Layered space–time block code for hybrid satellite–terrestrial broadcasting systems

Multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) is a topic of high interest for the next generation of broadcasting systems. Even if they have begun to be proposed for the second generation of terrestrial digital TV, there are still gaps in the deployment of MIMO schemes in single‐frequency networks. This deployment becomes more critical when a hybrid satellite–terrestrial transmission is adopted because of the different aspects of the respective transmission links. In this paper, we propose to apply a layered space–time block code (LSTBC) for MIMO schemes in this hybrid transmission for next‐generation handheld (NGH) systems. The contribution of this paper is multi‐fold. First, we detail the land mobile satellite channel specifications describing the satellite link. Then, we propose to apply a MIMO scheme between the antennas of the satellite site and the terrestrial site. Then, we introduce the LSTBC scheme for NGH broadcasting systems. The proposed code is based on a layered construction designed to be efficient in shadowing regions. This efficiency is verified in a line‐of‐sight situation but also in low, moderate and deep shadow situations. The LSTBC scheme is then a very promising candidate for NGH systems with MIMO transmission. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance evaluation of a joint CDMA/NC-PRMA protocol forwireless multimedia communications

A joint code division multiple access and noncollision packet reservation multiple access (CDMA/NC-PRMA) technique is proposed and investigated as an uplink protocol for the third-generation (3G) mobile systems. Being the underlying time division multiple access (TDMA) architecture of the CDMA transmissions, NC-PRMA enables the base station (BS) to have a centralized control over the slot allocation policy. In order to reduce the multiple access interference (MAI) variation in a CDMA transmission, two different slot assignment schemes, referred to as load-balancing (LB) and power-grouping (PG) schemes, are proposed and evaluated. Simulation results show that considerable improvement can be achieved over the joint CDMA/PRMA scheme, in which the MAI variation is reduced by way of a dynamic permission probability for contending terminals. Especially when an imperfect power control mechanism is considered, the proposed PG assignment scheme achieves significant performance advantages     

Idle-signal casting multiple access with data slot reservation(ICMA-DR) for packet radio communications

A population of terminals communicating with a central station over a packet-switched multiple access radio channel is investigated with regard to multiple access control schemes. The authors describe the ICMA-DR, which is an advanced idle-signal casting multiple access (ICMA) scheme characterized by data slot reservation. This improved central controlled multiple-access scheme for packet transmission in terrestrial radio communications is evaluated in terms of throughput traffic, throughput delay characteristics, and handling capacity. It is shown that the throughput characteristics of ICMA-DR are superior than those of ICMA or slotted ALOHA when a packet for data slot reservation is relatively short in comparison to that for upward data. Thus, it is shown that ICMA-DR is suitable for the packet radio multiple-access scheme, especially in the case where fading packet error occurs frequently and ordered traffic is heavy. The ICMA-DR scheme has been utilized for the access control channel of NTT's new 800-MHz-band high-capacity land mobile communication system since the Spring of 1988     

Experimental detection of mobile satellite transmissions with cyclostationary features

One of the important functions of cognitive radio (CR) technology is spectrum sensing. The implementation of an efficient spectrum sensing function can be quite challenging because of various factors such as multi‐path fading, low signal‐to‐noise ratio of the radio communication services to be detected and the requirement to detect and analyze the signal in a short time. As a consequence, it is important to quantitatively assess the performance of spectrum sensing techniques in various scenarios. This paper investigates different digital signal processing techniques for spectrum sensing in the context of mobile satellite transmissions: power sensing, cyclostationary sensing, efficient cyclostationary sensing based on FFT accumulation method and strip spectral correlation algorithm. This paper presents experimental results on the cyclostationary properties of GSM Thuraya mobile satellite communications in various conditions both for the uplink and downlink channels. The receiver operating characteristics are computed, and the results are presented for different algorithms and different positions of the satellite terminals. The experimental results show that the cyclostationary‐feature‐based detection can be robust compared to energy‐based technique for low signal‐to‐noise ratio levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A channel state‐driven ACM algorithm for mobile satellite communications

