铁矿床开采井下近矿体帷幕注浆技术及应用

莱新铁矿是岩溶大水矿山,原采用以疏干排水为主、局部堵水的防治水方法,发现无法将矿区地下水位疏干到安全采矿的水平,效果不明显。经论证采用井下近矿体帷幕注浆的防治水方案,通过实施穿脉水平探水钻孔注浆、顶板加密注浆以及群孔注浆技术,并选用合适的注浆技术参数,堵水效果显著。实践表明,井下近矿体帷幕注浆技术可以用于岩溶大水矿山的水害治理,堵水效果好,经济社会效益和环境效益显著。     

强岩溶地区动水注浆技术探讨

帷幕注浆是目前解决矿山开采水患问题的重要方案之一,尤其在强岩溶地区,长期大量抽排地下水容易导致环境地质灾害。从帷幕设计、钻孔技术要求、注浆材料、注浆段长、注浆压力、浆液浓度选择、注浆结束标准、跑浆处理措施、效果检验等方面,详细阐述了强岩溶地区动水注浆技术。     

强岩溶地区主过水通道注浆封堵技术探讨

矿山帷幕注浆技术由于其具有安全、环保、经济、高效等特性,已在国内多个矿山堵水中成功采用,取得了很好的堵水效果。而在强岩溶地区,动水注浆技术,尤其是矿区主过水通道封堵质量将直接影响帷幕的堵水效果,甚至决定着工程的成败。以广东凡口铅锌矿帷幕注浆工程为背景,探讨强岩溶地区主过水通道封堵技术。     

强岩溶地区主过水通道注浆封堵技术探讨

矿山帷幕注浆技术由于其具有安全、环保、经济、高效等特性,已在国内多个矿山堵水中成功采用,取得了很好的堵水效果。而在强岩溶地区,动水注浆技术,尤其是矿区主过水通道封堵质量将直接影响帷幕的堵水效果,甚至决定着工程的成败。以广东凡口铅锌矿帷幕注浆工程为背景,探讨强岩溶地区主过水通道封堵技术。     

石硐沟银多金属矿水防治对策探讨

详细介绍了甘肃省肃北县石硐沟银多金属矿的水文地质条件,根据矿山水文地质特征提出了侧向帷幕注浆和顶板注浆的矿山防治水技术措施,利用数值模型预测了天然状态下和帷幕后的矿坑涌水量,为矿山选择防治水方案提供了技术、经济评价依据。     

构造裂隙大水矿床帷幕注浆工程试验及参数研究

构造裂隙大水矿床含水介质复杂多变,基建难度大,突水风险高,防治水技术难度大。借鉴岩溶大水矿床治水经验,设计采用矿山地面帷幕注浆技术,解决黄屯硫铁矿火山岩构造裂隙大水矿床地下水害。通过帷幕注浆生产性试验,从注浆前后帷幕体透水性、检查孔压水试验、注浆前后钻孔岩芯揭露情况分析,证明火山岩裂隙地层高压灌注水泥黏土浆后,大的构造导水通道及微细裂隙都能被浆液有效充填,注浆堵水效果显著,该方法可为同类矿床防治水工作借鉴。     

某大水铁矿深部首采区采矿方法及防治工程的探索与研究

某铁矿为一岩溶大水矿山,其水文地质条件极其复杂,一直困扰着矿山的安全生产。其一期采矿工程经过防治水注浆帷幕工程,已经实现安全采矿。现该铁矿二期深部采矿已经开始,所面临的水文地质条件较一期更复杂,经过对其采矿方法和防治水方法的探索和研究,选择嗣后充填分段空场法开采,采用近矿体帷幕注浆法防治地下水。     

岩溶矿床帷幕注浆截流新技术

岩溶矿床地下水害的防治一直是矿山防治水界的一个难题,而传统的帷幕注浆技术存在堵水率低、投资高、针对性不强等问题。以新桥矿为例,总结了我院在帷幕注浆截流技术方面取得的新进展,包括运用数值模拟技术对帷幕进行优化设计及动态指导、采用超声波透视技术探查导水通道并指导布孔、大量使用改性粘土浆控制浆液扩散。     

