Theoretical investigation of 8 /spl times/ 10-Gb/s WDM signal transmission performance based on gain-equalized SOAs using backward Raman pumping at DCF

We have theoretically investigated 8 /spl times/ 10-Gb/s wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) signal transmission characteristics based on semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) with equalized gain using discrete Raman amplification (DRA). Gain equalization and low noise figures have been obtained by adjusting the backward Raman pumping power and wavelength at a dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) for each span. Bit-error-rate characteristics were calculated for 8 /spl times/ 10-Gb/s WDM signal transmission over 6 /spl times/ 40-km single-mode fiber (SMF) + DCF links with gain-equalized SOAs using DRAs at DCF. Approximately a 2.5-dB improvement of the receiver sensitivity was achieved by using SOAs and DRAs with optimized Raman pumping. One can easily upgrade the transmission length of a link based on SOAs with an appropriate backward pump laser at each DCF.     

拉曼光纤激光器的初步研究

采用标准单模石英光纤作为拉曼增益介质,国产镀膜镜作为谐振腔镜,在1064nm 光纤 激光器的泵浦作用下,在波长1123nm 获得了一级拉曼激光输出。实验观察了激光的形成过程。     

光纤拉曼放大器的分析和设计

介绍了光纤拉曼放大器（FRA）的理论模型及其简化模型，在些基础上分析比较了3种前向FRA的仿真方法，给出了忽略泵浦消耗的后向泵浦FRA的解析解，并推导出了前向泵浦和后向FRA的作用距离的表达式，以及双向泵浦FRA的最大无中继传输距离的表达式。     

5 Gb/s optical soliton transmission experiment using Ramanamplification for fiber-loss compensation

Optical soliton transmission of 5 Gb/s over a 23-km amplification spacing using a gain-switched 1.55-μm distributed feedback laser diode and Ti:LiNbO₃ intensity modulator is discussed. An Er ⁺-doped fiber amplifier, pumped by 1.45- and 1.48-μm laser diodes, is employed for achieving intense optical pulses. Transmission fiber-loss is completely compensated for by Raman amplification using by 1.45- and 1.48-μm laser-diode pumping. A bit error rate (BER) of 2×10^-10 has been obtained     

Achievable budget improvement with Raman amplification and remotelypumped postamplification at transmit side of 622 Mbit/s and 2.5 Gbit/srepeaterless systems

This paper investigates Raman amplification and remotely pumped postamplification in repeaterless systems based on standard fiber. Design rules taking into account self phase modulation are presented along with the achievable power budget improvements     

Effect of distributed Raman amplification on timing jitter indispersion-managed lightwave systems

It is shown that the timing jitter of dispersion-managed soliton systems can be reduced by up to 40% by using a hybrid amplification scheme in which fiber losses are compensated by using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers in combination with backward pumped Raman gain. The jitter is smallest in the case of 100% Raman amplification, but considerable reduction occurs even for partial distributed amplification     

Short-wavelength stimulated Raman scattering in a silica fiberpumped by an XeBr excimer laser

A UV-grade silica optical fiber was pumped by a 281.8-nm XeBr excimer laser. The first Stokes spectrum was observed at 285 nm. The spectral width was one-half of that of the spontaneous Raman spectrum. A numerical analysis of stimulated Raman scattering which includes two-photon absorption loss is presented. The Raman gain coefficient, determined by an analysis of the nonlinearity observed in the Stokes output, was 1.8×10^-5 cm/MW. The analysis also indicates that two-photon absorption is a more important loss factor than linear attenuation. The short wavelength limit of net amplification by stimulated Raman scattering is estimated to be 272 nm     

Amplification Effect on Rayleigh Scattering and SBS in 25 km Distributed Fiber Raman Amplifier

The amplification effect on stimulated Brillouin scattering （SBS） and Rayleigh scattering in the backward pumped G652 fibers Raman amplifier have been researched. The signal source is a tunable narrow spectral bandwidth （〈10 MHz） ECL laser and is pumped by the tunable power 1427.2 nm fiber Raman laser. The Rayleigh scattering lines are amplified by fiber Raman amplifier, and Stokes stimulated Brillouin scattering lines are amplified by fiber Raman amplifier and fiber Brillouin amplifier. The SBS lines total gain is a production of the gain of Raman and the gain of Brillouin amplifier. In experiment, the gain of SBS is about 42 dB and the saturation gain of 25 Ion G652 backward FRA is about 25 dB, so the gain of fiber Brillouin amplifier is about 17 dB.     

