基于响应曲面法的Ar-N2 等离子射流特性研究

目的研究等离子射流特性,提高射流品质,为工程实践提供支撑。方法通过响应曲面法,以粒子速度和温度为指标反映射流特性的变化,采用Box-Behnken-Design(BBD)设计分析电流(I)、主气流量(Q)以及次级气比例(C)对于射流特性的影响规律及其相互作用关系。结果对粒子速度的影响因素排序为Q_(Ar)IC,对粒子温度的影响因素排序为IQ_(Ar)C。该喷嘴下实现最佳加热效应的参数为:主气流量80 L/min、电流450 A、次级气比例22.5%。实现射流最佳加速效应的离子气及电参数为:主气流量140 L/min、次级气比例15%、电流400 A。在射流最佳加速效应对应参数下制备的AT40涂层均匀致密、孔隙少。结论运用响应曲面法分析和解决等离子射流特性影响问题具有科学性和可操作性,能够有效指导涂层制备。     

基于孔隙率的Cr2O3涂层工艺优化及回归分析

孔隙率是评价Cr2O3涂层质量的重要指标之一。根据Box-Behnken二阶响应曲面法设计了3因素3水平的回归分析试验,采用大气等离子喷涂技术在TC4钛合金表面制备了Cr2O3涂层,以不同工艺条件下的涂层孔隙率作为响应值,建立了喷涂电流、等离子气体和喷距影响因子与响应输出之间的数学模型,讨论了3种影响因子的显著性及交互作用影响,得到涂层孔隙率的连续变量响应曲面和等高曲线。模型可以用于大气等离子喷涂Cr2O3涂层的工艺优化和性能预测,最小孔隙率的预测参数是电流I=500A,氩气流量QAr=40L/min和喷距d=80mm,能获得的最小孔隙率为1.5%。     

铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层工艺参数优化的研究

目的 通过优化等离子喷涂工艺参数，提高铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层的结合强度和涂层表截面硬度。方法 用正交试验法，对影响喷涂涂层结合强度和硬度的4个关键喷涂参数进行优化，分别得到喷涂粘结底层Ni-5Al和工作表层Al2O3-3%TiO2的最佳优化参数。结果 通过正交试验确定影响Ni-5Al涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷涂电流、喷涂距离、辅气流量、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1；影响Al2O3-3%TiO2涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷距、辅气流量、电流、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1。Ni-5Al涂层的最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离120 mm，喷涂电流520 A，主气流量42 L/min，辅气流量7.5 L/min。Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离90 mm，喷涂电流530 A，主气流量46 L/min，辅气流量7.8 L/min。最佳工艺下制备的Ni-5Al底层与基体的结合强度为25.2 MPa，Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层与Ni-5Al底层的结合强度为17.8 MPa，且其截面硬度在1000HV0.5以上。结论 对喷涂工艺参数进行优化可以得到质量高且稳定的Al2O3-3%TiO2复合喷涂涂层，与非最佳工艺参数喷涂涂层相比，各指标均有较大提高。     

等离子喷涂ZrO2热障涂层工艺参数优化设计

为了深入研究等离子喷涂ZrO2粒子的飞行特征与涂层性能之间的关系，采用三水平四因素正交试验法对主气、辅气、电流及喷涂距离等4个主要参数进行了优化设计，并采用DPV2000热喷涂在线监测仪测定了ZrO2粒子的飞行特征参数，通过IA32定量金相分析软件对涂层的孔隙率进行了测试。结果表明，影响ZrO2粒子温度的主要因素为主气和辅气，影响ZrO2粒子飞行速度的主要因素为喷涂距离和辅气。     

喷涂工艺参数对硅灰石涂层结构的影响

采用等离子喷涂方法,在不同喷涂距离、主气流量和喷涂功率下制备硅灰石涂层.使用扫描电镜观察了涂层的微观形貌,研究了喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构的影响.结果表明,在较大主气流量下,随着喷涂距离增加,涂层粒子扁平化程度降低,涂层内孔隙逐渐增多;在较小主气流量下,涂层粒子扁平化程度随喷涂距离增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势.主气流量增加,涂层致密,粒子扁平充分.喷涂功率增加,粒子熔化好,涂层致密;但随喷涂功率进一步增加,涂层中出现较多的圆形孔隙.喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构的影响主要通过影响熔融粒子的温度和速度所致.     

