H型气体水合物结构稳定性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法首次对H型气体水合物的晶体结构及稳定性进行了研究,得到H型气体水合物中各分子（原子）作用点之间的径向分布函数．在此基础上,通过计算水合物晶格上水分子的平动均方置换、取向均方置换以及取向自关联函数,考察了温度和客体分子对H型气体水合物结构稳定性的影响．结果表明：在水合物生成条件下,水合物晶体结构的稳定性依赖于晶体胞腔空穴中的客体分子;而对温度的变化则不太敏感．     

笼形水合物及水合物技术现状及展望

简要介绍了笼形水合物概念及水合物研究史。阐述了水合物的3种晶体结构以及客体分子对晶体结构的影响，讨论了密度、热导率等物性，评述了水合物生成条件和生成机理方面的研究成果。着重介绍了水合物技术在水溶液浓缩和海水淡化、气体混合物分离、气体储运、近临界和超临界萃取、生物蛋白酶提取等主要领域中的应用状况。     

水合物形态学研究进展

水合物技术在气体分离、气体储存、海水淡化、蓄冷等领域有巨大的应用潜力。研究水合物的生长方式和形态特征在提高水合物储气量、降低水合物开采风险和防止水合物管道堵塞等方面有重要意义。本文从分子尺度的水合物晶格结构、毫米尺度的水合物晶体形态学和厘米尺度的水合物宏观生长形态学三个方面系统回顾了水合物形态学研究进展：总结了不同客体分子生成的不同类型水合物的不同晶格结构;从笼型水合物和半笼型水合物两个方面,阐述了过冷度、液相组成对水合物晶体形态学的影响;从金属表面传热、相界面传质、晶核加入以及促进剂的使用四个方面,介绍了水合物生长形态学的生长方式及其机理。本文总结了形态学研究对水合物技术工业化应用的积极作用并为水合物形态学研究的进一步发展提供参考。     

气体水合物储运天然气技术与发展

气体水合物是一类笼形结构的冰状晶体,在标准状况下1m^3的气体水合物可储存150－200m^3的天然气,本文介绍了利用水合物储运天然气的可行性以及国外相关技术的发展趋势。     

天然气水合物成因分析及防治措施

天然气水合物是水与轻烃、CO_2及H_2S等小分子气体形成的非化学计量型笼形晶体化合物或称笼型水合物。水合物在管道中形成,会造成堵塞管道、减少天然气的输量、增大管线的压差、损坏管件等危害,导致严重管道事故。介绍了天然气水合物的形成条件及危害,结合天然气外输海底管道的运行状况变化,分析了天然气水合物形成的原因及天然气水合物堵塞海底管道后的治理措施。     

H型气体水合物导热系数的分子动力学模拟

气体水合物^[1]是由水和小分子气体形成的非水学计量型笼型晶体。到目前为止,已经发现的气体水合物结构有3种,即Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和H型,水合物的导热系数是一个很重要的物性参数,人们已对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型水合物的导热系数进行了较多的实验和理论研究,包括分子模拟研究^[2],由于H型水合物发现较晚,其导热系数无论是实验值还是理论值均未见文献报道,因此本文对H型水合物的导热系数进行了分子动力学模拟。为了给H型气体水合物导热系数的模拟计算提供可靠的热能模型和模拟算法,本文首先对冰体系和空水合物的导热系数进行了分子动力学模拟。     

水合物生成原因分析及预防措施

在试油（气）生产过程中天然气、水在一定的温度、压力条件下,会生成冷凝水、冰塞、水合物。水合物是一种笼形晶格包络物,是轻的碳氢化合物,和水所形成的疏松结晶化合物,是一种天然气中的小分子与水分子形成的类冰状固态化合物,在一定温度、压力、气源条件等特殊条件下,由天然气中某些气体组分和液态水形成的白色结晶固体,极易产生堵塞,造成井内结蜡等现象的产生。本文针对水合物在井内产生的现象,结合彩201井现场施工出现的具体事例,探讨水合物的解决办法及预防措施。     