矿山帷幕注浆与水利工程基岩帷幕灌浆的差异性探讨

在经历了我国水利水电建设的高潮期以后，水利设施基岩帷幕灌浆技术已经趋于成熟。近年来，随着国家大力倡导绿色矿山建设，矿山帷幕注浆技术开始得到重视，国内众多大水矿山已经采用帷幕注浆技术进行防治水，但发展相对滞后，技术标准大多仍参照水利帷幕灌浆。鉴于上述情况，结合帷幕注浆设计与施工中遇到的一些问题，从注浆目的、防渗标准以及注浆参数（孔深、压力、段长等）等方面分析了矿山帷幕注浆与水利基岩帷幕灌浆的差异性，并对矿山帷幕注浆工作提出了建议，矿山帷幕在上述方面具有其独特性，在矿山帷幕注浆规程规范中应当进行改进和完善。     

龙塘沿铁矿首采段近矿体帷幕注浆应用

龙塘沿铁矿作为大水矿山,开采过程中面临突水的安全威胁。根据矿山首采段水文地质特征,结合国内外大水矿山防治水技术应用现状,选择近矿体帷幕注浆技术作为其防治水措施,并研究制定了相关技术参数。从注浆钻孔涌水量、水压、注浆量的变化情况及检查孔情况、实际堵水率等方面分析了注浆效果。结果表明,首采段采用整体25m×20m、局部10m×10m的钻孔网度,帷幕厚度30m的近矿体帷幕注浆方案,有效地化解了首采范围内的突水威胁,保障了矿体的安全高效开采,为矿山取得了较大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。     

Technology of mine water control in China

The mines of the Permo-Carboniferous coalfield in North China and the Late Permian coalfield in the South are seriously threatened with Karst Water from limestone, which results in frequent water inrush and mine inundation. The mines in the areas of the Yellow Huai and Shongliao plains are generally endangered by the water from Quarternary alluvium. Therefore, groundwater disaster is one of the main problems of coal mine safety in China. After liberation, a great deal of research work on protecting against mine water has been done under the direction of the Ministry of Coal Industry. Successful results have been obtained in respects of studies of mine water inrush mechanisms, dewatering and depression of aquifer, sealing water inrush spots by grouting and cutting-off water flow by cement grout curtains, protecting against water at ground and underground as well as investigating the hydrogeological conditions in a mine area and calculating the mine inflow. Many practical problems in coal production have been solved, and the theory and technology of mine water control with China's typical features, have gradually been formed. However, further study and solution of some problems will be required because the hydrogeological conditions of the coalfields in China are extremely complicated.     

我国矿区注浆帷幕截流技术的研究与应用

针对我国大水矿床开采中因地下水所造成的危害及环境破坏问题,产生了注浆帷幕截流技术,它已成为我国大水矿山地下水防治的一项主要技术。本文在总结我国大水矿山使用注浆帷幕截流技术的基础上,对帷幕防渗标准、帷幕结构、注浆孔施工、造浆及注浆系统、注浆参数等提出了建设性意见;同时也指出了矿区帷幕注浆技术的选用条件。     

Optimising dewatering costs on a south african gold mine

Many South African Gold Mines are geologically in proximity to the Transvaal Dolomites. This geological unit, is karstic in many areas and is very extensive. Very large volumes of ground water can be found in the dolomites, and have given rise to major dewatering problems on the mines. Hitherto, the general philosophy on the mines has been to acept these large inflows into the mine, and then to pump out from underground at a suitably convenient level. The dolomites constitute a ground water control area which means that Goverment permission is required to do anything with ground water within the dolomite. When the first major inflows occurred, the mines started dewatering the dolomites, and in many areas induced sinkholes, with significant loss of life and buildings. The nett result is that mines have to pump large quantities of water out of the mine but recharge into the dolomite to maintain water levesl. During the past 2 years a number of investigations have been carried out to reduce the very high costs of dewatering. On one mine the cost of removing 130×10³ m³/day is about 1×10⁶ Rand/month. The hydrogeologic model for the dolomites is now reasonably well understood. It shows that surface wells to a depth of up to 150 m can withdraw significant quantities of water and reduce the amount that has to be pumped from considerable depth with significant saving in puming costs. Such a system has a number of additional advantages such as removing some of the large volume of water from the underground working environment and providing a system that can be used for controlled surface dewatering should it be required.     