正交设计法优化等离子弧熔覆镍基碳化钨涂层工艺

采用等离子弧熔覆技术在Q345钢表面制备镍基碳化钨涂层,采用正交设计优化等离子弧堆焊工艺参数,以熔覆涂层表面成形质量、稀释率和硬度值作为考核指标,借助极差分析和方差分析研究离子气流量、送粉速度、电流、熔覆速度4个工艺参数对3个指标的影响规律。结果表明：对熔覆涂层成形质量影响的程度大小依次为：电流>离子气流量>送粉速度>熔覆速度;对熔覆涂层稀释率影响的程度大小依次为：电流>送粉速度>离子气流量>熔覆速度;对熔覆涂层硬度影响的程度大小依次为：离子气流量>电流>送粉速度>熔覆速度。最优工艺参数是：离子气流量1.0 L/min,送粉速度18 g/min,熔覆速度5 mm/s,电流80 A。在此工艺参数下镍基碳化钨涂层成形较好,稀释率为5.2%,表面宏观硬度达到HRC62.8,具有较好的耐磨性。     

铝电解TiB_2惰性阴极涂层参数优化对性能影响研究

以涂层结合强度为指标,选用L9(34)正交试验设计,对喷涂距离、喷涂电流、主气流量及喷涂电压进行工艺参数优化,研究等离子喷涂Ti B2阴极涂层工艺参数与涂层性能之间的关系,结果表明:影响涂层结合强度的因素主次顺序为喷涂电压主气流量喷涂距离电流;最佳参数组合:即H2流量224L/h,主气(Ar)流量1800L/h,喷涂距离90mm,喷涂电流550A。优化后的涂层性能显著提高。优化涂层在铝电解槽上进行了应用,理论电解槽的寿命预计延长到2000天以上。     

等离子喷涂纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2陶瓷涂层的工艺研究

采用正交实验方法对等离子喷涂纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2陶瓷涂层的电压、电流及主气流量进行优化设计,并利用SEM、XRD对纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2复合粉和涂层进行检测和分析.结果表明,影响涂层热震性能的因素主次关系是电流>电压>主气流量;优化后的喷涂参数为电压60V,电流450A,主气流量40L/min,优化后纳米涂层的熔融、涂覆状态有所改善.喷涂时涂层中生成了γ-Al2O3,增加了涂层内的孔隙率,同时,Rutile-TiO2相转变成Brookite-TiO2相,增加了涂层中的内应力,加剧了裂纹的扩展,降低了涂层的抗热震性能.     

超音速等离子喷涂参数对粒子速度温度的影响

采用高效能超音速等离子喷涂系统,选用纯Al2O3粉末,研究了电功率、电流、电压、气体流量、送粉量对飞行粒子速度和温度的影响.研究结果表明:Al2O3粒子的温度、速度随功率的增大分别呈持续上升与先增大后下降的趋势;在相同功率时,电流对粒子速度、温度的影响大于电压的影响;加大主气流量,粒子速度和温度均先增大后减小;增大送粉量,粒子速度先增大后减小,而粒子温度则一直减小.最后结合涂层的形貌、孔隙率、显微硬度,优化出最佳的喷涂参数.     

Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层等离子喷涂工艺参数的优化

采用正交试验方法研究了等离子喷涂工艺参数对Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层显微硬度的影响,并应用极差分析方法对试验结果进行了分析.结果表明,影响涂层性能的因素从主到次依次为喷涂距离、电流、送粉气流量和电压.Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层最佳的等离子喷涂工艺参数是电流500 A,电压65 V,喷涂距离100 mm,送粉气流量7 L/min.采用优化后的等离子喷涂工艺制备的涂层,粒子熔化充分,涂层均匀致密,孔隙率低,界面结合良好,是高质量的热喷涂涂层.     