多孔介质中天然气水合物生成影响因素研究进展

天然气水合物是天然气分子和水分子在低温高压条件下形成的非化学计量的笼型晶体。作为一种潜在性能源的同时,其在工业上也有广泛的应用前景。自然条件下的水合物主要存在于永冻区和海底沉积物的空隙中,实验模拟自然条件下水合物的生成,对于研究水合物的成矿机理、勘探开采以及工业应用都具有实际意义,因此许多学者在多孔介质中进行了水合物的生成实验。本文通过整理前人的研究成果,总结了多孔介质环境下介质粒径、表面特性以及添加剂(盐分和表面活性剂)的协同作用对于水合物生成速率和相平衡的影响,并归纳了不同反应条件下水合物在多孔介质中的生成位置分布情况以及几种热力学理论模型;最后提出,介质表面特性、不同种类多孔介质与盐离子的混合体系对水合物生成的影响以及多孔介质中不同的反应条件对水合物的生成位置的影响均值得进一步探讨和明确。此外,裂隙环境中不同的裂隙宽度及壁面粗糙度条件下水合物的生成情况也需要进行深入研究。     

SDS对甲烷水合物生成动力学和微观结构的影响

表面活性剂是促进水合物生成的有效手段之一。在高压反应釜中研究了十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）对水合物生成过程的动力学影响,利用XRD和拉曼光谱探究了SDS存在条件下水合物的微观结构。宏观结果表明SDS缩短了诱导时间,加快了水合物生长速率。微观结果表明SDS没有影响sI型水合物的晶型结构,晶面间距与理想sI型水合物及纯水甲烷对比误差在千分之几。水合物中甲烷在大笼小笼中的拉曼位移分别为2904和2915 cm^-1,SDS没有改变大笼小笼结构。大笼绝对占有率（q_L）接近饱和时,SDS可以进一步提高小笼绝对占有率（q_S）,从微观角度证明了SDS可以减少水合数,提高储气率。     

SDS对甲烷水合物生成动力学和微观结构的影响

表面活性剂是促进水合物生成的有效手段之一。在高压反应釜中研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对水合物生成过程的动力学影响,利用XRD和拉曼光谱探究了SDS存在条件下水合物的微观结构。宏观结果表明SDS缩短了诱导时间,加快了水合物生长速率。微观结果表明SDS没有影响s I型水合物的晶型结构,晶面间距与理想s I型水合物及纯水甲烷对比误差在千分之几。水合物中甲烷在大笼小笼中的拉曼位移分别为2904和2915 cm-1,SDS没有改变大笼小笼结构。大笼绝对占有率(?L)接近饱和时,SDS可以进一步提高小笼绝对占有率(?S),从微观角度证明了SDS可以减少水合数,提高储气率。     

甲烷水合物在纯水中的生成动力学

The kinetic behavior of methane hydrate formation in pure water was investigated.12 sets of experimental data on methane hydrate formation were determined at temperatures ranging from 273.65 to 276.15K and pressures ranging from 4.47 to 8.47MPa.The duration of three stages in methane hydrate formation,known as the dissolution,nucleation and growth periods,that are lacking in open literature,was obtained.The effect of pressure and temperature on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation was also studied.     