高功率同轴抽运宽带拉曼放大

研究了在宽带条件下非聚焦的同轴拉曼放大 ,采用CH4 作为放大拉曼介质 ,抽运源为 2 48nm的高功率KrF准分子激光系统 ,最高抽运能量为 1 5J。给出了拉曼链一级放大器的级增益随小信号增益系数及放大器气压的变化。最后讨论了限制同轴宽带抽运拉曼放大的因素。     

On distributed Raman amplification for ultrabroad-band long-haulWDM systems

We present an analysis and design method for multiwavelength pumped fiber Raman amplifiers for massive wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems with signal bandwidths of 10 to 12 THz and a very large number of channels. We solve self-consistently the optimal design problem for backward-pumped distributed Raman amplifiers with special gain profiles that compensate for the Raman tilt and wavelength-dependent fiber loss. We study the noise performance of these optimally designed amplifiers and address the issues of multispan amplification for long-haul transmission of such broadband signals     

Fabrication and characteristics of GaP-AlGaP tapered waveguide semiconductor Raman amplifiers

We have fabricated GaP-AlGaP tapered waveguide semiconductor Raman amplifiers, and analyzed the effect of tapering in pulse-pumped high-gain operation. The finesse measurement and 80-ps pulse pumped Raman amplification experiment were performed. Although the tapering has caused additional optical loss, the highest gain of 23 dB has been obtained for a tapered waveguide with input facet of 6.0 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and back facet of 2.9 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ at averaged input power of 170 mW (peak power 26 W). It is shown that the optical loss of the pump light is more severe than the linear optical loss of the signal light when the gain is higher than 20 dB.     

Phasefront preservation in high-gain Raman amplification

Experiments were performed to determine the degree of phasefront preservation possible in a high-gain, large-Fresnel-number number Raman amplifier. Phasefront information was encoded on a Stokes seed, which was then amplified in a 10-atm vibrational hydrogen Raman amplifier pumped by a XeF excimer laser. Interferometric data on the input and amplified Stokes beam indicate that their phasefront difference is less than 0.1 wave RMS. These results are consistent with the predictions of a numerical model of the Raman amplification process     

Simultaneous amplification of wavelength-division-multiplexed signals by a highly efficient fibre Raman amplifier pumped by high-power semiconductor lasers

We describe the first operation of a high-power semiconductor-laser pumped fibre Raman amplifier (FRA) using high-Raman-gain optical fibre in the 1.5?m region. A high optical gain of 5 dB for 60mW of pump power is obtained. We have also achieved simultaneous amplification of wavelength-division-multiplexed signals by the FRA.     

Dynamics of the optically pumped midinfrared NH3laser at high pump power--Part II: Raman gain and ac stark shifts

Coherent effects produced by high-intensity pumping onaR(6, 0) in NH3are investigated for both the pure gas and for mixtures with an inert buffer gas. Two different Raman transitions are observed. One is the usual directly pumped Raman transition, and the other is pumped indirectly since it first requires a large population transfer to the upper vibrational level. This population transfer also creates inversion gain, shifted away from line center due to ac Stark shifts, on both transitions. Raman gain coefficients of 10 percent ċ cm^-1and inversion gain coefficients > 2 percent ċ cm^-1are observed, and compared to a combined density-matrix and rate-equation model.     

