Experimental analysis of lightning overvoltages induced on low-voltage distribution lines

Problems have often been caused in low-voltage distribution lines such as single-phase 100/200 V and three-phase 200-V systems. For instance, the burning of low-voltage devices and the unnecessary operation of ground fault interrupters have occurred, which are caused possibly by lightning overvoltages. Experimental analysis was performed on the generation modes of lightning overvoltages on low-voltage distribution lines. A scale model line, one-fourth the size of an actual power distribution line of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), was installed for experimental analysis on the lightning protection of an overhead ground wire, an overhead common grounding wire (system neutral conductor), surge arresters and pole transformers against the overvoltages induced on low-voltage distribution lines due to a nearby lightning stroke. A balloon was flown at a location 30 km away from the scale model line in a normal direction to it. A 200-m long wire is suspended from the balloon to simulate a lightning path. Pulse current is applied to the simulated path using a pulse generator and the voltages induced on the line conductors are measured. This paper analyzes those overvoltages by means of the experimental and the theoretical methods.     

Effect of lightning overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines due to direct lightning hits to overhead ground wire

Overhead ground wires and surge arresters have been installed to protect high-voltage power distribution lines and apparatus from overvoltages induced by nearby lightning strokes. The effects of surge arresters for protection of high-voltage distribution lines against direct lightning strokes have already been investigated using the digital simulation program EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program). With regard to the protection of low-voltage distribution lines from overvoltages induced by lightning strokes, experimental analyses using a scale model line have been reported. This paper reports on the comparison between the experimental analyses and EMTP simulation of power distribution lines, including low-voltage lines, and the validity of EMTP simulation. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire using the digital simulation.     

耦合地线架设位置及根数对500/220kV同塔4回线路防雷特性影响

架设耦合地线是一种有效降低线路反击跳闸率的防雷措施。为探讨不同耦合地线架设位置对不同回线路的耐雷性能所造成的影响,针对500/220kV同塔4回线路进行分析计算,分别在不同高度横担中央处架设单根或双根耦合地线,比较其保护范围及效果。同时也对不同耦合地线架设位置对应的杆塔、避雷线和耦合地线的分流系数以及导线和避雷线间的耦合系数进行了分析比较,以确定耦合地线在不同位置安装时,其改善线路防雷性能的机理。研究表明:耦合地线离线路越近,对其保护越好,单根耦合地线对应的分流系数可达2%～7%,架设双根耦合地线时分流可达5%～14%,架设耦合地线可以有效地增大耦合系数。     

500kV同塔4回线路不平衡绝缘的耐雷水平

目前我国500kV同塔4回线路主要采用平衡高绝缘配置,每相导线配置31片155mm绝缘子。针对典型杆塔竖塔,杆塔高度较高,易绕击相与反击闪络相为上层两回线路,提出了不平衡绝缘方案,即上层两回线路采用31片绝缘子,下层两回线路26片绝缘子。在评估采用不平衡绝缘后的防雷水平时,采用改进电气几何模型(EGM)与电磁暂态程序(EMTP)计算杆塔在不同雷电等级、地面倾角以及杆塔接地电阻等情况下耐雷水平的计算结果表明,2种绝缘配置(平衡绝缘与不平衡绝缘)的线路耐雷水平相差很小,若地面倾角<15°,接地电阻<15Ω,则竖塔可以采用不平衡绝缘配置方案。比较耦合地线以及三地线提升线路反击耐雷水平的效果后认为,当杆塔采用平衡高绝缘时,三地线反击耐雷水平优于耦合地线。当杆塔采用不平衡绝缘时,在接地电阻为5～15Ω时,三地线防反击效果优于耦合地线,当接地电阻>20Ω时,耦合地线防反击效果更佳,并对改进竖塔防雷提出了建议。     

架空输电线路防绕击避雷针接闪性能试验研究

为了研究不同形状、不同材质的避雷针接闪体的引雷性能,采用雷云板模拟雷云对装有防绕击避雷针的地线放电,统计雷云板对防绕击避雷针的击闪概率,对比分析了不同结构、不同材料防绕击避雷针的接闪性能。试验表明,针形铜避雷针闪络率较环形铜避雷针接闪率更高,引雷效果更优,而针形铜避雷针和针形钢避雷针的接闪性能一致。研究结论对线路雷电绕击的实验室模拟方法以及防绕击措施的改进研究均有参考价值。     

架空输电线路雷电过电压识别

准确辨识架空输电线路雷电过电压类型对改进防雷设计具有十分重要的意义。为此,分析了感应、反击、绕击3种雷电过电压的发生机理,对输电线路雷电流行波波形特点的研究表明感应雷电过电压三相电流行波相似程度大,反击雷电过电压发生时,闪络相在绝缘子未击穿时,由于避雷线等的分流、耦合作用,存在空间电磁耦合电流,而绕击过电压闪络相不存在空间电磁耦合电流。提出了以输电线路雷电流行波三相电流波形最小相似度、上升时间比作为上述3种雷电过电压识别判据。还分析了上述特征参量在工程应用中可能受到的干扰因素及解决方法。大量EMTP仿真表明所提取的特征量有效可行。     

