基于间苯三酚的磺化碳基固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化油酸甲酯的合成

采用间苯三酚与对苯二甲醛缩聚得到的树脂为碳前驱体,分别以1,4-二氧六环与去离子水为溶剂,以溶剂热和水热法、氯磺酸为磺化试剂制备两种磺化碳基固体酸催化剂。SEM、XPS和TGA等分析表明,以1,4-二氧六环为溶剂合成的TP-A-S催化剂为形貌规整、高酸密度、良好稳定性的球形,并表现出良好的催化性能。将其用于油酸与甲醇的酯化反应,最适宜的条件为:醇油物质的量比10∶1,催化剂用量占原料总质量的2.0%,反应温度70℃,反应时间4h,油酸最高转化率达98.3%。且催化剂循环使用5次后,油酸转化率仍达84.4%。将制备的TP-A-S催化剂用于长链游离脂肪酸与甲醇的酯化反应,转化率高于90%,表现出良好的催化效果。     

酸离子液体催化合成油酸甲酯反应研究

以油酸和甲醇为原料,甲基吡啶类酸离子液体为催化制合成油酸甲酯。讨论催化剂的用最、反应物料比、反应温度等因素对反应的影响。结果表明：反应温度为150℃,反应时间为5h,催化剂用量为n（[MPy]HSO4）：n（油酸）=0.019,醇酸摩尔比为2,油酸的转化枣可达到88.21％。     

Synthesis of Fatty Acid Esters of Selected Higher Polyols Over Homogeneous Metallic Catalysts

Studies on the synthesis of esters of natural origin fatty acids (oleic acid) and a branched synthetic isostearic acid derived from oleic acid with commercially available selected higher polyols in the presence of homogeneous metallic catalysts have been carried out. The effects of the synthesis temperature, molar ratio and the catalysts amount have also been studied. It was shown that higher fatty acid conversion and selectivity to tri‐ and tetraesters were obtained for organotin catalyst Fascat 2003, which was used as the esterification catalyst. Anti‐wear test confirmed good tribological properties of the obtained esters.     

Biodiesel synthesis via homogeneous Lewis acid-catalyzed transesterification

Lewis acids (AlCl₃ or ZnCl₂) were used to catalyze the transesterification of canola oil with methanol in the presence of terahydrofuran (THF) as co-solvent. The conversion of canola oil into fatty acid methyl esters was monitored by ¹H NMR. NMR analysis demonstrated that AlCl₃ catalyzes both the esterification of long chain fatty acid and the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol suggesting that the catalyst is suitable for the preparation of biodiesel from vegetable oil containing high amounts of free fatty acids. Optimization by statistical analysis showed that the conversion of triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters using AlCl₃ as catalyst was affected by reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio, temperature and the presence of THF as co-solvent. The optimum conditions with AlCl₃ that achieved 98% conversion were 24:1 molar ratio at 110 °C and 18 h reaction time with THF as co-solvent. The presence of THF minimized the mass transfer problem normally encountered in heterogeneous systems. ZnCl₂ was far less effective as a catalyst compared to AlCl₃, which was attributed to its lesser acidity. Nevertheless, statistical analysis showed that the conversion with the use of ZnCl₂ differs only with reaction time but not with molar ratio.     

Sulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica catalyst with different morphology for biodiesel production

Sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous silica based solid acid catalysts with different morphology were designed and fabricated. The synthesized materials were characterized by various physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques like scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, thermogravimetric analysis and n-butylamine acidity. The shape of catalysts particles plays an important role in its activity. The sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous silica catalysts of spherical shape and the cube shape were assessed for catalytic activity in biodiesel production. The catalytic biodiesel production reaction over the catalysts were studied by esterification of free fatty acid, oleic acid with methanol. The effect of various reaction parameters such as catalyst concentration, acid/alcohol molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time on catalytic activity were investigated to optimize the conditions for maximum conversion. It was sulfonated cubic shape mesoporous silica which exhibited better activity as compared to the spherical shape silica catalysts. Additionally, the catalyst was regenerated and reused up to three cycles without any significant loss in activity. The present catalysts exhibit superior performance in biodiesel production and it can be used for the several biodiesel feedstock’s that are rich in free fatty acids.     