The last decade has been characterized by an increasing demand of higher throughput and more reliable communication links for supporting multimedia applications. To this aim, the focus has been toward both broadband and broadcast solutions providing multimedia services to mobile users. In order to exploit such advanced services, ubiquitous and efficient mobile connections are required: satellite communications (SatCom), able to cover low density populated areas and to fill terrestrial coverage gaps, are a viable solution, as long as capacity is properly optimized. Waveform adaptation can be considered as one of the reference approaches for increasing the throughput and the reliability in wireless communication links. However, the large round trip time and user mobility in SatCom scenarios represent a serious challenge that limits the effectiveness of transmission parameters adaptation. In this paper, we focus on a novel state‐driven adaptive coding and modulation approach aiming to predict the most suitable modulation and coding scheme for each communication state, based on channel state estimation and a Markov propagation model. The paper introduces the concept of state estimation decision reliability and transmission reliability. Different from other approaches, the state‐driven algorithm allows to increase the system reliability by lowering the outage probability in the selected scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been validated by resorting to numerical results after a careful parameter optimization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

移动卫星通信系统的经济性能比较分析

本文介绍了一种基于系统容量和成本的经济分析方法,对几种移动卫星通信系统进行了比较分析,同时还与陆地蜂窝系统进行了比较     

Spectrum allocation method for cognitive satellite network based on service priorities

By using spectrum allocation technology of cognitive radio into integrated satellite and terrestrial networks,the satellite communication network can share spectrum with the terrestrial network and improve utilization efficiency of frequency spectrum in the satellite communication system.Firstly,a spectrum resource sharing model in integrated satellite and terrestrial networks was introduced,and the scenery that cognitive satellite downlinks use the vacant spectrum of terrestrial network was analyzed.Then,the interference and signal model was analyzed.Finally,considering different priority types of satellite terrestrial terminals,a spectrum allocation scheme based on priority was proposed,which could ensure the total throughput in satellite downlink communication and increase the throughput of high-priority terrestrial terminals.     

Interaction of TCP and data access control in an integrated voice/data CDMA system

This paper considers the interaction between a proposed data access control scheme and the standardized error recovery schemes on the radio link of a voice/data CDMA system. A data access control scheme for combined voice-data CDMA systems has been proposed and studied in previous literature. The scheme aims to maintain a certain target voice signal to interference ratio (SIR); this is achieved by controlling the data load according to the measured voice SIR. The data users are allowed to transmit in a radio-link time slot with a certain permission probability, which is determined by the base station based on the measured voice SIR in the previous slot. As per the IS-99 standards, however, data transmission operates under the framework of TCP, which is a higher level end-to-end protocol. The TCP data unit, called a segment, is typically equivalent to several tens of physical layer frames; hence, a segment transmission takes up several tens of slots. Due to changes in the number of voice users in talkspurt (which occur on a time scale shorter than a segment transmission time), the slot level data access control scheme can introduce significant variability in the segment transmission time. The effect of such variability on the TCP timers, which operate at the segment level, is of interest. In this paper, an approximate upper bound on the data throughput, taking the presence of TCP into account, is computed. The results provide one with an insight into the interaction of the access control scheme with TCP; they also give practical pointers as to choosing suitable parameters and operating points for the scheme. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAP-DPIM可见光混合调制方案

针对可见光通信系统传输性能问题,文章提出了一种无载波幅度相位(CAP)调制与数字脉冲间隔调制(DPIM)结合的混合调制方案。该方案分别利用两者频谱效率和功率效率较高的特点,发送端在脉冲间隔调制的脉冲时隙加载直流偏置光CAP(DCO-CAP)信号,实现混合调制信号的并行生成,接收端通过门限检测和最大似然检测完成混合调制信号的串行解调。推导了室内可见光高斯信道下混合调制方案的误码率(BER)及误帧率(FER)解析表达式。此外,从频谱效率和FER两方面对比分析了该混合调制方案与传统DPIM及DCO-CAP方案的性能优劣。数值仿真结果表明:当频谱效率相同时,混合调制方案较单一调制有更高的可靠性。     

卫星物联网混合随机接入技术

在卫星物联网(IoT)场景中,随着终端数量不断增加,频谱资源日益紧张。传统的随机接入技术频谱利用率较低,使得传统随机接入协议不适用于未来卫星IoT的高并发业务需求。同时,卫星通信链路长,开放性强,难以保证特种终端信号的安全性。对此,本文提出一种适用于卫星IoT的混合随机接入方案。该方案引入重叠传输的容量提升与安全性优势,利用扩频码对瞬时功率谱密度的控制能力,构造功率域非正交接入条件,并通过接收端的迭代分离实现稳健接收。对本文所提方案的吞吐量性能进行闭式解推导分析与计算机仿真,结果表明,与传统的随机接入协议相比,所提方案可提高系统吞吐量。同时,相较于常用信号隐藏方法,所提方法利用常规接入数据包的功率优势,强化了波形隐藏效果,提升了特种信息接入的安全性。     

卫星移动通信系统的频率同步技术

卫星移动通信系统是利用卫星作为中继,实现区域乃至全球范围的移动通信的系统.在系统通信过程中,一个很重要的方面是无线链路的频率同步.本文首先介绍了卫星移动通信系统及其频率偏差的原因,接着讨论了地面终端所采用的频率同步技术,同时还讨论了特殊的机载终端所采用的频率同步技术,最后总结了卫星移动通信系统的频率同步机制.     