Compensation of Raman-induced crosstalk using a lumpedgermanosilicate fiber Raman amplifier in the 1.571-1.591-μm region

A new method to equalize power imbalance caused by Raman-induced crosstalk among optical channels is proposed using a lumped germanosilicate fiber Raman amplifier. Evolution of optical channels through the Raman amplifier was simulated using Raman frequency modeling, which theoretically predicted simultaneous amplification and power equalization. Experimentally, a gain band with negative slope in the range of 1.571-1.591 μm was achieved in a lumped Raman amplifier pumped by a broad-band laser diode centered at 1.467 μm. We demonstrated compensation of the Raman-induced crosstalk of 5 dB accumulated along 330 km of conventional single-mode fiber     

Raman Fiber Amplifier With Integrated Cooler

We present a new scheme for a laser cooled Raman optical fiber amplifier. The heat generated in the process of Raman amplification (RA) is compensated for with laser cooling provided by anti-Stokes fluorescence of ytterbium ions doped in the core of the fiber. The device is pumped with two pump sources. One of the pump sources provides RA of the signal and does not interact with the ytterbium ions in the core; a second pump cools the fiber through anti-Stokes fluorescence of the Yb$^{3+}$ ions. The proper arrangement of Yb $^{3 +}$ distribution can provide athermal performance of the device.      

Performance limitation due to statistical Raman crosstalk in a WDM system with multiple-wavelength bidirectionally pumped Raman amplification

A general theoretical model of statistical Raman crosstalk and its impact on system performance in a multiwavelength bidirectionally pumped Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) is developed for the first time, where we have taken modulation statistics, dispersion-induced pulse walk-off and signal-induced pump depletion into account. Two kinds of statistical Raman crosstalk, from signal-induced forward-pump depletion and from signal-signal Raman interaction, are included in one model. Formulas for normalized Raman crosstalk, Raman crosstalk-induced relative intensity noise spectral density, and its variance and system performance impact in terms of Q penalty are presented for both a single-span system and a dispersion-compensated multispan wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) link. Based on these formulas, we numerically investigate the impact of Raman crosstalk on system performance in a three-wavelengths bidirectionally pumped 40 /spl times/ 40-Gb/s WDM system for various fiber types. In addition, Raman crosstalk in a four-wavelength bidirectionally pumped RFA was experimentally measured. The results agree well with our theory.     

抽运饱和及信道间受激拉曼散射效应对反向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器增益谱的影响

在宽带密集波分复用 (DWDM )系统中 ,后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器 (B DFRA)会引入在小信号条件下无需考虑的两种效应 :抽运饱和效应 (PS)使拉曼增益减小 ;拉曼放大使信道间受激拉曼散射 (SRS)效应增强 ,产生附加拉曼倾斜效应 (ART)。将后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器的增益谱分解为拉曼抽运的放大作用和信道间受激拉曼散射效应产生的倾斜作用 ,通过对各种工作条件下实际后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器增益谱的优化计算 ,研究了抽运饱和效应和附加拉曼倾斜效应对后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器增益谱的影响。计算发现抽运饱和效应取决于信道输出功率 ,附加拉曼倾斜效应由信道输入功率和输出功率共同决定 ,进而通过抽运饱和效应和附加拉曼倾斜效应的大小可以将后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器的工作条件划分为三个区域 ,并讨论了不同工作条件下后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器的简化分析方法     

Efficiency of a high pressure CO2laser pumped CH3F Raman laser

An experimental investigation of the conversion efficiency of a high pressure CO2laser pumped CH3F Raman laser is reported. We show that resonance absorption of the CO2laser radiation in the CH3F gas can lead to a severe limitation of the efficiency. At CO2laser frequencies where the stimulated Raman action is strongest, a quantum efficiency for conversion of CO2laser radiation into far infrared radiation of the order of 0.1 is observed.     

TeO/sub 2/-based glasses containing Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/, TiO/sub 2/, and WO/sub 3/ for discrete Raman fiber amplification

We describe a highly stable glass family based on the combination of TeO/sub 2/ with heavy metal-oxides of Nb, Ti, W. We show that these glasses have large Raman gain, a broad Raman spectrum, and large negative dispersion. They are, thus, potentially useful in a variety of specialty fiber applications, such as discrete Raman amplification.