Optimization of biodiesel production from crude palm oil using ultrasonic irradiation assistance and response surface methodology

BACKGROUND: Production of biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO) with 6 wt% of free fatty acid (FFA) using a low‐frequency ultrasonic irradiation (40 kHz) technique was investigated in the present work. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between various important parameters of the alkaline catalyzed transesterification process to obtain a high conversion to biodiesel. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to statistically analyze and optimize the operating parameters of the process. A central composite design (CCD) was adopted to study the effects of the methanol to oil molar ratio, the catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and irradiation time on conversion to biodiesel. RESULTS: The result from the RSM analysis indicated that the methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and irradiation time have the most significant effects on the conversion to biodiesel. Moreover, a coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.93 shows the fitness of a second‐order model for the present study. Based on this second‐order model, the optimum conditions for alkaline catalyzed transesterification of CPO were found to be a methanol to oil molar ratio of 6.44:1, catalyst concentration 1.25 wt%, reaction temperature 38.44 °C and irradiation time 25.96 min. At the calculated optimum condition, the conversion to biodiesel reached 97.85%. Under these same conditions, the experimental value was 98.02 ± 0.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The mathematical model developed has been proven to adequately describe the range of the experimental parameters studied and provide a statistically accurate prediction of the optimum conversion to biodiesel. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Na/SiO2新型固体碱催化制备生物柴油的研究

以NaOH、正硅酸乙酯和乙醇为原料,经溶胶-凝胶法制备新型固体碱催化剂（Na/SiO₂）,用于催化大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油,研究催化剂焙烧温度、n(NaOH)∶n(SiO₂)、n(甲醇)∶n(大豆油)、催化剂用量和反应时间对产率的影响以及催化剂的稳定性。结果表明,固体碱催化剂Na/SiO₂在大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应中具有较高的催化活性,在催化剂焙烧温度600 ℃、n(NaOH)∶n(SiO₂)=2∶1、n(甲醇)∶n(大豆油)=15∶1、催化剂用量为大豆油质量的7%和反应时间3 h的条件下,脂肪酸甲酯产率可达97.42%,催化剂在稳定性试验中呈现出优良的稳定性。     

磷钨酸铋催化合成油酸甲酯

以磷钨酸铋为催化剂,对油酸和甲醇反应合成油酸甲酯进行了研究,考察了反应时间、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、催化剂重复使用性等因素对油酸甲酯收率的影响.实验结果表明反应的最佳条件为:油酸用量为0.1 mol,醇酸摩尔比为1.4,催化剂磷钨酸铋用量为1.5 g,反应时间为4h,酯收率达93.4％,催化剂重复使用五次催化性能未见明...     

Intrinsic Kinetics of Esterification of Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts

Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with methanol was investigated for intrinsic kinetics and regarding the effect of catalyst loading, temperature, and methanol to feed molar ratio using ionic liquid acidic catalysts covalently attached to a polystyrene support. The kinetic parameters of the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougan‐Watson model of the reaction are determined for comparison with those using p‐toluenesulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid as homogeneous catalysts considering the phase split of the reaction mixture into two liquid phases during the reaction. The intrinsic parameters could predict the dynamic behavior of the system under various operating conditions.     

固体超强酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-CeO2催化油酸酯化反应的研究

以固体超强酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-CeO2为催化剂,以油酸和甲醇为原料,在高温高压反应釜中进行酯化反应。对反应条件的研究表明,当甲醇与油酸的体积比为2：1（摩尔比为15：1）,反应温度为160℃,反应时间4h,催化剂用量8％（与油酸的质量百分比）时,反应的酯化率达到97．34％。动力学计算表明,该酯化反应的反应级数为1．42,反应活化能为25．25kJ／mol。     

磁性壳聚糖纳米复合材料固定化褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶催化合成木质甾醇酯

以磁性壳聚糖纳米复合材料共价固定的褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶为催化剂,以木质甾醇和油酸为原料,对木质甾醇油酸酯的酶法合成工艺条件进行了优化。得到的最佳工艺条件为：催化剂用量12.7%（以底物总质量计）,油酸与木质甾醇物质的量比为2∶1,木质甾醇质量浓度为122.9 g/L,反应温度50℃,反应时间24 h。在该条件下,木质甾醇转化率为96.42%。对月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸不同碳链长度的脂肪酸或混合脂肪酸进行酯化反应,木质甾醇的转化率可达96.67%～98.74%,催化剂使用5次时,转化率仍可达82.45%。     

