Numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator in a spar‐type floating wind turbine considering fault conditions and their effects on global dynamic responses

This paper deals with numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator and its effect on the dynamic responses of a floating spar‐type wind turbine under valve fault conditions. A spar‐type floating wind turbine concept is modeled and simulated using an aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic simulation tool (Simo‐Riflex [SR]). Because the blade pitch system has the highest failure rate, a numerical model of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator with/without valve faults is developed and linked to SR to study the effects of faults on global responses of the spar‐type floating wind turbine for different faults, fault magnitudes, and environmental conditions. The consequence of valve faults in the pitch actuator is that the blade cannot be pitched to the desired angle, so there may be a delay in the response due to excessive friction and the wrong voltage, or slit lock may cause runaway blade pitch. A short circuit may cause the blade to get stuck at a particular pitch angle. These faults contribute to rotor imbalance, which result in different effects on the turbine structure and the platform motions. The proposed method for combining global and hydraulic actuator models is demonstrated in case studies with stochastic wind and wave conditions and different types of valve faults.     

Response analysis and comparison of a spar‐type floating offshore wind turbine and an onshore wind turbine under blade pitch controller faults

This paper analyses the effects of three pitch system faults on two classes of wind turbines, one is an onshore type and the other a floating offshore spar‐type wind turbine. A stuck blade pitch actuator, a fixed value fault and a bias fault in the blade pitch sensor are considered. The effects of these faults are investigated using short‐term extreme response analysis with the HAWC2 simulation tool. The main objectives of the paper are to investigate how the different faults affect the performance of wind turbines and which differences exist in the structural responses between onshore and floating offshore wind turbines. Several load cases are covered in a statistical analysis to show the effects of faults at different wind speeds and fault amplitudes. The severity of individual faults is categorized by the extreme values the faults have on structural loads. A pitch sensor stuck is determined as being the most severe case. Comparison between the effects on floating offshore and onshore wind turbines show that in the onshore case the tower, the yaw bearing and the shaft are subjected to the highest risk, whereas in the offshore case, the shaft is in this position. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wind turbine asymmetrical load reduction with pitch sensor fault compensation

Offshore wind turbines suffer from asymmetrical loading (blades, tower, etc), leading to enhanced structural fatigue. As well as asymmetrical loading different faults (pitch system faults etc.) can occur simultaneously, causing degradation of load mitigation performance. Individual pitch control (IPC) can achieve rotor asymmetric loads mitigation, but this is accompanied by an enhancement of pitch movements leading to the increased possibility of pitch system faults, which exerts negative effects on the IPC performance. The combined effects of asymmetrical blade and tower bending together with pitch sensor faults are considered as a “co‐design” problem to minimize performance deterioration and enhance wind turbine sustainability. The essential concept is to attempt to account for all the “fault effects” in the rotor and tower systems, which can weaken the load reduction performance through IPC. Pitch sensor faults are compensated by the proposed fault‐tolerant control (FTC) strategy to attenuate the fault effects acting in the control system. The work thus constitutes a combination of IPC‐based load mitigation and FTC acting at the pitch system level. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR)‐based IPC strategy for simultaneous blade and tower loading mitigation is proposed in which the robust fault estimation is achieved using an unknown input observer (UIO), considering four different pitch sensor faults. The analysis of the combined UIO‐based FTC scheme with the LQR‐based IPC is shown to verify the robustness and effectiveness of these two systems acting together and separately.     

基于机器学习算法与SCADA系统的风电机组变桨系统变频器的故障预警方法研究

变桨系统是风电机组的关键设备,但由于风电机组长期处于复杂的工作环境,导致变桨系统故障成为风电机组故障中最常见的故障之一,而变桨系统变频器故障在变桨系统故障中的占比很高.基于此,提出了一种变桨系统变频器的故障预警方案,分析SCADA系统数据,将机器学习算法应用于故障预警,并将模型温度残差作为故障预警的指标;然后,针对随机...     