Terrestrial/land mobile satellite considerations, NASA plans and critical issues

The land mobile market is reviewed briefly, and services that might be provided by hybrid terrestrial/land mobile satellite systems (T/LMSS) are discussed. In view of the expected urban/ suburban patterns of planned terrestrial systems it is suggested that a satellite may prove a cost-effective complement to terrestrial systems for serving thinly populated or large geographical areas. A basic land mobile satellite system (LMSS) is described, example applications are provided, and the status and rationale for LMSS frequencies in the 806-890 MHz band are given. Next, examples are given of NASA supported land mobile satellite experiments, and a preliminary T/LMSS work plan, part of an overall narrowband (NB) program, is presented for structuring future work. The initiation of the T/LMSS plan depends on pending management/budget decisions. In conclusion a listing of issues and potential problem areas are given, the solutions of which NASA believes are critical to the success of the proposed T/LMSS effort.     

Admission control in T/CDMA systems supporting voice and dataapplications

This paper analyses the behavior of two hybrid time-code division multiple-access (T/CDMA) architectures on the up-link of a macrocellular mobile radio system. For the examined schemes two categories of users-voice and data-share the domain of available resources, made up of time slots and codewords, through two alternative assignment strategies. Both solutions attribute voice users one single resource pair, i.e., one time slot and a single code to employ on that time slot, but differ in the way data users requests are accommodated: they are either simultaneously granted several codes over the same time slot or are assigned a single code over several distinct time slots. Call admission control is performed by a channel assignment algorithm which dynamically attributes resources only if specified levels of transmission quality are met on the radio channels. The blocking and the outage probability of the two classes of users are determined and compared, showing that one of the proposed schemes exhibits better performance and allows to satisfyingly serve a significant percentage of data users     

ATM‐based multimedia communication via NGSO‐satellites

Future broadband satellite networks for multimedia will be seamlessly integrated into terrestrial broadband networks which often use asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and recently also the less complex multi protocol label switching (MPLS) technique as transmission and switching protocol. In light of this, future broadband satellite networks may adopt the ATM transmission scheme and implement ATM or ATM‐like switches on board the satellites. However, as compared to communication in fixed networks, satellite communication is characterized by special constraints (e.g. signal delay, channel quality, dynamic network topology) that require novel ATM‐based communication technology for satellite systems. This paper presents results from the ATM‐Sat project that aims to complete this technically challenging and important R&D task in the cooperation between DLR, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft and Tesat‐Spacecom. In brief the following aspects have been addressed in the ATM‐Sat project:

• development of the concept and communication technology for a multimedia satellite system with,
  • non‐geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellites;
  • inter satellite links (ISLs);
  • on‐board ATM switching;
  • fixed and mobile terminals;
• verification of the developed communication technology with a demonstrator.

In particular the ATM‐Sat R&D tasks cover the system and protocol architecture, on‐board processing, ISL routing, up/downlink and on board ATM resource management (including medium access control), error control, IP over satellite‐ATM, and active intelligent antennas. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance modeling of level switching in multitier mobile communication systems

The multitier environment of mobile communication systems is an integration of different mobile systems such as cellular, cordless, and satellite systems for mobile users to communicate with anyone, anywhere, and anytime. An effective and efficient scheme is needed for mobile terminals to dynamically select the most appropriate tier of mobile system for optimizing communication cost and performance. This paper presents a model for studying the effect of level switching in a multitier environment and for the performance evaluation of level switching schemes. This model is based on the continuous-time stochastic process, which is parameterized by a set of state-transition rates and costs derived from the characteristics of the mobile systems and terminals. Several level switching schemes based on different triggering events are proposed and the performance is analyzed using the proposed model. Level switching is found to be an effective way to reduce communication costs. The performance gain increases with the frequency of the switching activities and the level switching costs are insignificant in most cases. By using the model, the most cost-effective switching scheme can be selected to match the characteristics of individual mobile users and mobile systems for optimizing overall system performance.     

