三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐/次磷酸铝对高密度纤维板阻燃和力学性能的影响

本工作采用人造板热压工艺技术,将三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐( MPP)和次磷酸铝( AHP)作为阻燃剂引入高密度纤维板( HDF)中,制备MPP/AHP-HDF复合材料.采用弯曲强度、冲击强度、极限氧指数(LOI)、锥形量热仪等来评价阻燃剂对复合材料性能的影响.研究结果表明:随着阻燃剂添加量的增加,复合材料的弯曲强度、冲击强度明显下降,通过复合材料断面形貌可以看出阻燃剂与基体间界面粘接较差,界面应力传递效率低,故而阻燃剂的引入导致复合材料力学性能下降.随着阻燃剂添加量的增加,复合材料的LOI逐步增大,当阻燃剂添加量达到15%时,复合材料的LOI达到40% ,而热释放速率峰值和总的热释放量呈下降趋势,这是因为MPP和AHP在燃烧过程中可以有效促进裂解产物成炭,而且MPP还产生很多不燃气体,进而稀释了可燃性气体的浓度,从而提高复合材料的阻燃性能.     

无卤阻燃乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物泡沫复合材料的制备及性能表征

为使得乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)泡沫复合材料具有阻燃功能,分别添加膨胀石墨-聚磷酸铵(EGAPP)和膨胀石墨-聚磷酸铵-热塑性淀粉(EG-APP-TPS)两种不同复配阻燃剂,通过熔融共混和硫化发泡制备了无卤阻燃EVA泡沫复合材料。采用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、热分析质谱联用(TG-MASS)及扫描电镜(SEM)测试等对EG-APP/EVA及EG-APP-TPS/EVA泡沫复合材料进行表征。结果表明:EG-APP复配阻燃剂添加量为30wt%、EG与APP质量比为1∶4时,EG-APP/EVA泡沫复合材料的LOI达28.1%,UL-94为V-1级;而当EG-APP-TPS复配阻燃剂添加量同为30wt%,EG、APP与TPS质量比为1∶4∶1时,EG-APP-TPS/EVA泡沫复合材料的LOI可达29.3%,UL-94为V-0级。TG-MASS和SEM分析表明:EG、APP和TPS在气相和固相中均具有显著的协同阻燃作用。     

三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐/笼状季戊四醇磷酸酯协效阻燃聚丙烯/稻壳复合材料的研究

利用三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐(MPP)和笼状季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)的阻燃协效作用,复配成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)对聚丙烯(PP)/稻壳(RH)复合材料进行阻燃。研究了MPP与PEPA复配比例对PP/RH复合材料阻燃性能的影响。采用垂直燃烧(UL-94)和极限氧指数(LOI)研究了阻燃PP/RH复合材料的阻燃性能,采用热重分析研究阻燃PP/RH复合材料的热分解过程,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察阻燃PP/RH复合材料燃烧后炭层的形貌。结果表明:当MPP/PEPA总用量为20%(wt%,质量分数),PEPA和MPP的质量分数比为1∶4时,阻燃PP/RH复合材料的LOI值为29.7%,垂直燃烧UL-94通过V-0级,PP/RH复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别增加了42.3%和53.6%。热重结果表明:MPP/PEPA复配能够延缓PP/RH体系中PP的分解,并提高了材料的成炭性,使PP/RH复合材料800℃下的残炭率由16.3%提高到了30.3%,残炭率升高了14.0%。通过SEM观察得到:两者复配使PP/RH复合材料燃烧后形成了致密均匀的多孔炭层,从而提高了PP/RH复合材料的阻燃性能。     

三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐和次磷酸铝协效阻燃高密度纤维板复合材料

将三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐(MPP)和次磷酸铝(AP)阻燃剂添加到木纤维/酚醛树脂(WF/PR)复合材料中,通过人造板热压工艺技术制备阻燃高密度纤维板(MPP-AP-WF/PR)复合材料,探索了MPP和AP组成复配阻燃剂时,MPP-AP-WF/PR复合材料达到最佳阻燃性能时MPP与AP的最佳质量比。采用弯曲强度、吸水厚度膨胀率、吸水率、热失重和极限氧指数(LOI)研究阻燃剂对MPP-AP-WF/PR复合材料的力学性能、耐水性能、耐热性能和阻燃性能的影响,探讨其阻燃机制。结果表明,添加阻燃剂之后,MPP-AP-WF/PR复合材料的力学性能和耐水性能明显降低;而热失重测试结果表明,阻燃剂对MPP-AP-WF/PR复合材料的初始耐热性能没有明显影响,但两者在高温下的协同效应有助于提高残炭量;LOI测试结果表明,单独使用时,MPP比AP具有更好的阻燃效果,当MPP和AP复配使用、MPP与AP的质量比为1∶2时,MPP-AP-WF/PR复合材料具有最好的阻燃效果,这是由于MPP和AP存在协同效用。且SEM和EDS表征发现,MPP-AP-WF/PR复合材料燃烧之后形成致密的含磷酸类物质的炭层,有效阻止了O₂和热量进入到炭层的内部,从而提高了MPP-AP-WF/PR复合材料的阻燃性能。      