Dynamic response analysis of wind turbines under blade pitch system fault,grid loss,and shutdown events

This study focuses on the dynamic responses of land‐based and floating wind turbines under blade pitch system fault and emergency shutdown conditions. The NREL 5 MW turbine is studied. A hydraulic pitch system is considered, and the faults under study are events with a seized blade or a blade running out of control. Emergency shutdown is defined as a fast pitch‐to‐feather maneuver of the blades. Load cases with power production and grid fault with ensuing shutdown are also analysed for comparison. The fault scenarios and the blades' fast pitching activity are simulated using HAWC2 through external Dynamic Link Libraries. On the basis of the time‐domain simulations, the response characteristics of the land‐based and the floating turbines in the four design load cases are compared. The load effects from the fault conditions are compared with the operational cases. Strong system dynamics and resonant responses, such as the tower elastic mode and the yaw resonant response, are elicited during shutdown. If the pitch system has a fault and one blade is hindered from normal pitching, the uneven load distribution of the blades leads to large structural and motion responses. For both turbines, the response maxima vary cyclically with the instantaneous azimuth when the blades start pitching to feather. For the floating wind turbine, the interaction of waves and wind also affects the results. The effect of the pitch rate during shutdown is analysed. The responses of the land‐based turbine in grid loss and shutdown conditions are proportional to the pitch rate, whereas decreased sensitivity is found in the cases with pitch system faults. For the floating turbine, the effect of the pitch rate is small, and reduced pitch and yaw motion extremes are observed as the pitch rate increases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

切出风速下风力机变桨故障叶片气动特性及准静态结构响应分析

为探究大型水平轴风力机达到切出风速停机后变桨故障叶片的气动特性及准静态结构响应,基于计算流体力学方法对NREL 5 MW风力机变桨故障/成功叶片气动侧状态进行分析,并利用双向弱流固耦合及曲屈分析对典型方位角下变桨故障叶片展开研究。结果显示：切出风速下变桨故障叶片挥舞力矩平均值为变桨成功叶片的13.8倍,且前者的流场尾迹更为明显。此外,180°方位角变桨故障叶片较之0°方位角变桨故障叶片应力及叶尖位移分别减小29.8%和32.7%,一阶屈曲因子增加20.2%。     

Sensor fault detection and isolation in doubly-fed induction generators accounting for parameter variations

A fault detection and isolation (FDI) system for monitoring rotor current sensors in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbine applications is presented. The FDI system is designed so that the effect of parameter variations (resistances and inductances) is minimized. The residual generation is based on the generalized observer scheme (GOS) including parameter estimation. A decision system made of a combination of vector CUSUM (Cumulative sum) algorithms is used to process the residual vector and to achieve detection and isolation of incipient (small magnitude) faults. The approach is validated using signals obtained from a simulated vector-controlled DFIG.     

基于混合算法的燃气轮机多传感器故障诊断

为解决卡尔曼滤波算法难以实现燃气轮机多传感器故障诊断的难题,提出一种基于混合算法的燃气轮机多传感器故障诊断方法。首先,基于平方根容积卡尔曼滤波（SRCKF）算法构建了一组滤波器,每个滤波器对状态的最优估计被定义为故障检测因子用于传感器故障的特征提取;然后,利用基于密度的聚类算法对故障检测因子进行聚类以实现故障传感器的检测和隔离;最后,利用极大似然估计方法（MLE）实现故障传感器故障严重程度的估计。所提出的方法在GT25000三轴燃气轮机模拟机上进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明：所提方法有效,多传感器故障诊断的准确率高于95%。     

基于量子进化在线序贯极限学习机的变桨系统故障检测

针对复杂工况下风电机组变桨系统故障检测问题,采用在线序贯极限学习机建立变桨系统状态监测模型,利用ReliefF算法进行模型的特征选择,通过量子进化算法优化在线序贯极限学习机的超参数集,并引入马氏距离函数计算变桨系统状态监测模型的残差,判断风电机组变桨系统的异常。以辽宁某风电场1.5 MW双馈风电机组变桨系统为例,将所提出的模型分别与粒子群优化极限学习机、粒子群优化支持向量机、随机权神经网络、极限学习机和反向传播神经网络模型进行对比,结果表明所提出的模型精度优于其他模型,所提方法的故障检测正确率高于3σ阈值法和核主成分分析方法。     

Wind turbine extreme gust control

This paper focuses on the problem of extreme wind gust and direction change recognition (EG&DR) and control (EEC). An extreme wind gust with direction change can lead to large loads on the turbine (causing fatigue) and unnecessary turbine shutdowns by the supervisory system caused by rotor overspeed. The proposed EG&DR algorithm is based on a non‐linear observer (extended Kalman filter) that estimates the oblique wind inflow angle and the blade effective wind speed signals, which are then used by a detection algorithm (cumulative sum test) to recognize extreme events. The non‐linear observer requires that blade root bending moments measurements (in‐plane and out‐of‐plane) are available. Once an extreme event is detected, an EEC algorithm is activated that: (i) tries to prevent the rotor speed from exceeding the overspeed limit by fast collective blade pitching; and (ii) reduces 1p blade loads by means of individual pitch control algorithm, designed in an ?_∞ optimal control setting. The method is demonstrated on a complex non‐linear test turbine model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Load response of a two-rotor floating wind turbine undergoing blade-pitch system faults