Groundwater Source Discrimination and Proportion Determination of Mine Inflow Using Ion Analyses: A Case Study from the Longmen Coal Mine,Henan Province,China

Complex hydrogeological conditions in China’s coal mines have contributed to frequent mine water disasters. A simple and effective method to determine water inflow sources and paths is therefore essential. The Longmen Mine, located in Henan Province, in central China was used as a case study. A Piper diagram and cluster analysis were used to screen the characteristic values of 18 water samples from potential aquifers. A comprehensive fuzzy evaluation of the groundwater ions was carried out to determine the main source of the total mine inflow. Then, based on conservation of ionic masses, a matrix function was established to calculate the groundwater recharge composition. Finally, using measured water inflows for the Cambrian limestone aquifer, the calculated and observed results were compared. The results showed that the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation limestone aquifer (the L₇ limestone aquifer) accounts for 60.8% of the total mine inflow, while the Cambrian limestone and roof sandstone aquifers account for 34.8 and 4.4% of the inflow, respectively. The normal mine inflow totals about 19,200 m³/day, of which 6,840 m³/day is from the Cambrian limestone aquifer. This agrees well with the calculated value of 6,720 m³/day. Thus, the method is feasible and reliable.     

矿坑涌水封堵治理过程中岩溶导水通道连通性研究

受含水层岩溶发育不均匀性影响,大水矿山矿坑涌水导水通道空间分布位置的探查存在较大技术难度,难以针对性制定矿山防治水方案。以强岩溶地区某大水矿山矿坑涌水治理工程为背景,选择食盐作为示踪剂,通过连通试验研究了注浆孔揭露岩溶通道与矿坑主要涌水点之间的水力联系,并在标定水样电导率-食盐浓度对应关系的基础上,计算了岩溶通道补给水源汇入涌水点的比例。试验结果表明,该岩溶通道与矿坑-30m水平最大涌水点连通性好,示踪剂回收率达到88.45%以上,可判断其为主补给通道。此通道经“投料+注浆”封堵治理后,涌水点水量由2.4万m3/d降至500m3/d,保障了安全生产。研究结果表明:连通试验在岩溶管道流充水矿山导水通道探查方面具有良好的适用性,是查明导水通道与矿坑涌水点连通性和补给量的可靠技术手段,能够为大水矿山制定防治水策略提供有效技术依据,避免因条件不清而造成的盲目施工,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

Study of Mine Water Inrush from Floor Strata through Faults

The mechanism of mine water inrushes in coal mines in China differs considerably from that in other countries. In China, most water inrushes occur from floor strata, the source of water inrush being karstic limestone aquifers. This paper describes the mechanism of mine water inrushes through a fault in the mine floor using principles of strata mechanics, and the path of water inrush from an aquifer to the working face. A criterion to judge whether the ground water inrush will occur through a fault or not is also described, together with a case history of water inflow in Feicheng Coalfield, China.     

深埋侏罗系煤层顶板水害源头防控关键技术

为解决目前蒙陕矿区深部侏罗系矿井采后采场落地水量大、煤水混杂,以及上部煤层距离强含水层较近,无法安全掘进与回采等一系列问题,提出了深埋侏罗系煤层顶板水害源头防控关键技术。应用沉积控水规律,分析了含(隔)水层在平面与剖面的空间展布规律与含水层富水性分布规律,在此基础上,针对煤层厚度变化较大、顶板含(隔)水层交互成层的特征,通过构建含有沉积环境影响指数、砂岩厚度、岩芯采取率、单位涌水量、渗透系数与导水裂隙带发育高度6个指标在内的评价指标体系,提出了符合深部侏罗系矿井水文地质特征的矿井涌(突)水风险分区评价方法,进而根据"断源截流、集中疏排、源头预防、超前治理"的防治水思路,提出了"上行开采低位截流"、"工作面单侧截流"、"工作面双侧截流"与"工作面方向调整截流"4种地下水截流治理模式,最后以蒙陕矿区的门克庆矿井和母杜柴登矿井进行实例分析。应用结果表明:①直罗组一段砂岩含水层主要为河道相沉积,砂体的空间连续性较好,是深部侏罗系矿井的主要充水含水层;②门克庆矿井首采区3~(-1)煤顶板涌(突)水危险区主要分布在研究区的南部,呈东西向条带状展布,与实际情况较为吻合;③根据门克庆矿井首采区涌(突)水危险性分布规律,应用了"工作面单侧截流"与"上行开采低位截流"两种治理模式并分析了其在实际工程中的应用效果。深部侏罗系矿井水害防治作为一个复杂的系统工程,以源头防控为重点的系统防治技术体系仍是深部侏罗系矿井水害防治需要重点攻关的研究方向。     

