TB8钛合金的热变形行为及加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机在变形温度为750～1100℃、应变速率为0.01～1s-1范围内对TB8钛合金进行了单道次热压缩变形试验,研究了其高温变形力学行为.结果表明:随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低材料的峰值应力和稳态应力显著降低;高温变形条件下TB8合金流变应力本构关系可以用双曲正弦方程和Z参数描述;建立并初步分析了基于动态材料模型的TB8钛合金热加工图,当温度为950～1100℃、应变速率为0.01s-1时TB8合金的能量耗散效率较高.     

基于修正的Arrhennius方程钛合金高温本构方程研究

为了更准确地描述钛合金的高温变形行为,对Arrhennius方程进行修正得到钛合金高温本构方程.通过对一种新型钛合金在热模拟试验机上进行恒应变速率等温压缩实验,研究其在700~1 000℃、应变速率0.01~10 s-1条件下的热变形行为,分析了材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线.采用最小二乘拟合的数据回归处理,得到该钛合金在α+β双相区和β单相区的热变形激活能,并通过引入温度变量,获得了Arrhennius方程参数A随温度变化的函数关系,建立了该材料的高温流变应力本构方程.实验结果表明,随着变形增加,流变应力开始急剧增加,随后出现软化并趋于稳态,同时峰值应力对于温度和应变速率具有很强的敏感性.通过在Arrhenius方程中引入温度变量,有利于提高本构方程的准确性.     

不同晶粒尺寸钛合金高温压缩力学行为研究

为了解不同晶粒尺寸钛合金的高温变形力学行为,对α相平均晶粒尺寸分别为6、12μm和20μm的TC4钛合金进行了高温压缩试验,研究了晶粒尺寸和变形参数对TC4钛合金高温压缩力学行为的影响,建立了不同晶粒尺寸TC4钛合金的高温变形本构方程.研究表明:应变速率为10-4s-1时6μm的细晶钛合金出现超塑现象,应变速率在10-3～10-1s-1范围时,变形初期不同晶粒尺寸钛合金的流动应力符合Hall-Petch关系,由于细晶钛合金流动应力软化速度较快,变形至稳态阶段时细晶钛合金流动应力低于粗晶合金.     

Zr–2.5Nb合金热变形行为研究

目的 研究Zr–2.5Nb合金热压缩后的应力–应变关系和合金变形激活能。方法 对Zr–2.5Nb进行高温压缩试验,分析变形条件(温度和应变速率)对该合金热变形行为的影响,研究高温压缩过程中Zr–2.5Nb合金的显微组织变化,并基于Arrhenius公式分析其变形激活能。结果 在低温、高应变速率条件下,Zr–2.5Nb合金应力由峰值快速降低直至达到稳态;在高温和低应变速率下,该合金的应力–应变曲线呈现动态再结晶特征,合金平均变形激活能为468.962 kJ/mol,硬化指数为5.41。结论 在850~1 000 ℃下进行不同应变速率的热压缩变形时,高温低应变速率有利于Zr–2.5Nb动态再结晶的发生;同一温度条件下,低应变速率时合金变形激活能较小,有利于Zr–2.5Nb合金发生塑性变形。     

5052+Er铝合金的热变形行为研究

在Gleeble-3500型热/力模拟试验机上对5052+Er合金进行了高温压缩热变形,研究了变形温度和应变速率对5052+Er合金高温压缩行为的影响。结果表明:当应变速率为0.01 s~(-1)时,真应力-真应变曲线表现出典型的动态再结晶特征;当应变速率为0.1 s~(-1)和1 s~(-1)时,曲线表现出动态回复特征;继续增加应变速率至10 s~(-1)时,流变应力达到峰值后出现后锯齿状波动,此时的合金已经发生了动态再结晶;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小,5052+Er合金的流变应力会逐渐减小;5052+Er合金热压缩变形的流变应力方程为:■不同热变形条件下峰值应力的计算值与测量值的误差在10%以内。     

基于摩擦修正的 TA15 钛合金热变形行为及加工图

目的采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,研究TA15钛合金在变形温度为900~1050℃、应变速率为0.01~1 s-1条件下的热压缩流变行为及变形组织。方法采用一种简单有效的方法修正了TA15钛合金热压缩实验中摩擦引起的误差;计算出了TA15钛合金的应力指数和热变形激活能,建立了含有Z参数的双曲正弦函数形式本构方程;基于Murty准则,建立了其加工图。结果TA15钛合金的热压缩流变行为可采用含有Z参数的双曲正弦函数形式本构方程来描述,其平均变形激活能为625.884 kJ/mol;通过分析热加工图,确定了最优热变形工艺参数为:T=950℃,ε=0.01 s-1。结论研究结果可为TA15钛合金的塑性变形数值模拟提供基础,对合理制定热加工工艺具有重要指导意义。     

Cu-Ni-Si-Ag合金高温变形行为研究

通过高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-Ni-Si-Ag合金在应变速率为0.01～5s-1、变形温度为600～800℃的动态再结晶行为以及组织转变进行了研究。结果表明,在应变温度为750、800℃时,合金热压缩变形流变应力出现了明显的峰值应力,表现为连续动态再结晶特征。同时从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和流变应力方程。并综合考虑应变速率与温度的影响,采用动态材料模型建立了该合金的热加工图,并利用热加工图分析了该合金不同区域的高温变性特征以及组织变化。     