Multi-rotor floating wind turbines are among the innovative technologies proposed in the last decade in the effort to reduce the cost of wind energy. These systems are able to offer advantages in terms of smaller blades deployed offshore, cheaper operations, fewer installations, and sharing of the floating platform. As the blade-pitch actuation system is prone to failures, the assessment of the associated load scenarios is commonly required. Load assessment of blade-pitch fault scenarios has only been performed for single-rotor solutions. In this work, we address the effect of blade-pitch system faults and emergency shutdown on the dynamics and loads of a two-rotor floating wind turbine. The concept considered employs two NREL 5-MW baseline wind turbines and the OO-Star semi-submersible platform. The blade-pitch faults investigated are blade blockage and runaway, that is, the seizure at a given pitch angle and the uncontrolled actuation of one of the blades, respectively. Blade-pitch faults lead to a significant increase in the structural loads of the system, especially for runaway fault conditions. Emergency shutdown significantly excites the platform pitch motion, the tower-bottom bending moment, and tower torsional loads, while suppressing the faulty blade flapwise bending moment after a short peak. Shutdown delay between rotors increases significantly the maxima of the torsional loads acting on the tower. Comparison of blade loads with data from single-rotor spar-type study show great similarity, highlighting that the faulty blade loads are not affected by (1) the type of platform used and (2) the multi-rotor deployment.     

Fault detection of wind energy conversion systems using recurrent neural networks

Structure of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) must be robust against faults. In order to accurately study WECSs during occurrence of faults and to explore the impact of faults on each component of the WECSs, a detailed model is required in which both mechanical and electrical parts of the WECSs are properly involved. In addition, a fault detection system (FDS) is required to diagnose the occurred faults at the appropriate time in order to ensure a safe system operation, avoid heavy economic losses, prevent damage to adjacent relevant systems and facilitate timely repair of failed components. This can be performed by subsequent actions through fast and accurate detection of faults. In this paper, by utilising a comprehensive dynamic model of the WECS, an FDS is presented using dynamic recurrent neural networks. In industrial processes, dynamic neural networks are known as a good mathematical tool for fault detection. The proposed FDS detects faults of the generator's angular velocity sensor, pitch angle sensors and pitch actuators. The presented FDS has high capability of fault detection in short time and it has much low false alarms rate. Simulation results verify validity and usefulness of the proposed fault detection scheme.     

Fault ride-through capability of DFIG wind turbines

This paper concentrates on the fault ride-through capability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. The main attention in the paper is, therefore, drawn to the control of the DFIG wind turbine and of its power converter and to the ability to protect itself without disconnection during grid faults. The paper provides also an overview on the interaction between variable-speed DFIG wind turbines and the power system subjected to disturbances, such as short circuit faults. The dynamic model of DFIG wind turbine includes models for both mechanical components as well as for all electrical components, controllers and for the protection device of DFIG necessary during grid faults. The viewpoint of the paper is to carry out different simulations to provide insight and understanding of the grid fault impact on both DFIG wind turbines and on the power system itself. The dynamic behaviour of DFIG wind turbines during grid faults is simulated and assessed by using a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The data for the wind turbines are not linked to a specific manufacturer, but are representative for the turbine and generator type used in variable-speed DFIG wind turbines with pitch control.     

风力机变桨故障叶片载荷特征及仿生分形与原始结构对比研究

为探究切出风速下风力机变桨故障叶片的载荷及动力学特征,利用FAST软件进行数值计算,发现载荷及叶尖位移分别为变桨成功叶片的13.6和14.2倍,可知变桨故障叶片极可能发生结构失效断裂事故。为改善结构力学性能,提出结合仿生方法及分形理论的新构型叶片,并通过有限元分析与原始叶片进行对比,其中载荷边界条件来自以数据库方式存储FAST计算结果的叶片17段载荷数据。结果表明：仿生分形叶片重量及叶尖位移分别比原始叶片减少23.4%和19.7%;同时,结构屈曲分析显示,仿生分形叶片一阶屈曲因子为1.858,比原始叶片提高33.6%,极大增加了叶片结构安全性。     

