径宽比相比,宽深比对弯道交汇口以及下游区域内流速分布的不均匀性影响较大,宽深比增大,纵向流速变幅增大,流速分布更加不均匀,水流偏转效应增强;宽深比或径宽比减小导致弯道处环流强度增大;宽深比或径宽比增大,弯道处回流结构增强,分离区尺寸增大,水平方向上形态更加狭长。     

含非淹没植物明渠糙率系数及非均匀流水力特性

根据水力学对明渠水流流动类型的划分,提出按均匀流和非均匀流分别进行研究的新思路。通过对植物段上游水流和植物段水流的研究,得到种植植物后植物段上游形成M1型非均匀流,植物段基本形成M2型非均匀流,其相对水深随排列密度增大而增大,种植物前非均匀流水深越小,种植物后水深变化越大,植物段的相对糙率系数和相对水力坡度均随植物排列密度增加而增大,且植物横向加密比纵向加密糙率系数增加的快,阻水效果更明显等结论。更多还原     

Incipient motion of sediment in presence of submerged flexible vegetation

The presence of submerged vegetation on river beds can change the water flow structure and alter the state of sediment motion. In this study,the incipient motion of sediment in the presence of submerged flexible vegetation in open channels was investigated in a laboratory experiment.The vegetation was simulated with flexible rubber cylinders arranged in parallel arrays. The effect of the vegetation density, water depth, and sediment grain size on the incipient motion was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the incipient motion velocity of sediment increases as the vegetation density decreases and the water depth and sediment grain size increase. With flexible plants, the incipient motion velocity of sediment is lower than it is without vegetation, and is larger than it is with rigid vegetation. A general incipient motion velocity equation was derived, which can be applied to both flexible and rigid vegetation conditions.     

非淹没刚性挺水植被对弯道水流特性的影响

广泛分布于天然河道浅滩的植被能够改变河流局部的水力特性和泥沙运移过程,为了解植被对弯道水流特性的影响,针对特定流量下凸岸侧含有刚性挺水植被的弯道,对植被密度、位置不同时水流特性的沿程分布规律开展试验探究。通过建立弯道水流概化模型,利用ADV采集三维流速数据,对比无植被和有植被（植被密度分别为0、2.2%和4.5%）条件下的流速分布,定性分析不同工况下植被对弯道水流紊动特性的作用,确定弯道环流的结构及强度。结果表明,凸岸侧植被的存在（在0°~90°弯段,1/4河宽区间内均匀分布）能有效削弱弯道环流强度,但对凸岸区的消减效果并不随植被密度的增大而加强。非植被区上下不同流向水层的分界点位置随植被密度变化而变化,且植被分布对弯道各断面不同水深处的环流结构也有影响。     

Incipient motion of sediment in the presence of emergent rigid vegetation

This paper investigates the incipient motion of sediment in open channels covered with emergent rigid vegetation, which is represented by arrays of circular cylinders arranged in a regular pattern. The criterion for incipient motion is continuous sediment yield from the vegetation zone. The experiments conducted showed that with emergent vegetation, motion of local sediment was initiated before the incipient condition. The data obtained were used to derive an equation for the incipient motion velocity with vegetation coverage, which was observed to be smaller than that without vegetation. The experimental results indicated that the vegetated density had the most significant influence of the factors considered on the incipient motion velocity. The ratio of the velocity with formation of an uneven bed to the velocity for incipient sediment transport was found to have a constant value of 0.76.     

Flow characteristics of the wind-driven current with submerged and emergent flexible vegetations in shallow lakes

A pneumatic annular flume is designed to simulate the current induced by the wind acting on the water surface in shallow lakes and the experiments are conducted to investigate the influence of submerged and emergent flexible vegetations of different densities on the flow characteristics(e.g., the flow velocity, the turbulence intensity, the vegetal drag coefficient DC and the equivalent roughness coefficient bn) at different wind speeds. Vallisneria natans(V. natans) and Acorus calamus(A. calamus) widely distributed in Taihu Lake are selected in this study. It is indicated that the vertical distribution profiles are in logarithmiccurves. The stream-wise velocity rapidly decreases with the increasing vegetation density. The flow at the lower layer of the vegetation sees compensation current characteristics when the vegetation density is the largest. The turbulence intensity in the flume without vegetation is the highest at the free surface and it is near the canopy top for the flume with V. natans. The turbulence intensity near the bottom in the flume with vegetation is smaller than that in the flume without vegetation. A. calamus exerts much larger resistance to the flow than V. natans. The variations of DC and bn caused by the vegetation density and the wind speed are also discussed.     

含柔性沉水植物明渠水流运动特性试验研究

采用激光多普勒流速仪(LDV)试验研究含柔性沉水植物的水流运动。试验结果表明:流速沿垂线分布呈S形,分为3个区域,即植物内部区、过渡区和上部区。植物密度对过渡区内流速影响显著,在该区内,植物密度越大则流速梯度越大。含植物水流的紊动强度和雷诺应力都明显增大,它们在垂线分布上有相似之处,都是在植物顶层的位置上达到最大值,说明在此区域内存在较强的能量交换和剪切作用;二者在植物顶层上部区域随着水深的增加而减小,在植物内部区随着水深的增加而增大。     

淹没与非淹没植被作用下复式河槽流速最大值分布

本文收集了不同系列的淹没与非淹没植被作用下复式河槽的流速资料并对复式河槽中流速最大值的横向分布进行了探讨。结果发现滩地流速最大值基本保持在水面附近而主槽中的流速最大值都在水面以下;当滩地种有非淹没植被时;主槽中的流速最大值分布与无植被时几乎一致,滩地流速最大值在植被密度较小时仍在水面,但当植被密度较大时,最大值会向床面靠近;当滩地种植淹没植被时,流速最大值的位置会随着植被淹没度的增加而逐渐上升,最终保持在水面附近。     

Effects of Rigid Unsubmerged Vegetation on Flow Field Structure and Turbulent Kinetic Energy of Gradually Varied Flow

The influence of rigid unsubmerged vegetation on flow structure and turbulent kinetic energy of gradually varied flow are experimentally investigated in this research. Natural reed stems of different densities are employed to examine the effects of the rigid unsubmerged vegetation on the flow in rivers. The results reveal that the vegetation existence significantly changes the gradually varied flow state from type M1 to type M2 in the vegetation section. The traditional power law describing the vertical flow velocity profile is evidently invalid when the vegetation density becomes high. With the irregularity index proposed in the research, the irregularity of vertical flow velocity profile in vegetated reach can be exponentially described in relation to the vegetation density. Furthermore, the turbulent kinetic energy is found to increase and reach a maximum value near the end of the vegetation section that is a potential localized erosion area. The results of the research have significances in river ecological restoration applications utilizing aquatic vegetation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同密度滩地植被作用下的复式河槽水流特性

利用刚性竹签模拟非淹没滩地植被,在非对称复式河槽中进行了不同滩地植被密度作用下的水流特性系列试验。结果表明:主槽中心流速符合对数分布,滩地中心流速沿垂向垂直向上分布;主槽和滩地中心垂线平均流速受植被密度影响,垂线平均流速增长率与植被密度呈线性关系;主槽中心横向和纵向的紊动强度均呈S形分布,滩地中心处3个方向的紊动强度均不呈S形分布。