一种典型钛合金Ti-Al-Cu-Si的半固态变形

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对Ti-Al-Cu-Si钛合金在温度为1 000~1 200℃之间,应变速率为0.005～5/s之间,变形程度为40%～70%的条件下进行了高温热压缩实验研究.分析了实验合金高温变形时流变应力与应变速率、变形温度及变形程度之间的关系以及组织变化,为优化变形加工条件提供依据.实验结果表明:在恒应变速率的条件下,合金的真应力水平随着温度的升高而降低,合金的稳态流变应力随应变速率的增大而减小.随变形程度的增大真应力减小.     

38MnVTi钢本构方程及加工图

通过热模拟压缩试验,研究了38MnVTi非调质钢热变形行为。试验的变形温度和应变速率为:950~1200℃,0.01~10s-1。分析了不同应变量(峰值应变,0.4,0.6)对应的应力值对建立本构方程的影响规律。建立了应变量为0.4和0.6时,基于动态材料模型的热加工图。结果表明,峰值应力建立的本构方程其预测精度比稳态应力建立的模型高。材料在温度范围为950~1000℃,应变速率范围为1~10s-1区域内变形会发生失稳。材料推荐的热加工最佳工艺条件为:温度1150~1200℃,应变速率0.1~1s-1。     

Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.6Zr合金热压缩变形及其微观组织研究

采用GLEEBLE-1500热模拟机对Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.6Zr合金在温度为350～450℃,变形速率为0.001～0.5s-1,最大变形程度为50%的条件下,进行了恒应变速率高温压缩模拟试验研究,分析了合金高温变形时流变应力与应变速率及变形温度之间的关系以及组织变化。结果表明:合金的稳态流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大,随温度的升高而降低;在给定的变形条件下,计算出合金的变形激活能和应力指数分别为223kJ/mol和6.9,建立了合金高温变形的本构方程;根据试验分析,合金变形温度为400℃,变形速率为0.5s-1,或变形温度为450℃,变形速率为0.1s-1下进行热压缩,可以得到组织结构均匀和热塑性加工良好的匹配。     

Study on plastic deformation behavior of hot splitting spinning of TA15 titanium alloy

The plastic deformation behavior of hot splitting spinning of TA15 titanium alloy is a complex metal forming problem with multi-factor coupling interactive effects. In this paper, on condition of considering various thermal effects, a three-dimensional (3D) elastic–plastic coupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model of hot splitting spinning of TA15 titanium alloy is established using the dynamic, temp-disp, explicit module of FE software ABAQUS. Based on the analysis of flow behaviors of TA15 titanium alloy, the mechanism and influence of materials plastic deformation behavior during the forming process are studied. The results show that, the flow stress of TA15 titanium alloy generally decreases with the increase of deformation temperature; at the same strain rate, the higher temperature is, the lower flow stress is. The temperature distributions along the circumferential direction of disk blank are even and the temperature of plastic deformation area is about 984 °C. The heat from plastic deformation and friction at local plastic deformation area is less than the dissipated heat, so the temperature just falls into approximately 945 °C. Radial spinning force as the driving force of plastic deformation increases gradually and reaches about 35 kN at the end. The maximum value of equivalent stress is presented in fillet part between disk blank and two mandrels. The distributions of equivalent plastic strain appear the large strain gradients and the obvious characteristics of inhomogeneous deformation. When friction factor on interfaces between disk blank and dies ranges from 0.4 to 0.6, the forming quality and precision are highest.     

TA15/Ti2AlNb四层空心舵翼超塑成形/扩散连接工艺研究

目的 研究TA15/Ti2AlNb异种合金四层空心舵翼件成形/扩散连接工艺,获得合理的工艺参数,掌握塑性变形和扩散连接规律,推动异种合金轻量化中空结构件的应用。方法 采用MSC.Marc有限元仿真了TA15/Ti2AlNb异种合金四层空心舵翼超塑成形/扩散连接工艺过程,根据2种材料的高温变形规律优化出气压加载曲线,开展了空心舵翼的超塑成形/扩散连接实验研究,测试了舵翼的壁厚分布,分析了焊缝的金相组织。结果 成功制备了TA15芯板直立筋良好、三角区宽度仅1.1 mm的四层空心舵翼,面板最大减薄率为20.0%,芯板最大减薄率为54.2%,芯板与面板之间扩散连接区域的焊合率为46.8%~98.6%。结论 超塑成形/扩散连接工艺可制造TA15/Ti2AlNb异种合金空心结构,2种合金高温流动应力的显著差别避免了表面沟槽缺陷,但当整形压力和保压时间不足时,四层结构内各处扩散连接焊合率存在不稳定性。     

Analysis of high temperature deformation behavior of a high Nb containing TiAl based alloy

The effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on the hot deformation behaviors of as-cast Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-(W,B,Y) alloy were investigated. The results indicated that when deformation temperature is below 1250 °C, the flow stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature and decrease of strain rate, once deformation temperature reaches 1250 °C, the flow stress is not sensitive to strain rate any more. A neural network model was established to predict the flow stress of this high Nb containing TiAl based alloy during hot deformation. The predicted flow stress curves are in good agreement with experimental results.     

Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Y合金流变行为及BP神经网络高温本构模型

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行等温恒应变热压缩实验,以实验获得的数据为基础,研究Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Y合金流变行为,通过正交实验对影响合金的流变应力因素进行分析,并建立基于BP神经网络的合金高温本构关系模型。结果表明:影响合金流变应力的主要因素依次为应变速率、变形温度和应变量;Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Y合金在热变形时的流变应力对应变速率和变形温度都较为敏感。当变形温度较低,应变速率较高时,合金变形呈流变软化特征,当变形温度较高,应变速率较低时,合金变形趋向于稳态流动;利用BP神经网络建立的合金高温本构关系模型,具有较高的精度,其相关性系数达到0.9949,平均相对误差在3.23%,预测值偏差在10%以内的数据点达98.79%,该预测模型可作为Ti2AlNb基合金塑性成形过程有限元模拟的本构关系。     

退火热处理对TA15钛合金组织性能的影响

研究了不同的退火热处理制度对TA15钛合金显微组织、室温拉伸性能、高温拉伸性能、室温冲击韧性及硬度的影响。结果表明：在相变点以上温度退火,合金具有较高的室温、高温强度,但室温塑性、高温塑性、室温冲击韧性较低;在相变点以下温度退火,合金的室温、高温断裂强度在860℃退火时出现峰值,而室温塑性、高温断面收缩率和室温冲击韧性则随着退火温度的升高而提高;同单重退火相比,双重退火、三重退火对提高合金性能的作用不大。     

Deformation behavior and microstructure evolution in multistage hot working of TA15 titanium alloy: on the role of recrystallization

Interrupted compression tests of TA15 titanium alloy with initially equiaxed microstructure were carried out at deformation temperatures between 1173 to 1273 K and strain rates between 0.001 to 0.1 s⁻¹ to investigate the deformation behavior and microstructure evolution under multistage deformation. The TA15 alloy exhibits significant flow softening in both β and (α + β) working. It is found that the flow softening relates to dynamic recrystallization of β phases under current experimental conditions. In multistage β working, metadynamic recrystallization is the main softening mechanism during inter-pass holding. The grain refinement by metadynamic recrystallization leads to the decrease in peak stress upon reloading. In multistage (α + β) working, static recrystallization is the main softening mechanism during inter-pass holding. The static recrystallization kinetics increases with temperature and strain rate. The inter-pass holding has little influence on the morphology of the primary α phases. The β grain size is determined by spacing of primary α phases, which is more affected by working temperature but less dependent on strain rate and inter-pass holding time.     

BFe10-1-1铜合金热压缩流变应力行为

BFe10-1-1合金管是制造冷凝器的关键材料,主要采用热挤压方法成形.为了制定该合金的热挤压工艺,并为其挤压成形的数值模拟分析提供热力学参数,在Gleeble-1500动态热模拟机上进行高温等温压缩试验,研究了BFe10-1-1合金在高温塑性变形过程中的流变应力行为.试验温度为800~950℃,应变速率为0.1~20 S-1.研究结果表明,BFe10-1-1合金的流变应力随变形温度的增加而减小,随应变速率的增大而增大;随着应变速率越大,动态再结晶软化现象更为明显;获得了采用Zener-Hollomon参数来描述的BFe10-1-1合金高温变形的峰值应力方程,计算获得该合金变形激活能Q为182.68 kJ/mol.     

固溶温度对TA19钛合金组织及性能的影响

采用5种不同固溶温度和相同时效温度的热处理制度对TA19钛合金进行固溶时效处理,研究不同固溶温度对显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,固溶温度对TA19钛合金显微组织的初生α相含量影响显著;经相变点以下10℃到50℃固溶保温1 h后风冷,再经595℃时效保温8 h后空冷,获得的室温和高温力学性能均能满足AMS 4975标准的要求;固溶温度选择相变点以下10℃时,TA19钛合金的室温和高温力学性能及蠕变性能匹配最好,对应的显微组织中初生α相含量为15%~18%。     

Deformation behaviour and new constitutive equation utilising the grain size of commercial TC6 titanium alloy

Abstract

Isothermal compression tests on a commercial TC6 titanium alloy have been conducted at deformation temperatures of about 800 – 1040°C, strain rates of 0.001 – 50 s^-1 and height reductions of 30 – 50%. The microstructural evolution is represented through the measured grain size of the prior α-phase. Meanwhile, a new constitutive equation, which includes the grain size, is established for high temperature deformation behaviour. The procedure required to formulate a constitutive equation from the experimental results is presented. The constitutive equation to model the behaviour of the TC6 titanium alloy during high temperature deformation is validated and its formulation is presented. The results show that the present equation is satisfactory for describing the behaviour of the TC6 titanium alloy during high temperature deformation. The maximum difference between the calculated and the experimental results is less than 15%.