等离子喷涂AlSi-ployester封严涂层工艺优化研究

采用AlSi-ployester粉末和PARXAIR-3710等离子喷涂系统制备封严涂层.为使AlSi-ployester等离子喷涂涂层获得优良的涂层性能,选择涂层结合强度为判据,通过正交试验对AlSi-ployester等离子喷涂工艺进行了优化.利用扫描电镜,Axio lmager.A lm金相图像分析系统等手段对涂层形貌和孔隙率进行分析,同时对涂层的硬度、抗热震性能进行了测试.确定优化后的工艺参数为:电弧电流790A.主气流量62.7 L/min,辅气流量5 L/min,喷涂距离100mm.结果表明,电弧电流、主气流量、辅气流量、喷涂距离对AlSi-ployester涂层结合强度具有不同的影响,在优化的喷涂工艺参数条件下,AlSi-ployester涂层结合强度可达6.9MPa,具有较好的硬度和热震性能,可为今后等离子喷涂系统工艺参数的选定提供参考.     

Three Dimensional Modeling of the Plasma Spray Process

Results of simulations of three-dimensional (3D) temperature and flow fields inside and outside of a DC arc plasma torch in steady state are presented with transverse particle and carrier gas injection into the plasma jet. The results show that an increase of the gas flow rate at constant current moves the anode arc root further downstream leading to higher enthalpy and velocity at the exit of the torch anode, and stronger mixing effects in the jet region. An increase of the arc current with constant gas flow rate shortens the arc, but increases the enthalpy and velocity at the exit of the torch nozzle, and leads to longer jets. 3D features of the plasma jet due to the 3D starting conditions at the torch exit and, in particular, due to the transverse carrier gas and particle injection, as well as 3D trajectories and heating histories of sprayed particles are also discussed.     

Effect of plasma spray operating conditions on plasma jet characteristics and coating properties

Using statistical design of experiments, the arc current, total gas flow rate, percent secondary gas (He), and powder feed rate have been varied to assess the torch behavior and establish its correlation to coating properties. The torch response includes arc voltage drop, torch efficiency, and plasma jet geometry. High-speed images of the luminous plasma jet for each operating condition have been acquired with a LaserStrobeℳ videocamera, and image analysis has been used to quantify the jet length and jet fluctuations as additional torch responses. Porosity and unmelted particles, which are determined using image analysis of a micrograph of a NiAl coating cross section, were selected as principal coating characteristics. These findings are expected to be useful for optimization of new spray processes and for evaluation of new torch designs.     

Effect of direct-current plasma fluctuations on in-flight particle parameters: Part II

This paper is the continuation of previous work,^[1] in which plasma fluctuations were shown to produce significant time-dependent variations in the in-flight particle temperature and velocity, as well as in the number of detected particles. In this paper, the impact of the plasma fluctuations on the coating microstructure and deposition efficiency is demonstrated. Alumina coatings and deposition efficiencies, obtained with two sets of spray conditions showing similar in-flight particle conditions (velocity and temperature) with the DPV-2000 but displaying very different voltage fluctuations, are compared. The coating produced in the less stable plasma condition (C-I) is found to be more porous and contains a larger number of unmelted particles than the other coating produced in more steady plasma conditions (C-II). Moreover, condition C-I yields a significantly lower deposition efficiency. Such large discrepancies must be traced back to the physical characteristics of the particle jet. Laser illumination of the particle jet is used to probe particles too cold to be detected by pyrometric means. Cold particles are found in a much larger proportion in C-I than in C-II. They are ascribed to particles that are injected when the plasma is in a low enthalpy state. Periodic time-dependent variations in the in-flight characteristics of cold and hot particles, synchronous with the voltage fluctuations, are revealed.     