基于惯性网络的兆瓦级风电叶片形变测量算法研究

针对目前风电叶片形变过程中挠曲度测量误差较大的问题,提出一种基于惯性网络的相对运动监测算法。首先根据应力分析对叶片建立主从式惯性网络,然后推导出主子节点间的相对运动解算方法并建立相对导航误差模型,设计相对导航误差估计滤波器,通过误差反馈保证子节点的位姿解算精度;其次构建联邦式的相对惯性导航误差估计滤波器进行主子节点的数据融合,提高风电叶片的形变估计精度及系统整体的容错性;最后对某型风电叶片进行静力加载试验,试验结果表明：该算法可准确测量出叶片上各节点在三维空间的位移曲线,3个子节点在挥舞方向的平均相对误差仅为0.92%、1.18%、1.07%。该算法可实时监测风电叶片的位姿状态,在叶片检测及风力机日常运行的安全监测上具有较好的理论研究意义与工程应用价值。     

A new method for spatial allocation of turbines in a wind farm based on lightning protection efficiency

Existing studies of the spatial allocation of wind farms are typically based on turbine power generation efficiency and rarely consider the damage caused by lightning strikes. However, lightning damage seriously affects the economic performance of wind farms because of the high cost of repairing or replacing damaged blades. This paper proposes a method for the spatial optimization of multiple turbines based on lightning protection dependability. Firstly, the lightning protection efficiency of turbine blade protection systems is analyzed by combining the physical mechanisms of lightning leader progression with a conventional electro‐geometric model to develop an electro‐geometric model of turbine blades (EGMTB). Then, the optimized spatial allocation of multiple turbines in a wind farm is investigated using the EGMTB. The results are illustrated from an example wind farm with 1.5 MW turbines, which shows that the optimal spacing between two turbines perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction L_⊥ is 4R‐6R, where R is the length of a turbine blade. This spacing is shown to effectively shield turbine blades from lightning damage over a wide range of lightning currents (>26‐60 kA). Note that, the suggested L_⊥ will be smaller considering the influence of lightning polarity as it takes more difficulty developing upward leader (UL) in the condition of positive lightning striking. Experiments verify the effectiveness and correctness of this method.     

基于深度卷积自编码器的风电机组故障预警方法研究

通过风电机组状态监测进行故障预警,可防止故障进一步发展,降低风场运维成本。为充分挖掘风电机组监控与数据采集（SCADA）各状态参数时序信息,以及不同参数之间的非线性关系,该文将深度学习中自动编码器（AE）与卷积神经网络（CNN）相结合,提出基于深度卷积自编码（DCAE）的风电机组状态监测故障预警方法。首先基于历史SCADA数据离线建立基于DCAE的机组正常运行状态模型,然后分析重构误差确定告警阈值,使用EMWA控制图对实时对机组状态监测并进行故障预警。以北方某风电场2 MW双馈型风电机组叶片故障为实例进行实验分析,结果表明该文提出DCAE状态监测故障预警方法,可有效对机组故障提前预警,且优于现有基于深度学习的风电机组故障预警方法,可显著提升重构精度、减少模型参数和训练时间。     

Design of a wind turbine pitch angle controller for power system stabilisation

The design of a PID pitch angle controller for a fixed speed active-stall wind turbine, using the root locus method is described in this paper. The purpose of this controller is to enable an active-stall wind turbine to perform power system stabilisation. For the purpose of controller design, the transfer function of the wind turbine is derived from the wind turbine's step response. The performance of this controller is tested by simulation, where the wind turbine model with its pitch angle controller is connected to a power system model. The power system model employed here is a realistic model of the North European power system. A short circuit fault on a busbar close to the wind turbine generator is simulated, and the dynamic responses of the system with and without the power system stabilisation of the wind turbines are presented. Simulations show that in most operating points the pitch controller can effectively contribute to power system stabilisation.     

Comparison of the near‐wake between actuator‐line simulations and a simplified vortex model of a horizontal‐axis wind turbine

The flow around an isolated horizontal‐axis wind turbine is estimated by means of a new vortex code based on the Biot–Savart law with constant circulation along the blades. The results have been compared with numerical simulations where the wind turbine blades are replaced with actuator lines. Two different wind turbines have been simulated: one with constant circulation along the blades, to replicate the vortex method approximations, and the other with a realistic circulation distribution, to compare the outcomes of the vortex model with real operative wind‐turbine conditions (Tjæreborg wind turbine). The vortex model matched the numerical simulation of the turbine with constant blade circulation in terms of the near‐wake structure and local forces along the blade. The results from the Tjæreborg turbine case showed some discrepancies between the two approaches, but overall, the agreement is qualitatively good, validating the analytical method for more general conditions. The present results show that a simple vortex code is able to provide an estimation of the flow around the wind turbine similar to the actuator‐line approach but with a negligible computational effort. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.