Heterogeneous esterification of oil with high amount of free fatty acids

Frying oils have become the newest raw material for the transesterification reaction for the production of biodiesel. However, these compounds usually come with a certain amount of free fatty acids. These impurities can be transformed into esters and the production of biodiesel could be increased.The use of basic resins to perform the esterification reaction into biodiesel is studied in this work. The effect of the most relevant variables of the process such as reaction temperature, molar ratio between alcohol and oil, amount of catalyst and amount of free fatty acids fed with the oil have been analyzed. For this purpose, an ideal frying oil using oleic acid and soybean oil was made. The alcohol used was ethanol.The esterification of free fatty acid using this heterogeneous catalyst appears as a great alternative to purify frying oil; in this case, the final conversion achieved was around 80%.     

Conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel using ferric sulfate and supercritical methanol processes

In this comparative study, conversion of waste cooking oil to methyl esters was carried out using the ferric sulfate and the supercritical methanol processes. A two-step transesterification process was used to remove the high free fatty acid contents in the waste cooking oil (WCO). This process resulted in a feedstock to biodiesel conversion yield of about 85-96% using a ferric sulfate catalyst. In the supercritical methanol transesterification method, the yield of biodiesel was about 50-65% in only 15 min of reaction time. The test results revealed that supercritical process method is probably a promising alternative method to the traditional two-step transesterification process using a ferric sulfate catalyst for waste cooking oil conversion. The important variables affecting the methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the catalyst amount and the reaction temperature. The analysis of oil properties, fuel properties and process parameter optimization for the waste cooking oil conversion are also presented.     

双液相萃取棉籽油制备脂肪酸甲酯

以双液相萃取技术处理棉籽，在得到脱毒棉粕的同时得到含有高质量毛油的非极性相。以非极性相作为与甲醇进行酯交换反应的原料，得到脂肪酸甲酯和甘油。考察了非极性相溶剂石油醚与棉籽油的比例对酯交换转化率和洗涤粗产品用水量的影响，确定了石油醚与棉籽油的最佳质量比为3，在此条件下，洗涤用水量可降低一半。考察了醇油比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等参数对转化率的影响。应用正交实验的方法找出酯交换反应的适宜条件为：醇油比6：1，催化剂用量1.1％，反应温度60℃，反应时间120min。在此反应条件下，产物中脂肪酸甲酯的含量可达97.4％。     

Synthesis of Phytosteryl Esters by Using Alumina-Supported Zinc Oxide (ZnO/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>) from Esterification Production of Phytosterol with Fatty Acid

The feasibility of zinc oxide-catalyzed esterification of natural phytosterols with oleic acid was investigated well by a chemical process. The influences of various reaction parameters were evaluated. Basic solid zinc oxide is the most desirable catalyst due to its high selectivity (more than 90%), reusability, activity and less corrosivity, whereas sterol selectivity with other catalysts, such as H₂SO₄, NaHSO₄ and NaOMe, did not exceed 80%. Further results showed that during zinc oxide-catalyzed synthesis, the nature of the acyl donor was of paramount importance with direct esterification with fatty acids, which gives better results with higher conversion rate selectivity and more mild reaction conditions than transesterification with methyl esters. The substrate molar ratio of 2:1 (oleic acid/phytosterol) was optimal. Other parameters such as optimal catalyst load (0.5%) and temperature (170 °C) showed a maximum production of steryl esters close to 98% after 8 h. It was also found that the amount of trans fatty acid formed in esterification was low, and the trans fatty acid content (%) in the phytosterol oleate ester fraction (3.26%) was much lower than that in free oleic oil (7.35%), which suggested that fatty acids in esters were more stable than free fatty acids regarding the combination with sterol. Immobilized ZnO could be a promising catalyst for replacing homogeneous and corrosive catalysts for esterification reactions of sterol.     