Behavior of Ni-Al particles in argon: Helium plasma jets

To better understand the plasma spray coating process, an experimental study of the interaction between a subsonic thermal plasma jet and injected nickel- aluminum particles was performed. The velocity, temperature, and composition of the argon/helium gas flow field was mapped using an enthalpy probe/mass spectrometer system. The sprayed particle flow field was examined by simultaneously measuring the size, velocity, and temperature of individual particles. Particle and gas temperatures were compared at the nominal substrate stand- off distance and axially along the median particle trajectory. Temperature and velocity differences between the particle and the gas surrounding it are shown to vary substantially depending on the trajectory of the particles. On the median trajectory, the average particle is transferring heat and momentum back to the plasma by the time it reaches the substrate. Because the exchange of heat and momentum is highly dependent on the particle residence time in the core of the plasma, the condition of particles at the substrate can be optimized by controlling the particle trajectory through the plasma.     

Influence of process parameters on the deposition footprint in plasma-spray coating

This paper presents an investigation of the influence of plasma spray process conditions on the in-flight particle behavior and their cumulative deposition to form a coating on the substrate. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed to model the in-flight particle behavior in the plasma-spray process and their deposition on the substrate. The plasma spray was modeled as a jet issuing from the torch nozzle through the electrical heating of the arc gas. In the model, particles were injected into the plasma jet where they acquired heat and momentum from the plasma, some got melted and droplets were formed. By means of a droplet splatting model, the particle in-flight data generated by the CFD analyses were further processed to build up an imaginary three-dimensional deposition profile on a flat stationary substrate. It is found that the powder carrier gas flow rate influences the particle distribution on the substrate by imparting an injection momentum to the particles that were directed radially into the plasma jet in a direction perpendicular to the plasma jet. The larger sized particles will acquire higher injection momentum compared with the smaller sized particles. This causes particle distribution at the substrate surface that is elliptical in shape with the major axis of ellipse parallel to the particle injection port axis as illustrated in Fig. 1. Larger particles tend to congregate at the lower part of the ellipse, due to their greater momentum. The distribution of particle size, temperature, velocity, and count distribution at the substrate was analyzed. Further, based on the size and the computed particle temperature, velocity histories, and the impact sites on the substrate, the data were processed to build up a deposition profile with the Pasandideh-Fard model. The shapes of deposition profiles were found to be strongly driven by the segregation effect.     

The role of torch instabilities in the suspension plasma spraying process

In spite of the fact that plasma spraying is a commonly used technique for coating elaboration, it remains important to follow in time the characteristics of the arc jet delivered by the plasma torch. Arc voltage and heat loss measurement could be used, together with the control parameters such as arc current and plasma gas flow rate, to investigate the global behavior of the torch in association with a simple analytical model. It is shown that the specific enthalpy and the isentropic coefficient of the plasma gas have a strong influence on the jet velocity, this latter being also significantly modified by the drift of the torch performance. This work is completed by the analysis of the plasma jet instabilities that are responsible for the discrepancy in particle thermal histories. The rear part of the torch is involved in self sustained oscillations, so that the torch shows the characteristics of a Helmholtz resonator, giving rise to periodic variations of the torch voltage, higher in amplitude than the commonly admitted restrike mode. It is also evoked, that the generated acoustic waves are interacting with the solvent vaporization.     

Effect of in-flight particle characteristics on the coating properties of atmospheric plasma-sprayed 8 mol% Y2O3-ZrO2 electrolyte coating studying by artificial neural networks

In-flight particle characteristics (surface temperature and velocity upon impact) are among the most important parameters which influence the coating microstructures and properties in atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process. The purpose of this paper is to study hydrogen fraction used as secondary plasma forming gas on the in-flight particle surface temperature and by extension on the coating microstructures of atmospheric plasma-sprayed 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte coatings implementing in particular artificial neural networks (ANN). Then, the predicted in-flight particle characteristics were on the one hand compared to experimental values and on the other hand correlated to some of the coating structural attributes (porosity and gas specific permeability). The predicted results were in good accordance with the experimental data. Results showed that the H₂ flow rate had obvious influence on particle temperature and had almost no significant effect on particle velocity. Increasing the particle temperatures induced dense coating microstructure and improved the gas-tightness performance.