单避雷线对10kV配电线路防雷建设的影响

为探究单避雷线对10 kV配电线路防雷建设的影响,文中采用ATP-EMTP电磁暂态软件建立雷击配电线路仿真模型,计算单避雷线配置下线路的相间闪络耐雷水平;计算10 kV配网常用绝缘子的单相及相间建弧率,为配网防雷建设提供参考;采用基于规程法的改进公式进一步计算雷击跳闸率;结合广东省配网防雷典型设计数据进行算例分析,分析结果表明,配置单避雷线能有效提高配电线路的相间闪络耐雷水平,其中在雷击杆塔情况下的耐雷水平提升尤为明显;在配网防雷建设中,配置单避雷线与提升绝缘子50％冲击闪络电压、降低杆塔接地电阻两个措施配合进行才能起到良好的防雷效果.     

雷电流波形参数检测视角下的±800kV直流输电线路反击电磁暂态分析

从获取雷电流波形参数的角度出发,研究雷击特高压直流输电线路的避雷线档距中央、杆塔外撑角和塔顶时传输系统的行渡响应,依据分布参数电路理论分析注入传输系统的雷电流在各电流通道中的电流行波波形.当雷击避雷线或避雷线与杆塔外撑角连接处未造成闪络时,避雷线与杆塔外撑角连接处的暂态电流含有大部分雷电流上升沿响应;当雷击塔顶未闪络时...     

Study concerning production of lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage power distribution lines

In order to study lightning problems of low‐voltage power distribution lines, lightning overvoltage waveforms were observed inside the homes of customers. The cause of lightning overvoltages was examined from observation of striking points by still cameras. Lightning overvoltages of 62 waveforms were recorded by observation over a period of about 3 1/2 years. Observed waveforms can be classified into three types of single polarity (positive or negative), both polarities (which change from positive to negative or negative to positive), and pulsive waveform. The causes of these lightning overvoltages which were estimated from striking points are shown as follows: (1) Induced lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage distribution lines. (2)   Electric potential rise due to discharge of surge arresters or current of overhead ground wire. (3)   Shift of lightning overvoltages from high‐voltage side of transformer to low‐voltage side, which is due to electromagnetic induction. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 66–75, 2000     

输电线路地线上安装水平侧向短针的防绕击效果分析

为评估在地线上安装水平侧向短针对输电线路的绕击保护效果,提出并建立了三维的电气几何模型(EGM)来计算水平侧向短针对导线的保护距离,总结了其安装和使用的规律。对110～500kV典型杆塔的计算结果表明:水平侧向短针具有一定的保护作用,但每根水平侧向短针的保护距离有限,其防绕击效果较依赖于安装数量;并且水平侧向短针对导线的保护距离受到导地线相对位置的较大影响,仅对部分保护角和塔头尺寸都较小的单回线路有效;而对于同塔多回输电线路,水平侧向短针无法起到实质上的防雷保护作用;此外,安装水平侧向短针后还会对地线的机械性能产生负面影响。因此可以认为,水平侧向短针的绕击保护效果有限,适用范围较窄,限制了它在输电线路防雷保护中的应用,该防雷措施还有待进一步的提高与完善。     

A field study of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines

The number of home electric appliances, such as personal computers and telephones, has been rapidly increasing. Lightning damage to these home electric appliances has a great impact on a highly sophisticated information society. There are cases in which lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines cause malfunctions in them, even though they are equipped with surge protective devices to protect against lightning overvoltages. Therefore, for lightning protection of low‐voltage equipment including home electric appliances, it is important to understand the phenomenon of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage power distribution lines. However, many aspects of this problem are not entirely clear, in particular how they are generated. The Tokyo Electric Power Company carried out lightning observations on low‐voltage distribution lines. The observation results provide a statistical distribution of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines. A mechanism for generating lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines is inferred from the observed waveforms and facilities data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 12–21, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21299     

不同电压等级架空输电线路雷电防护特征分析

对不同电压等级架空输电线路的雷电防护特征进行比较分析,可为提出输电线路的雷电防护策略提供参考。以我国110kV至 1 000kV交流输电线路以及±500kV至±800kV直流输电线路为分析对象,对其绕击特征和反击特征进行了分析,并提出了不同电压等级输电线路雷电防护重点。110kV和220kV交流输电线路应重点关注反击问题;500kV和750kV交流输电线路应重点关注在高接地电阻地区的反击问题和山区的绕击问题;1 000kV交流输电线路的反击闪络率极低,可考虑采用杆塔自然接地以降低建设成本,同时需关注山区的边相导线绕击问题;±500kV、±660kV和±800kV直流输电线路应主要关注在山区的绕击闪络问题。     