三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐对竹纤维/聚丙烯复合材料力学及阻燃性能的影响

采用三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐（MPP）作为阻燃剂,加入到竹纤维/聚丙烯（BF/PP）复合毡中,制备MPP-BF/PP复合材料。采用力学测试和SEM研究MPP对MPP-BF/PP复合材料力学性能和微观形貌的影响;采用极限氧指数（LOI）、热失重（TG）和吸水率为指标研究MPP对MPP-BF/PP复合材料阻燃性、热稳定性和耐水性的影响。测试表明:MPP的质量分数小于30wt%时,MPP-BF/PP复合材料弯曲强度和冲击强度随MPP质量分数的增加先增大后减小,当MPP质量分数达到5wt%时,MPP-BF/PP复合材料呈现出最佳的弯曲强度和冲击强度;MPP在MPP-BF/PP复合材料内部均匀分布,而随着MPP质量分数的增加,MPP-BF/PP复合材料断裂面的粗糙度明显提高,即MPP与PP界面相容性变差,使其力学性能降低。LOI测试结果表明,MPP可以有效提高MPP-BF/PP复合材料的阻燃性能,当MPP质量分数为30wt%时,MPP-BF/PP复合材料LOI达到24.3%。热失重测试表明,MPP的加入可提高MPP-BF/PP复合材料的热分解温度,促进其残炭率明显增大,有利于提高MPP-BF/PP复合材料阻燃性能。耐水性能测试结果表明,MPP质量分数小于20wt%时,MPP对MPP-BF/PP复合材料的耐水性能没有明显影响。采用模糊综合评价法分析表明,MPP质量分数为10wt%时,MPP-BF/PP复合材料性能最优。      

三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐/次磷酸铝阻燃高密度聚乙烯/木粉复合材料的制备与性能研究

采用三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐(MPP)和次磷酸铝(PAH)为阻燃剂,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(PE-g-MAH)为相容剂,通过熔融共混,制备阻燃木粉(WF)-高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料(HDPE/WF)。探索了三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐(MPP)与次磷酸铝(PAH)组成的二元体系中MPP与PAH的最佳质量比,采用极限氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧(UL-94)研究了阻燃HDPE/WF的阻燃性能,采用热重分析(TGA)研究了阻燃HDPE/WF的热分解过程,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了阻燃HDPE/WF燃烧炭层的形貌。结果表明:当MPP和PAH的质量比为3∶2时,阻燃HDPE/WF的阻燃效果达到最好,LOI值为29.6%,垂直燃烧UL-94通过V-0级。TGA研究表明:MPP/PAH阻燃体系对HDPE/WF的热起始分解温度没有太大影响,但却提高了材料在高温时的热稳定性,同时提高材料的成炭性能。通过SEM观察得到:炭层密度增加,有效阻止了氧气入到材料的内部并降低了导热性,也使得内部可燃性气体无法逸出,从而提高材料的阻燃性。     

聚酰胺6对聚丙烯/膨胀阻燃体系阻燃性和力学性能的影响

以聚磷酸铵(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)组成的膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)为主阻燃剂，有机蒙脱土(OMMT)为协效阻燃剂，马来酸酐接枝聚烯烃弹性体(POE-g-MAH)为增韧剂，以聚酰胺6(PA6)为聚合物成炭剂，采用熔融共混法制备了PP/PA6/POE-g-MAH/IFR/OMMT阻燃复合材料，并研究了PA6对PP阻燃复合材料阻燃性和力学性能的影响。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜和力学性能测试等手段对PP阻燃复合材料进行了测试与表征。结果表明：成炭剂PA6的加入，可显著地提高PP阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能，当PA6含量为5%时，PP阻燃复合材料的LOI由原来不含PA6时的25.5%提高到了30.0%,垂直燃烧等级由原来的无等级提高到了UL-94 V-0级，且随着PA6含量的进一步增加，LOI在逐渐增大。但PA6的加入，会使PP阻燃复合材料的力学性能下降。     