Biodiesel production from waste cooking palm oil using calcium oxide supported on activated carbon as catalyst in a fixed bed reactor

A reactor has been developed to produce high quality fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from waste cooking palm oil (WCO). Continuous transesterification of free fatty acids (FFA) from acidified oil with methanol was carried out using a calcium oxide supported on activated carbon (CaO/AC) as a heterogeneous solid-base catalyst. CaO/AC was prepared according to the conventional incipient-wetness impregnation of aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O) precursors on an activated carbon support from palm shell in a fixed bed reactor with an external diameter of 60 mm and a height of 345 mm. Methanol/oil molar ratio, feed flow rate, catalyst bed height and reaction temperature were evaluated to obtain optimum reaction conditions. The results showed that the FFA conversion increased with increases in alcohol/oil molar ratio, catalyst bed height and temperature, whereas decreased with flow rate and initial water content in feedstock increase. The yield of FAME achieved 94% at the reaction temperature 60 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio of 25: 1 and residence time of 8 h. The physical and chemical properties of the produced methyl ester were determined and compared with the standard specifications. The characteristics of the product under the optimum condition were within the ASTM standard. High quality waste cooking palm oil methyl ester was produced by combination of heterogeneous alkali transesterification and separation processes in a fixed bed reactor. In sum, activated carbon shows potential for transesterification of FFA.     

阳离子交换树脂催化酸性油脂酯化脱酸

采用阳离子交换树脂为催化剂研究了酸性油脂的酯化脱酸工艺。分别筛选了001×4,001×7,D113,HD-8,CD-552等几种型号的树脂,其中以CD-552催化效果最好。研究了反应时间、醇酸摩尔比和酸性油脂中催化剂质量分数对CD-552催化酯化脱酸效果的影响。在醇酸摩尔比30∶1,反应温度60℃,树脂质量分数5%和反应时间5 h的工艺条件下,酸性油脂经CD-552催化酯化脱酸后,酸值从10.97 mg/g降低到0.689 mg/g。反应后树脂易分离,能够循环使用,有效地解决了传统的脱酸催化剂不足,对以酸性油脂为原料的生物柴油的生产具有应用前景。     

Transesterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil by solid basic catalysts

The transesterification of karanja oil with methanol was carried out using solid basic catalysts. Alkali metal‐impregnated calcium oxide catalysts, due to their strong basicity, catalyze the transesterification of triacylglycerols. The alkali metal (Li, Na, K)‐doped calcium oxide catalysts were prepared and used for the transesterification of karanja oil containing 0.48–5.75% of free fatty acids (FFA). The reaction conditions, such as catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and molar ratio of methanol/oil, were optimized with the solid basic Li/CaO catalyst. This catalyst, at a concentration of 2 wt‐%, resulted in 94.9 wt‐% of methyl esters in 8 h at a reaction temperature of 65 °C and a 12 : 1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, during methanolysis of karanja oil having 1.45% FFA. The yield of methyl esters decreased from 94.9 to 90.3 wt‐% when the FFA content of karanja oil was increased from 0.48 to 5.75%. The performance of this catalyst was not significantly affected in the presence of a high FFA content up to 5.75%. The catalytic activities of Na/CaO and K/CaO were also studied at the optimized reaction conditions. In these two cases, the reaction initially proceeds slowly, however, leading to similar yields as in the case of Li/CaO after 8 h of reaction time. The purified karanja methyl esters have an acid value of 0.36 mg KOH/g and an ester content of 98.6 wt‐%, which satisfy the American as well as the European specifications for biodiesel in terms of acid value and ester content.     

强酸型阳离子树脂催化合成乙酸甲酯

文章以D072强酸性阳离子树脂为催化剂,乙酸和甲醇为原料,在常压下合成乙酸甲酯。该文研究了树脂种类、树脂用量、酸醇比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对酯化反应过程的影响。在不分离产物的情况下,合成乙酸甲酯的反应条件为:醇与酸摩尔比为1.3∶1,反应时间2.5h,催化剂用量5g,反应温度为60℃,酯化率达到72.32%,催化剂可重复使用。     

油溶性表面活性剂甘油硼酸油酸酯的合成研究

以硼酸和油酸为原料采用直接酯化法合成水溶性的甘油硼酸酯,再在催化剂的作用下与油酸反应制得甘油硼酸油酸酷,设计出较佳的酸化条件：甘油硼酸酯与油酸摩尔比1：0．9,温度220℃,时间4h,催化剂甩量（脂肪酸质量分数）0．5％,酸转佬率98．5％。