多导体配电线路感应雷过电压分析

为分析多导体架空线负载感应雷过电压及架空地线屏蔽特性,利用傅里叶变换计算雷电流的频谱分布,根据求多导体传输线负载响应的BLT方程,在频域内求其外电磁场激励下的电报方程,计算多导体配电线路感应雷过电压的频域响应,再根据傅里叶反变换求得负载端的暂态响应。配电线路感应雷过电压特性及架空地线屏蔽作用的分析结果表明,线路垂直排列时,感应雷在负载端引起的差模干扰较大,大地电导率越小架空地线的屏蔽作用越好。     

Lightning protection of overhead power distribution lines

There are two major protective methods against lightning outages on overhead distribution lines. One is by use of surge arresters and the other is by an overhead ground wire. Surge arresters have rather constant effect regardless of the type of lightning outage causes. On the other hand, the effect of an overhead ground wire is quite different against the two major causes: direct lightning hit and induced overvoltages. This paper shows how to design lightning protection for overhead power distribution lines taking these characteristics into account. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

同塔多回输电线路几种防雷击跳闸措施的评估

相比于单回线路,同塔线路容易遭受雷电绕击和反击,严重威胁电网安全。评估同塔多回输电线路几种防雷击跳闸措施,包括降低杆塔接地电阻、加强线路绝缘水平、架设耦合地线和加装线路避雷器等,并提出上述防雷措施的配置原则:采取降阻措施改善接地,采用不平衡高绝缘方式,将耦合地线架设在塔顶,以及根据线路雷击跳闸的具体情况和线路杆塔特点选择性地安装线路避雷器。     

复合绝缘子雷击闪络事故的分析及对策

通过对福建某山区110 kV输电线路复合绝缘子的雷击闪络事故进行调研分析,总结复合绝缘子遭雷击闪络的原因主要有:干弧距离太短、均压环单端配置以及接地电阻超标.提出了在山区雷电多发地段使用加长型的合成绝缘子、安装双均压环以及降低杆塔接地电阻的防雷击闪络措施,实践证明该措施对防止复合绝缘子的雷击闪络起到了很好的效果.     

基于ATP-EMTP对配电网雷击过电压的仿真研究

阐述了雷电流模型、配电网各元件计算模型、绝缘子串闪络机理,采用电磁暂态仿真软件ATP-EMTP 建立仿真计算模型,比较分析杆塔冲击接地电阻对线路耐雷水平的影响,以及线路避雷器不同安装方案对线路耐雷水平的改善效果。仿真计算结果表明：雷击过电压容易导致绝缘子闪络,通过安装线路避雷器、降低杆塔接地电阻有效地提高了10 kV配电线路耐雷水平,改善了线路耐受过电压的能力。     

Distribution arrester outages caused by lightning backflow current flowing from customer's facility into power distribution lines

Direct lightning strokes are considered to be a main cause of damage to surge arresters on power distribution lines. Recently, lightning performance of distribution lines has been observed using still cameras, and lightning‐caused distribution outages on hilltop areas on the coast of the Sea of Japan have been investigated. This research has shown a possibility that lightning backflow current flowing from customer facilities into distribution lines causes damage to surge arresters on the distribution lines. We have investigated the lightning backflow current flowing from customer facilities into distribution lines as a cause of damage to surge arresters. The main results are as follows: (1) The electric charge of the backflow current flowing into distribution lines is more than 60% of that of the lightning stroke current. (2) If the grounding resistance of the customer's facility is not low, the failure rates of a surge arrester caused by backflow current due to winter lightning is more than 90% of that caused by direct lightning strokes. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 126(3): 9–20, 1999     

雷电防护中几个问题的探讨

以防雷实践中遇到的接地电阻不稳定、低压配电系统电涌保护器（ SPD）连接导线过长、两级SPD的安装间距、加油站罩棚等防雷问题为例,提出了相应的处理方案,并在实践中得到检验,证实安全可行,达到防雷减灾的目的。     

关于输电线路耐雷水平的综合研究分析

雷击是危及输电线路安全可靠运行的主要因素,深入研究输电线路的耐雷水平对保证电力系统的安全可靠运行具有重要的工程意义。介绍了输电线路的雷击类型,分别分析了杆塔接地电阻、线路档距、杆塔高度、导线电压、杆塔波阻抗对输电线路耐雷水平的影响,阐述了输电线路常用的防雷措施：架设避雷线、降低杆塔接地电阻、增设耦合地线、提高绝缘等级,为输电线路耐雷水平的深入研究打下基础。