Slanted Frame Arrangement on Multiple Frequency Carriers in TDD Based PRMA

Efficient utilization of radio resource is one of the most important issues in wireless systems. In existing TDD based PRMA protocol and its variations, a mobile terminal is assigned on one of the frequency carriers after completing a registration procedure. Since mobile terminals enter and leave the system in an unpredictable fashion, some of the frequency carriers may become heavily loaded while other frequency carriers are underutilized. The frequency carriers can be utilized more efficiently by allowing the mobile terminals to switch among the frequency carriers. To enable the mobile terminals to switch among the frequency carriers efficiently, this paper proposes to arrange the frame boundaries on the frequency carriers in a slanted fashion. A scheme is proposed to enable a mobile terminal to switch among different frequency carriers such that shorter time is required to obtain a slot at the beginning of a talk spurt or a burst of data. Simulations are performed to compare the performance of the proposed scheme with a scheme that does not allow mobile terminals to switch among frequency carriers. Our simulation results show that the proposed slanted frame arrangement scheme yields significantly lower mean request waiting time and packet dropping ratio.     

基于G.704数字接口转换器的设计

卫星通信地面站的有线信号远端传输,无论同轴电缆还是光纤方式,通常使用E系列标准接口。基于G.704的数字接口转换器可实现基带同步串行数据信号与E1接口信号的互相转换。在简要介绍硬件设计和软件设计基础上,详细阐述了串行接口速率自适应、E1帧时隙选择、收发时钟的产生和先进先出存储器的设计思路,给出了性能测试结果。     

Routing strategies for maximizing throughput in LEO satellite networks

This paper develops routing and scheduling algorithms for packet transmission in a low Earth orbit satellite network with a limited number of transmitters and buffer space. We consider a packet switching satellite network, where time is slotted and the transmission time of each packet is fixed and equal to one time slot. Packets arrive at each satellite independently with a some probability during each time slot; their destination satellite is uniformly distributed. With a limited number of transmitters and buffer space on-board each satellite, contention for transmission inevitably occurs as multiple packets arrive at a satellite. First, we establish the stability region of the system in terms of the maximum admissible packet arrival rate that can possibly be supported. We then consider three transmission scheduling schemes for resolving these contentions: random packet win, where the winning packet is chosen at random; oldest packet win, where the packet that has traveled the longest distance wins the contention; and shortest hops win (SHW), where the packet closest to its destination wins the contention. We evaluate the performance of each of the schemes in terms of throughput. For a system without a buffer, the SHW scheme attains the highest throughput. However, when even limited buffer space is available, all three schemes achieve about the same throughput performance. Moreover, even with a buffer size of just a few packets the achieved throughput is close to that of the infinite buffer case.     

Multicode multirate compact assignment of OVSF codes for QoS differentiated terminals

Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are used in both universal terrestrial radio access-frequency division duplex (UTRA-FDD) and time division duplex (UTRA-TDD) of the third-generation (3G) mobile communication systems. They can support multirate transmissions for mobile terminals with multicode transmission capabilities. In this paper, a new OVSF code assignment scheme, namely "multicode multirate compact assignment" (MMCA), is proposed and analyzed. The design of MMCA is based on the concept of "compact index" and takes into consideration mobile terminals with different multicode transmission capabilities and different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Priority differentiation between multirate realtime traffic and best-effort data traffic is also supported in MMCA. Analytical and simulation results show that MMCA is efficient and fair.     

PERFORMANCE OF COMBINED FREE/DEMAND ASSIGNMENT MULTIPLE-ACCESS SCHEMES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

By combining free assignment with demand assignment, the combined free/demand assignment multiple-access (CFDAMA) protocol offers a much shorter delay at low and medium traffic loads while maintaining the high channel utility of the demand-assignment multiple-access (DAMA) technique. In these schemes, reservation can be made using pre-assigned (PA) or random-access (RA) request slots, or piggy-backing (PB) the request on a data packet. This paper presents a performance analysis of CFDAMA schemes in packet satellite communications. Illustrative examples are given. They show a good agreement between analytical and simulation results. For low and medium sizes of terminal population, the CFDAMA-PA scheme has an excellent delay-throughput performance. As the terminal population increases, its performance is gradually degraded due to the long waiting time for a request. For a very large number of terminals, the CFDAMA-RA becomes more effective than CFDAMA-PA. This indicates that a CFDAMA scheme using a hybrid PB/RA requesting protocol can provide the best performance for a wide range of terminal population sizes.