双基协同阻燃环氧树脂HPCTP-DOPS/EP的性能研究

单一的磷杂菲、磷腈类阻燃剂的阻燃效果有限,为了改善9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS)对环氧树脂(EP)的阻燃效果,将DOPS和六苯氧基环三磷腈(HPCTP)复配应用于EP。在总含P量为1.2wt%时,通过调整磷杂菲和磷腈阻燃剂中含P量的比例,将DOPS和HPCTP复配添加到EP中,制备EP复合材料。利用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、热重(TG)、锥形量热(CONE)、扫描电镜-能量色散X射线谱(SEM-EDS)、热重-红外光谱联用(TG-IR)等测试手段研究不同比例的磷杂菲和磷腈基团对EP热稳定性和阻燃性能的影响,探究双基协同阻燃规律和机制。研究结果表明：P、S元素之间存在协同阻燃作用,当总含P量为1.2wt%时,复合体系中随着含S量的增加,HPCTP-DOPS/EP的LOI值和UL-94等级逐渐升高,当HPCTP和DOPS中的含P量比为0.2∶1时,HPCTP-DOPS/EP的LOI值为30.4%,达到UL-94 V-0级,总热释放量(THR)和热释放速率峰值(PHRR)显著降低,燃烧后形成了更加致密、稳定的膨胀炭层,优于两种阻燃剂单独使...     

PP/无卤阻燃剂/AT复合材料的制备及性能研究

以聚丙烯(PP)为基体树脂,聚磷酸铵(APP)和三聚氰胺(MA)为无卤阻燃剂,无机矿物质凹凸棒土(AT)为协同阻燃剂,采用熔融共混的方法制备了PP/无卤阻燃剂/AT复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料的微观形貌进行了研究;通过极限氧指数(LOI)和热重分析(TG)研究了材料的阻燃性和热稳定性;通过对复合材料拉伸强度、冲击强度、弯曲强度以及断裂伸长率等的测试,研究了材料的力学性能。结果表明,无卤阻燃剂APP、MA和AT可在PP体系中均匀分散;阻燃剂的加入使得复合材料的力学性能降低,但AT的加入对又可显著提升其力学性能;阻燃剂与AT的协同作用可使复合材料的热稳定能和阻燃性能明显改善,材料的极限氧指数可达到27.3,提高了约40%。     

PE/木粉/MRP/Nano–MH共混材料的阻燃及热分解动力学研究

目的 研究微胶囊红磷(MRP)和纳米氢氧化镁(Nano–MH)协同阻燃木塑复合材料(WPC)的阻燃效果及阻燃机理。方法 以MRP为主阻燃剂,Nano–MH为协效阻燃剂,低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)和木粉为基础物质,采用二次造粒和注射成型法制备阻燃木塑材料(WPC/MRP/MH)。通过燃烧等级测定、极限氧指数(LOI)测定和热重谱图(TG)分析阻燃剂对复合材料阻燃性的影响,利用Flynne–Walle–Ozawa(FWO)方法研究WPC和WPC/MRP/MH的热分解行为,并采用Criado方法推断WPC/MRP/MH的反应机理。结果 复合材料MRP质量分数为12.5%时阻燃等级达到UL94 V–0级,LOI值高达28.3%;WPC/MRP/MH的t_onset、t_endset和t_p均高于WPC,且在热分解后期FWO方法得到的表观活化能(E_a)逐渐增加,材料热稳定性明显提高;WPC/MRP/MH的反应机理函数为g(α)=[-ln(1-α)]^1/n、f(α)...     

Structural and optical properties of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer absorber

We report on the microstructure and optical properties of Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer films, deposited by electron beam (e-beam) deposition onto corning 1737 glass, silicon (1 1 1) and copper substrates. The structural properties were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The optical properties were extracted from specular reflection/transmission, diffuse reflectance and emissometer measurements. The stratification of the coatings consists of a semi-transparent middle Pt layer sandwiched between two layers of Al_xO_y. The top and bottom Al_xO_y layers were non-stoichiometric with no crystalline phases present. The Pt layer is in the fcc crystalline phase with a broad size distribution and spheroidal shape in and between the rims of Al_xO_y. The surface roughness of the stack was found to be comparable to the inter-particle distance. The optical calculations confirm a high solar absorptance of ∼0.94 and a low thermal emittance of ∼0.06 for the multilayer stack, which is attributed not only to the optimized nature of the multilayer interference stacks, but also to the specific surface morphology and texture of the coatings. These optical characteristics validate the spectral selectivity of the Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer stack for use in high temperature solar-thermal applications.     