0℃以下含SDS的甲烷水合物生成方式及过程对其分解速率的影响

The dissociation rates of methane hydrates formed with and without the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate(methane-SDS hydrates),were measured under atmospheric pressure and temperatures below ice point to investigate the influence of the hydrate production conditions and manners upon its dissociation kinetic behavior.The experimental results demonstrated that the dissociation rate of methane hydrate below ice point is strongly dependent on the manners of hydrate formation and processing.The dissociation rate of hydrate formed quiescently was lower than that of hydrate formed with stirring;the dissociation rate of hydrate formed at lower pressure was higher than that of hydrate formed at higher pressure;the compaction of hydrate after its formation lowered its stability,i.e.,increased its dissociation rate.The stability of hydrate could be increased by prolonging the time period for which hydrate was held at formation temperature and pressure before it was cooled down,or by prolonging the time period for which hydrate was held at dissociation temperature and formation pressure before it was depressurized to atmospheric pressure.It was found that the dissociation rate of methane hydrate varied with the temperature(ranging from 245.2 to 272.2 K) anomalously as reported on the dissociation of methane hydrate without the presence of surfactant as kinetic promoter.The dissociation rate at 268 K was found to be the lowest when the manners and conditions at which hydrates were formed and processed were fixed.     

Kinetics of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate formation

Experimental data on the kinetics of carbon dioxide hydrate formation and its solubility in distilled water are reported. The experiments were carried out in a semi-batch stirred tank reactor at nominal temperatures of 274, 276 and 278 K and at pressure ranging from 1.59 to 2.79 MPa for the kinetics experiments and at pressure ranging from 0.89 to 2.09 MPa for the solubility experiments. A minor inconsistency in the kinetic model developed by Englezos et al. (1987a) was removed and the model was modified to determine the intrinsic kinetic rate constant for carbon dioxide hydrate formation. The same model was also used to re-determine the intrinsic kinetic rate constant for methane hydrate formation. The model is based on the crystallization theory coupled with the two-film theory for gas absorption in the liquid phase. The Henry's constant (H) and apparent dissolution rate constant (K_La) required in the model were determined using the experimental solubility data. The kinetic model describes the experimental data very well. The kinetic rate constant obtained for the carbon dioxide hydrate formation was found to be higher than that for methane.     

甲烷+氨水体系水合物生成条件实验测定及计算

甲烷在氨水体系中生成水合物的实验数据对于开发水合法回收合成氨驰放气工艺以及操作条件的确定具有重要意义。本文测定了氨摩尔分数为1.018、3.171、5.278氨水溶液中甲烷气体水合物的生成条件。结果表明：氨的加入对甲烷水合物的生成起着明显抑制作用,而且随着氨浓度的增加,生成压力越高。采用Chen-Guo模型对甲烷在氨水中生成水合物的数据进行了计算,得到了较为满意的计算结果,平均误差为2.71%,说明Chen-Guo模型能够较好地预测该类体系的水合物的生成条件。     

Methane hydrate formation and dissociation behaviors in montmorillonite

The methane hydrate formation and the methane hydrate dissociation behaviors in montmorillonite are experimentally studied. Through the analyses of the microstructure characteristic, the study obtains the porous characteristic of montmorillonite. It is indicated that methane hydrate in montmorillonite forms the structure I(sI) crystal.Meanwhile, molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to study the processes of the methane hydrate formation and the methane hydrate dissociation in montmorillonite. The microstructure and microscopic properties are analyzed. The methane hydrate formation and methane hydrate dissociation mechanisms in the montmorillonite nanopore and on the montmorillonite surface are expounded. Combining the experimental and simulating analyses,the results indicate the methane hydrate formation and methane hydrate dissociation processes have little influence upon the crystal structure of porous media from either micro-or macro-analysis. It is beneficial to the fundamental researches on the exploitation and security control technologies of natural gas hydrate in deep-sea sediments.     

Kinetic and Phase Behaviors of Catalytic Cracking Dry Gas Hydrate in Water-in-Oil Emulsion

The systematic experimental studies were performed on the hydrate formation kinetics and gas-hydrate equilibrium for a simulated catalytic cracking gas in the water-in-oil emulsion. The effect of temperature, pressure and initial gas-liquid ratio on the hydrate formation was studied, respectively. The data were obtained at pressures ranging from 3.5 to 5 MPa and temperatures from 274.15 to 277.15 K. The results showed that hydrogen and methane can be separated from the C₂₊ fraction by forming hydrate at around 273.15 K which is much higher temperature than that of the cryogenic separation method, and the hydrate formation rate can be enhanced in the water-in-oil emulsion compared to pure water. The experiments provided the basic data for designing the industrial process, and setting the suitable operational conditions. The measured data of gas-hydrate equilibria were compared with the predictions by using the Chen-Guo hydrate thermodynamic model.     

