高温后混杂纤维RPC单轴受压应力应变关系

对120个经20~900℃作用后、尺寸为70.7mm×70.7mm×228.0mm的混杂纤维活性粉末混凝土(RPC)试件进行了单轴受压试验,分析了纤维掺量和经历温度对混杂纤维RPC轴心抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值应变和受压应力应变曲线的影响.结果表明：相同高温作用后,钢纤维掺量为1%（体积分数）的混杂纤维RPC抗压强度最低,而钢纤维掺量为2%,聚丙烯纤维掺量不同的混杂纤维RPC抗压强度差别不大;轴心抗压强度和弹性模量随经历温度的升高先增大后减小,且弹性模量下降速度比抗压强度快;经历温度为600℃时,峰值应变达到最大值,且峰值点前应变迅速增大,峰值点后呈线性减小.通过回归分析,建立了抗压强度、弹性模量和峰值应变随温度变化的计算公式,提出了用五次多项式和有理分式表达的混杂纤维RPC应力应变曲线方程.与普通混凝土和高强混凝土相比,混杂纤维RPC具有更优越的抗高温性能.     

高温作用后混凝土动态压缩力学性能的试验研究

采用φ100 mm分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)试验装置,分别对常温和经历200、400、600、800℃高温作用后的混凝土进行了冲击压缩试验,分析了高温和应变率对混凝土动态压缩力学性能的影响,并对其关系进行了拟合。结果表明:经历不同温度作用后的混凝土动态抗压强度、峰值应变以及比能量吸收都表现出较强的应变率效应。高温对混凝土动态力学性能影响显著,400℃是混凝土各项力学指标发生转折的温度:动态抗压强度、比能量吸收在400℃时回升至与常温接近,在400℃后又迅速下降;峰值应变在400℃以后增加明显,并随着应变率的提高而迅速增加。混凝土经400℃以上高温作用后,虽然强度损失严重,但在冲击荷载作用下,尤其是在较高应变率下,仍表现出良好的抗冲击韧性。     

加载速率对高温后大理岩动态力学性能的影响研究

利用100 mm分离式Hopkinson压杆装置,对经历不同高温后的大理岩进行不同加载速率下的冲击压缩试验,研究了峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量等与加载速率的关系。试验结果表明,高温后大理岩的峰值应力、峰值应变均表现出显著的加载速率强化效应,随加载速率的提高而近似线性增加,但800℃之后,峰值应力的加载速率强化效应明显减弱,而峰值应变的加载速率强化效应明显加强;高温后大理岩弹性模量的加载速率相关性并不明显,随着温度的升高,弹性模量逐渐减小,到1000℃高温时,随着加载速率的增加,弹性模量基本保持不变。结合岩石材料的微观结构特征、能量吸收以及受力状态等对岩石动态力学性能的加载速率强化效应机理进行了探讨。     

高温作用后混凝土的动态轴拉力学性能研究

进行了高温作用后混凝土的单调拉伸和往复拉伸试验,分析了其主要力学特征参数（抗拉强度、初始弹性模量、峰值应变、残余应变、割线模量等）的温度效应和应变率效应。采用混凝土损伤模型,引入温度参数,提出了基于应变率效应和温度效应的混凝土加卸载模型,验证了模型的适用性。结果表明：混凝土的抗拉强度及初始弹性模量随着温度的升高而降低,峰值应变随着温度的升高而增大,残余应变累积与温度无关,而随应变率的增大而累积速率加快;混凝土卸载曲线的非线性程度与应变率呈正相关,与温度无明显关系;混凝土再加载曲线的非线性程度与温度呈正相关,与应变率无明显关系;通过对比得出,所提出的模型计算结果与实测结果吻合程度较好。     

高温中纤维纳米混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系

通过纤维纳米混凝土棱柱体试件在25～800℃高温中的单轴受压试验,研究了温度、钢纤维体积率、纳米二氧化硅和纳米碳酸钙掺量对纤维纳米混凝土高温中轴压性能的影响。结果表明,随温度升高,纤维纳米混凝土峰值应力和初始弹性模量显著降低,峰值应变明显增大;随钢纤维体积率增大,高温中纤维纳米混凝土峰值应力和峰值应变不断提高,初始弹性模量有所下降;随纳米材料掺量增加,高温中纤维纳米混凝土峰值应力、峰值应变和初始弹性模量均呈增大的趋势,纳米二氧化硅的效果好于纳米碳酸钙。在分析试验结果的基础上,提出了考虑温度、纤维和纳米材料影响的高温中纤维纳米混凝土峰值应力、峰值应变和初始弹性模量的计算公式以及高温中纤维纳米混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系式。     