Synthesis of a new perovskite Pb(Li14Nb34)O3

A high-pressure technique was adopted to obtain perovskite-type $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$. A new perovskite $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ was characterized to have a cubic symmetry with $\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>o</mtext>}}\text{= 4.069}\text{A}\text{?}$; Li and Nb ions in the B-site of perovskite lattice may be in a random arrangement.     

Bulk crystalline BaPb34Bi14O3: A ceramic superconductor

The preparation conditions of the high T_C ceramic superconductor Ba(Pb,Bi)O₃ is correlated with the superconducting transition. Transition onsets of all materials are similar, but transition widths and transition completeness is strongly dependent on firing temperature. Only materials prepared over a narrow temperature range, resulting in a nearly ideal weight loss, have a complete and narrow transition.     

Optimization of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer spectrally selective coatings for solar-thermal applications

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited onto corning 1737 glass, Si (111) and copper substrates using electron beam (e-beam) vacuum evaporator at room temperature. The employment of ellipsometric measurements and optical simulation was proposed as an effective method to optimize and deposit multilayer solar absorber coatings. The optical constants (n and k) measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, showed that both Al_xO_y layers, which used in the coatings, were dielectric in nature and the Pt layer was semi-transparent. The optimized multilayer coatings exhibited high solar absorptance α ∼ 0.94 ± 0.01 and low thermal emittance ? ∼ 0.06 ± 0.01 at 82 °C. The Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) data of Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were nearly stoichiometry. The scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) result indicated that the average diameter and inter-particles distance of Pt grains were statistically about 146 ± 0.17 nm and 6-10 ± 0.2 nm respectively.     

Electrostriction in Pb (Zn13Nb23)O3

The electrostriction in $\text{Pb (Zn}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>2</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ crystals has been investigated using a strain gauge method. In the ferroelectric phase below 140 C, the strain vs the electric field shows a hysteresis, which is ascribed to the effect of ferroelectric domains. A quadratic relation holds between the strain x and the electric polarization P as x = QP² above about 170 C in the paraelectric phase. Values of the electrostrictive Q coefficients are determined from the measurements near 190 C, as Q₁₁ = 1.6·10^?2m⁴/C², Q₁₂ = ?0.86·10^?2m⁴/C², and Q₄₄ = 0.85·10^?2m⁴/C².     

Magnetic,electrical and thermal studies on the V1−xMox02

The monoclinic-to-tetragonal structure transition of oxides V_1?xMo_x0₂ with $\text{0≤}\text{x}\text{≤0.20}$ has been studied by means of DTA, X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility (powder samples) and electrical conductivity (single crystals) measurements within the temperature region 80 K to 400 K. A linear decrease of the transition temperature of 11 K per atom % Mo was observed. The magnetic susceptibility of the low temperature phase was found to be temperature independent paramagnetic for all preparations. Electrical conductivity measurements on the same phase showed crystals with $\text{x}\text{? 0.04}$ to be semiconducting, while a metallic behavior was observed in the region $\text{0.10 ?}\text{x}\text{? 0.14}$.     

n-PbTep+−Pb1−xSnxTe heterojunctions prepared by a modified hot wall technique

$\text{n-PbTe}\text{p}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{?}\text{Pb}{}_{\mathrm{1?x}}\text{Sn}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{Te}$ heterojunctions with a long wavelength spectral cutoff (λ_c ≈ 6 μm) were prepared using the double-channel hot wall technique. The electrical and photoelectrical properties of the heterojunctions at 77, 197 and 300 K were investigated. Detectors with R_oA equal to 170 Ω cm² and a quantum efficiency of 25–40% were obtained. Reasons for the shift of the long wavelength spectral cutoff of the heterojunctions towards shorter wavelengths are given.     

Reactive plasma deposited SixCyHz films

Si_xC_yH_z films have been prepared at 200°C by reactive plasma deposition from SiH₄ and CH₄ diluted in helium in a tubular reactor. These films have a ratio s (equal to $\text{Si}\text{(}\text{Si+C}\text{))}$ ranging from 0.2 to 0.8, a refractive index ranging from 1.96 to 2.6 and an optical energy band gap in the range 2.7-2.2 eV. The total quantity of hydrogen in the film is 40% when s=0.5. Infrared analysis shows that these films have large fractions of homonuclear bonds and that this material is best described as a polymer. Mass spectrometric measurements of the gaseous products formed in the SiH₄-CH₄-He plasma have been performed and the results are related to the composition of the deposited layers.