Dewatering concepts at Zambian Copperbelt Mines

During the financial year 1992/93, Zambian Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd (ZCCM) Ltd pumped a total of 263 million tonnes of water from its various mining operations. During the same period the Company produced 23 million tonnes of ore, giving a water to ore ratio of 11.4 tonnes of water per tonne of ore produced. Hydrostatic pressures interesected in underground boreholes ranged upto about 5MPa. Against this background the dewatering techniques that have been practised on the Copperbelt at ZCCM’s mines are reviewed. The methods include the surface exclusion of water, interception of water, simple drainage, breakthrough methods, dewatering drilling, grouting isotope analysis and computer modelling. The surface exclusion of water includes the use of canals and pipelines to carry water over hydrological hazard zones, herringbone ditches to speed up run-off, stream gauging to locate hydrological hazard zones and weirs to quantify flow rates, and the judicious geological siting of dams and other surface water structures. Interception methods basically revolve around the concept of interception of the potential mine drainage at the extremities of the mines in order to ensure that the cone of dewatering is lowered before it intercepts the main mining areas. Simple drainage is the mining of drives into aquifers at reduced hydrostatic pressures in order to drain specific aquifers. Breakthrough methods also involve the mining of drives into aquifers but in a more controlled manner than in simple drainage. In this instance drives are mined directly into aquifers utilising watertight doors or puddle pipes to protect the main mine workings. Dewatering drilling is the most widely used method of dewatering used on the Copperbelt. It may be conveniently divided into surface and underground dewatering boreholes. Surface dewatering boreholes may be either pumped, utilising borehole pumps, used for piezometric measurements, or used in open pit situations to drain aquifers under hydrostatic pressure. Underground dewatering boreholes are the most widely practised method of dewatering on the Copperbelt and involve the drilling of boreholes into aquifers, in order to lower the hydrostatic head in a particular aquifer. A number of different techniques are discussed. Grouting to exclude the inflow of water into mines has long been known as a method of groundwater exclusion. The uses of cementious grouts and resin grouts are discussed. Isotope analysis has been used at Konkola Division to give indications of both the age and possible origins of the Konkola groundwaters. Computer modelling utilising modflow software has been used at Konkola Division to predict drawdown of the hydrostatic head in a number of different mining scenarios. A changeover from caving mining methods to mining methods involving the use of backfill should permit certain mines to effect major cost savings with regard to dewatering costs. The implications of this change in mining methods is discussed. Environmental aspects of mine drainage from ZCCM’s mines is addressed and the lack of an acid mine drainage problem briefly discussed.     

Calculation of mine water inflow using interactively a groundwater model and an inflow model

The uncertainty of the pre-evaluation of potential ground water inflow rates in underground mines results in difficulty in planning and costing the water related activities of the mines. This paper presents a procedure for making a rational assessment of the potential inflows. The method is based on an interactive operation of two computer models: an inflow model and a ground water finite element model. Both are first calibrated using existing information obtained from aqui fer monitoring. In a second phase, the models prelict the potential inflows as well as the impact of mine dewatering on the piezometric surface. Both the models used are based on a non linear relationship between tonnage mined and inflows. A phased behaviour in the rates of inflow increase is noted. The interactive mode of operation of the models results in confidence in the prediction because the models output (calculated inflow rates and piezometric levels) during the calibration phase are checked against the historical data. It is concluded that the method can provide mine management with guidelines for dewatering requirements under the condition that reliable data on the history of piezometric levels be available.     

金属矿山地下水零排放技术方法研究

在地下水超采区域内疏干排水采矿将会加剧地下水降落漏斗的扩展、严重破坏区域内地下水生态环境。金属矿山地下水零排放关键技术体系,针对矿山防治水与矿区地下水生态环境综合治理领域所面临的技术难题进行系统性研究,提出了包括采用帷幕注浆、井巷地表预注浆和矿坑水回灌等技术措施的系统方案,并针对其中重要技术参数进行了系统地研究。依托位于邯邢百泉泉域的典型大水矿山中关铁矿进行了实践,取得矿坑水零排放的理想效果,其技术体系原理、技术方法等对于解决国内外大水型矿山面临的紧迫难题提供借鉴。