我国绿色小水电发展的实践探索与思考

近年,我国转变小水电发展思路,积极推动绿色小水电建设,发展绿色小水电的内容已写入了2016年中央1号文件,水利部也出台了关于推进绿色小水电发展的指导意见,水利行业标准《绿色小水电评价标准》即将发布,拟在2017年开展绿色小水电示范电站创建活动,在"十三五"期间创建一批绿色小水电示范电站。结合近年中国绿色小水电研究和标准制定工作,就什么是绿色小水电,为什么要走绿色小水电建设之路以及如何建设绿色小水电这些公众关注的问题,共同分享对中国绿色小水电实践的一些思考和理解。     

基于水利新质生产力的小水电绿色发展

小水电是国际公认的清洁可再生能源。小水电绿色改造和现代化提升工作是贯彻“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”发展理念,加快转变小水电发展方式,推进水生态文明建设的必然选择,是发展水利新质生产力、实现提质增效升级的内在要求。我国小水电绿色开发的理念、经济实用的技术、价廉物美的设备、体系完整的标准等已领先世界;基于新质生产力的小水电绿色转型与发展,可为世界小水电可持续发展提供中国方案。     

生态绿色小水电发展现状及建议

综述国内外小水电的发展现状,并进一步分析小水电对生态环境的影响效应。在此基础上,针对目前我国小水电发展与生态环境影响的矛盾,从建立和完善绿色小水电认证,促进小水电技术革新,有序开发生态绿色小水电,加强政府对小水电项目审批、监管职能,全方位提高发电、输电、用电效率等5个方面对生态绿色小水电的发展提出建议。     

浅析黑龙江省绿色小水电发展

绿色小水电建设是我国农村水电现阶段的重要发展方向。本文主要以黑龙江省农村水电站绿色发展为主线,针对普通农村水电站开发建设带来的生态环境问题,围绕水电站生态流量泄放设施布置建设,对黑龙江省绿色小水电发展情况进行简要阐述。     

土贤庄水电站绿色小水电的创建

发展绿色小水电是贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于推动绿色发展和能源革命的决策部署,也是新时期中央治水方针的重要举措。小水电是我国重要的民生水利基础设施和清洁可再生能源,在保障国家经济社会发展和改善人民群众生活质量,解决无电缺电地区人口用电,促进江河治理、生态改善、环境保护、地方社会经济发展等方面发挥了重要作用。土贤庄水电站按照"节约、清洁、安全"能源发展战略,积极开展了绿色小水电创建工作。     

2020年将建立绿色小水电标准体系

据国际电力网 日前,水利部印发《关于推进绿色小水电发展的指导意见》,并提出总体目标,到2020年,建立绿色小水电标准体系和管理制度,初步形成绿色小水电发展的激励政策,创建一批绿色小水电示范电站. 到2030年,全行业形成绿色发展格局,小水电规划设计科学合理,建设管理规范有序,调度运行安全高效,综合利用水平明显提高,生态环境保护措施严格落实,绿色发展机制不断完善,河流生态系统稳定、生态系统服务功能良好,绿色小水电理念深入人心.     

绿色小水电标准体系将于2020年建立

据中国能源报 日前,水利部印发《关于推进绿色小水电发展的指导意见》,并提出总体目标,到2020年,建立绿色小水电标准体系和管理制度,初步形成绿色小水电发展的激励政策,创建一批绿色小水电示范电站.到2030年,全行业形成绿色发展格局,小水电规划设计科学合理,建设管理规范有序,调度运行安全高效,综合利用水平明显提高,生态环境保护措施严格落实,绿色发展机制不断完善,河流生态系统稳定、生态系统服务功能良好,绿色小水电理念深入人心.     

面向智慧化管理的数字孪生小水电工程建设技术研究

新阶段水利高质量发展对小水电发展提出了更高要求,亟须推进小水电智慧化管理,以加快推进实现小水电的绿色转型。阐述了我国小水电发展现状和面临的挑战,厘清了小水电智慧化管理需求,剖析了数字孪生小水电的内涵和特征;结合行业实际,提出当前我国数字孪生小水电系统基本框架和业务应用内容,解析行业内已开展的实践探索案例。针对建设行业标准、健全保障机制、加强科技支撑、推进先行先试提出建议,以期加速数字孪生技术在小水电领域的应用和推广。     

小型水电站减脱水河段治理措施的探讨

我国有着丰富的、分布极为广泛的小水电资源,由于小水电过快、过度开发带来一定的环境和生态问题,主要表现为部分河段枯水期脱流断水、河段片段化以及引发地质灾害等问题。结合我国小型水电站开发导致的生态环境问题,重点介绍了关于小水电减脱水河段治理措施的研究和实践,并借鉴国内有效的工程实例,对绿色小水电发展提出建议,以推动我国河流生态文明的建设进程。     

试论生态、社会、经济是小水电开发实现的多赢目标

2009年7月23日国家发改委、水利部发出《关于加强小水电代燃料和水电农村电气化建设与管理的通知》,它标志着小水电代燃料生态保护工程在西部、中部和东部地区全面启动,新一轮小水电建设的高潮即将来临。我国的小水电事业再次面临大好发展机遇,同时也面临着诸多复杂的水能资源开发问题。探讨如何按照构建和谐社会的目标,坚持中央的水利工作方针,用发展的理念、方法,辩证地认识和处理小水电事业发展过程中出现的矛盾和问题,将人与自然和谐相处作为水能资源开发的核心,坚持发展与保护并重,在发展过程中保护生态,在保护生态中求发展。在保护生态环境的基础上,实行有序开发水电的方针,全面实施小水电代燃料,建立农村水电与生态建设相结合的机制,建设环境友好和社会和谐型水电,促进清洁可再生能源———小水电事业的健康发展。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.