A water droplet size distribution dependent modeling of hydrate formation in water/oil emulsion

Experimental data on chord length distributions and growth rate during methane hydrate formation in water‐in‐oil emulsions were obtained in a high pressure stirring reactor using focused beam reflectance measurement and particle video microscope. The experiments were carried out at 274.2 K for 10–30% water cuts and agitation rates ranging from 200 to 500 rpm initially at 7.72 MPa. Rapid growth was accompanied by gradually decrease in rate. Free water was observed to become depleted during rapid growth while some water remained encapsulated inside hydrate layers constituting a mass transfer barrier. The apparent kinetic constants of methane hydrate formation and free‐water fractions were determined using a newly developed kinetic model independent of the dissolution rate at the gas–oil interface. It was illustrated that continued growth depends on distribution and transfer of water in oil‐dominated systems. This perception accords with observations of hydrate film growth on suspended water droplet in oil and clarifies transfer limits in kinetics. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1010–1023, 2017     

石英砂中甲烷溶解运移体系水合物生成与聚集实验分析

建立了可模拟海底天然气水合物形成环境的大型三维成藏实验模拟装置,其主体高压反应釜内径500 mm,高1000 mm。在此基础上,采用填砂模型,进行了甲烷溶解运移体系下甲烷水合物生成与聚集过程的实验模拟分析。实验流程为：甲烷溶解于NaCl溶液中,再泵送进入高压反应釜,在沉积层中渗流并生成甲烷水合物。通过30个电阻率传感器监测甲烷水合物的生成和聚集过程。实验结果表明,甲烷溶解运移体系下甲烷水合物生成之后首先分散在溶液中,当溶液的总甲烷浓度（溶解的甲烷及水合物分散相中的甲烷）达到操作条件下盐溶液体系甲烷饱和溶解度后,甲烷水合物从溶液中析出。电阻率分布实验结果表明,析出甲烷水合物的聚集区域受溶液流动控制。     

Dual Effect of Low‐Dosage Poly(Ethylene Oxides) on Methane Hydrate Formation

Time‐dependent isochoric formation of methane hydrate was investigated in the presence of low‐dose poly(ethylene oxides) (PEOs). The effect of different molecular weights of PEO on methane hydrate nucleation time and storage capacity was studied and compared. Kinetic measurements revealed a dual effect of PEO, including inhibition and stabilization effects, on methane hydrate formation. The nature and type of the effect arises from the difference in molecular weights and concentration ranges of PEOs. These parameters directly affect the nucleation time and storage capacity of methane hydrate. Generally, in comparison with pure water, PEO improved the storage capacity of methane hydrate. PEO (1000 kD) at a concentration of 0.5 wt % exhibits a significant kinetic inhibitory performance. However, it was an efficient low‐dosage hydrate stabilizer at a concentration of 0.25 wt %, along with producing gas‐rich methane hydrate suitable for gas fuel storage and transportation.     

低温常压条件下水合物法储存甲烷的实验研究

利用水合物法实现对天然气的工业储运,需要提高水合物的储气量并解决水合物的分解速度问题。为此,文章研究了在十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）体系中,甲烷水合物的储气量和在冰点以下的常压分解规律。研究发现,SDS浓度为650 mg/L时甲烷水合物储气量达到最高值,约为170 V/V。分解温度为268.2~272.2 K区域内,甲烷水合物的分解速率随温度的降低而降低;在268.2 K时,甲烷水合物分解速率最低。