模型试验的微粒混凝土力学性能试验研究

开展微粒混凝土不同加载应变率和不同初始静态荷载下力学性能和抗压强度尺寸效应试验研究。试验结果表明:微粒混凝土的动态抗压强度和弹性模量随着加载应变率的增加而提高,不同应变率下微粒混凝土峰值应力处的应变基本相同,应力-应变曲线相似,破坏形式相同;微粒混凝土的动态抗压强度随着初始静载比例的提高而降低,但破坏形式相同。振动台模型试验中微粒混凝土可以较好地模拟原型普通混凝土。在试验的基础上,进一步建立考虑应变率和初始静载影响的微粒混凝土抗压强度和弹性模量计算方法,提出微粒混凝土不同应变率下本构关系实用计算模型和抗压强度尺寸效应计算公式,建立振动台模型试验微粒混凝土强度控制准则。研究成果可用于振动台模型试验微粒混凝土相似关系设计和结果分析。     

掺有花岗岩风化残积土的再生块体/骨料混凝土常温及高温后受压性能研究

为促进建筑结构中工程渣土和废混凝土的资源化利用,采用再生块体、再生粗骨料和处理后的花岗岩风化残积土,制备了再生块体/骨料混凝土试件。开展了129个该类试件的常温及高温后轴压试验,研究了再生材料、试件形状和尺寸、再生块体特征尺寸对试件常温受压性能的影响,揭示了温度和再生材料对高温后试件剩余抗压性能的影响。结果表明：当新混凝土配合比的总用水量不变时,与未采用任何再生材料的普通混凝土相比,常温下掺有花岗岩风化残积土的再生块体/骨料混凝土(以下简称“所述混凝土”)的抗压强度随着新混凝土中再生粗骨料的采用(不超过50%)以及处理后的花岗岩风化残积土的取代率增加(不超过70%)而有所增大,弹性模量随之略有降低,泊松比变化不大;当试件侧向尺寸介于150～300 mm时,常温下所述混凝土的抗压强度尺寸效应可近似忽略;当再生块体特征比介于0.22～0.55时,可近似忽略其特征尺寸对常温下所述混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值应变和泊松比的影响;与未采用任何再生材料的普通混凝土相比,所述混凝土高温后的相对抗压强度和相对弹性模量总体上变化有限,采用所给公式可较好地预测这两个相对量随温度的定量变化。掺有花岗岩风化...     

橡胶混凝土的静动压缩强度特性的对比研究

采用3种粒径、5种掺量的橡胶粉制备橡胶混凝土,基于电液伺服万能压力试验机开展了橡胶混凝土（RPC）的准静态压缩试验,基于直径为74mm的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）装置在4种加载波下开展了RPC的动态压缩试验,研究了应变率、橡胶粉粒径及掺量对混凝土静动力学性能的影响,由此对比分析了RPC的静动强度特性.结果表明：橡胶粉的加入使混凝上的抗压强度有所下降,并且随着橡胶粉目数的增大,抗压强度不断下降;橡胶混凝土的抗压强度均随橡胶粉掺量的增加而呈现下降趋势,在橡胶粉掺量为110kg/m3时下降幅度最大;橡胶混凝土的韧性增强,由脆性破坏转变成塑性破坏;橡胶混凝土表现出明显的应变率增强效应,即动态峰值应力和动态因数（DIF）随着动态应变率的增大而增大;橡胶混凝土的动态峰值应力及其增速均随着橡胶粉粒径的增大而增大,而且橡胶粉目数越大,动态因数越大;动态峰值应力随橡胶粉掺量的增加而减小,动态因数随着橡胶粉掺量的增加而增大.     

高温下不同等级衬砌混凝土力学性能试验研究

对四个等级的衬砌混凝土,C30,C40,C50,C60试块分别在300℃,500℃,700℃,900℃下进行了强度、峰值应变及弹性模量等力学性能试验研究,总结了高温下不同等级混凝土这些力学指标的变化规律。试验结果表明,高温下混凝土的抗压强度总体上随着温度升高而降低,混凝土的等级越高,高温下强度衰减得越快;混凝土等级及所处温度对混凝土的峰值应变有明显影响,混凝土的峰值应变随着温度的升高而逐渐增大,700℃以下,等级越高峰值应变增长幅度越大;弹性模量总体上随着温度升高而降低。     

不同浸水历时水泥乳化沥青砂浆动态受压试验

水泥沥青(CA)砂浆试件历经0,7,14,30,60d水浸泡后,在电子万能试验机上进行了应变速率1×10-5~1×10-2s-1的动态压缩试验,研究了水浸泡历时与应变速率对CA砂浆抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值应变以及应力-应变全曲线等动态特性的影响.结果表明:水浸泡历时和加载应变速率对CA砂浆的力学性能影响明显;CA砂浆的抗压强度和弹性模量随应变速率的增大而增大;相同应变速率下,CA砂浆的抗压强度和弹性模量均随水浸泡历时的增加先减小后增大;CA砂浆的平均抗压强度最大降低幅度为46.31%,平均弹性模量最大降低幅度为44.91%;CA砂浆的峰值应变随应变速率与水浸泡历时的增加呈增大的趋势,且水浸泡对峰值应变的影响大于应变速率对峰值应变的影响.     

Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—III. Inorganic compounds and radicals

Second-order rate constants for reactions of ozone with 40 inorganic aqueous solutes are reported. Included are compounds of sulfur (e.g. H₂S, H₂SO₃, HOCH₂SO₃H), chlorine (e.g. Cl⁻, HOCl, NH₂Cl, HClO₂, ClO₂), bromine (e.g. Br⁻, HOBr), nitrogen (e.g. NH₃, NH₂OH, N₂O, HNO₂) and oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂), as well as free radicals (e.g. O₂⁻, OH^•). Most of these compounds exhibit an increase in rate constant with increasing pH corresponding to their degree of dissociation. Rate constants are based on ozone consumption rates measured by conventional batch-type or continuous-flow methods (10⁻³-10⁺⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range) and determinations of stoichiometric factors. Also listed are data determined by pulse-irradiation techniques using kinetic spectroscopy (10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range). Additional literature data are reviewed for completeness. Results are discussed with respect to water treatment and environmental processes.     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

750kV GIS中金属氧化物避雷器对VFTO影响的研究

随着超高压气体绝缘变电站(GIS)的广泛使用,由隔离开关(DS)和断路器(CB)操作引起的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害越加明显。以西北地区750 kV官亭GIS变电站为计算原型,利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)对不同运行方式下GIS设备上的VFTO进行数值仿真计算和分析。重点在于对不同运行方式下金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的限制过电压效果进行分析。计算结果表明:DS无分合闸电阻时,MOA防护效果更明显;MOA主要的抑制效果体现在MOA附近的设备上,对于远离MOA的设备上的VFTO的抑制效果较小;由于VFTO持续的时间极短,通过MOA的能量很小。     

膨润土对重金属离子Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cr(VI),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cr(VI)和Cd2 的影响.结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 的吸附效果均优于其对Cr(VI)的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式.     

An energy-based partial pushdown analysis procedure for assessment of disproportionate collapse potential

A disproportionate (or progressive) collapse is triggered by localized structural damage that propagates throughout a large portion of a structural system. The current guidelines issued by the US Department of Defense use the alternative path method to assess the vulnerability of a structural system to disproportionate collapse. In this method, the capability of a structure to sustain local damage is evaluated by notionally removing primary load-bearing elements and checking whether the local damage can be absorbed. The assessment can be performed using linear or nonlinear static structural models or a nonlinear dynamic model. Although nonlinear dynamic analysis gives the most accurate results, it is computationally intensive and requires considerable skill to implement properly. In this paper, the vulnerability of three steel frames to disproportionate collapse is assessed using an energy-based nonlinear static pushdown analysis. The predictions are sufficiently close to the results of a nonlinear dynamic time history analysis that the method would be useful for disproportionate collapse-resistant design of buildings with regular steel framing systems.     

建筑西向房间夏季室内热环境改善

以国内某大学综合实验大楼为例,实测了其中一间西向房间的室内外空气温度与壁面温度,分析了其夏季室内热环境。为了在经济合理地使用能源的情况下,满足它对夏季冷量与冬季热量的需求,根据实测的数据,利用建筑热平衡原理,对其夏季室内热环境特性进行了分析,指出了其热工设计缺陷,并对其进行了热舒适性的改造。通过软件模拟出改造后房间室内空气温度值,对比改造前后室内空气温度值,结果显示改造后的温度值明显降低,热舒适性得到了改善。     

聚硅铁混凝去除腐殖酸的研究

考察了聚硅铁(PSF)对腐殖酸(HA)的去除效果及影响因素,并与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、硫酸铁[Fe_2(SO_4)_3]进行了比较.结果表明,当5相似文献   

Understanding soluble microbial products (SMP) as a component of effluent organic matter (EfOM)

Formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) during biological degradation of organic compounds in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography--size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) as well as other organic matter characterization tools. Results showed that carbon compounds in a glucose feed solution were totally transformed to other organic products classified biomass-associated products (BAP). The SMP-BAP contained in the SBR effluent consisted mainly of high-molecular weight (MW) fractions of organic matter, possibly originating from cell lysis. These compounds exhibited a low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and a hydrophilic character. In addition, the characteristics of bulk effluent organic matters (EfOM) samples from wastewater treatment facilities were studied. It was observed that EfOM consisted of humic-like and hydrophobic (HPO) compounds, derived from the corresponding drinking water source, in addition to SMP-BAP. A superimposition of SEC chromatograms of the SMP-BAP and humic-like compounds represented a fingerprint of EfOM.