Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications.

Many of the links of religiousness with health, well-being, and social behavior may be due to religion's influences on self-control or self-regulation. Using Carver and Scheier's (1998) theory of self-regulation as a framework for organizing the empirical research, the authors review evidence relevant to 6 propositions: (a) that religion can promote self-control; (b) that religion influences how goals are selected, pursued, and organized; (c) that religion facilitates self-monitoring; (d) that religion fosters the development of self-regulatory strength; (e) that religion prescribes and fosters proficiency in a suite of self-regulatory behaviors; and (f) that some of religion's influences on health, well-being, and social behavior may result from religion's influences on self-control and self-regulation. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis of sulfur-linked analogues of nigerose, laminarabiose, laminaratriose, gentiobiose, gentiotriose, and laminaran trisaccharide Y

Sulfur-linked analogues of 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose (nigerose), 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose (laminarabiose), 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose (gentiobiose), O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-D-glucos e (laminaratriose), O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-D-gluco se (gentiotriose) and 3,6-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose (laminaran trisaccharide Y), namely, respectively, 3-thionigerose (6), 3-thiolaminarabiose (11), 6-thiogentiobiose (21), 3I,3II-dithiolaminaratriose (16), 6I,6II-dithiogentiotriose (29) and 3I,6I-dithiolaminaran trisaccharide Y (37) have been conveniently prepared by SN2 reactions of the corresponding anomer of D-glucopyranose 1-thiolate with suitably activated monosaccharide derivatives in N,N-dimethylformamide (for 6 and 21) or in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of a crown ether (for 11). A sequence involving the reaction of non-anomeric thiolates with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide was alternatively used for the preparation of 11 and 21 but proved less satisfactory. The preparation of thiotrisaccharides 16, 29, and 37 involved a mixed approach.     

Revealed, concealed, congealed, curdled: A reply to Pomichalek, Lamb, and Denner.

Replies to M. Pomichalek's (see record 1992-19269-001), S. Lamb's (see record 1992-19263-001), and B. Denner's (see record 1992-19257-001) remarks on P. Cushman's comments (see record 1991-17982-001) on D. Stern's (1985) study. Cushman defends constructionist research by maintaining that it can acknowledge and interpret ideology and thereby the moral framework in which the study is embedded. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Officers, boards, committees, and representatives of the American Psychological Association, 1998.

Presents the officers, boards, committees, and representatives of the American Psychological Association (APA) for 1998. Information from the following sources is also provided: (1) APA-affiliated state, provincial, and territorial psychological associations, (2) trustees, and (3) related organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Public policy, ethics, government, and law.

Contends that public policy reflects doubt about the effectiveness of professional self-regulation. Alternatives to professional self-regulation have come to the fore, as documented by increased governmental (licensing) regulation and escalation of legal (malpractice) actions. Endorsement of actions (e.g., through allocation of resources) and proactive efforts to circumvent the development of problems (e.g., planning and prevention) are preferred to legislative regulation. A recommendation of macrointervention (focusing on the child but accepting that he/she is part of the human system) is outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Officers, boards, committees, and representatives of the American Psychological Association, 1995.

Presents the officers, boards, committees, and representatives of the American Psychological Association (APA) for 1995. Information from the following sources is also provided: (1) APA and other affiliated state, provincial, and territorial psychological associations, (2) trustees, and (3) related organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Officers, boards, committees, and representatives of the American Psychological Association, 1997.

Presents the officers, boards, committees, and representatives of the American Psychological Association (APA) for 1997. Information from the following sources is also provided: (1) APA and other affiliated state, provincial, and territorial psychological associations, (2) trustees, and (3) related organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bishop, Eysenck, Block, and psychoticism.

J. Block (see record 1978-28560-001) questioned evidence for the validity of the Eysenck Psychoticism (P) scale based on the psychophysiological findings of G. S. Claridge and H. J. Chappa (see record 1974-02520-001) that Ss high in psychoticism showed an unusual and counterintuitive relationship between 2-flash threshold and skin conductance. The present authors argue that Block's criticism that the result may be ephemeral is incorrect for 3 reasons. First, the cut-off point used to define the low skin conductance range over which the relationship was most evident was not as arbitrary as Block suggests. Second, replication data demonstrated the same result. And third, the unusual psychophysiology found in high P Ss has also been observed in normal Ss under LSD-25 and in acute schizophrenics. However, the present authors also point out that all their work on psychoticism was based on an earlier version of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (the Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism Inventory), whose items may have more face validity than the published version. Finally, D. V. M. Bishop's (see record 1978-30744-001) interpretation of the present authors' dimensional concept of psychoticism is corrected. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1996: Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives: August 8 and 11, 1996, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and February 21–23, 1997, Washington, DC.

Reports minutes representing the official record of the actions of the American Psychological Association (APA) taken during 1996 by both the Board of Directors and the Council of Representatives. The Board held 6 official meetings, discussing issues related to the following topics: (1) minutes of previous meetings, (2) elections, awards, membership, and human resources, (3) ethics, (4) the Board of Directors, (5) divisions and state and provincial associations, (6) the APA organization, (7) publications and communications, (8) convention affairs, (9) educational issues, (10) professional affairs, (11) scientific affairs, (12) public interest, (13) ethnic minority affairs, (14) international affairs, (15) the Central Office, and (16) financial affairs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1995: Minutes of the annual meeting of the Council of Representatives: August 10 and 13, 1995, New York, NY, and February 16–18, 1996, Washington, DC.

Reports minutes representing the official record of the actions of the American Psychological Association (APA) taken during 1995 by both the Board of Directors and the Council of Representatives. Topics include (1) minutes of meetings; (2) elections, awards, membership, and human resources; (3) ethics; (4) Board of Directors; (5) divisions and state and provincial associations; (6) organization of the APA; (7) publications and communications; (8) convention affairs; (9) educational affairs; (10) professional affairs; (11) scientific affairs; (12) public interest; (13) ethnic minority affairs; (14) international affairs; (15) Central Office; (16) financial affairs; and (17) communications concerning outside organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Alcohol, expectancy, cognitive labeling, and mirth.

Investigated the role of alcohol, expectancy, and cognitive labeling in producing positive emotional changes following moderate alcohol consumption. In a 2–3 factorial design, 96 male normal drinkers (undergraduates) were (a) given either an alcoholic (.45 g ethanol/kg) or a nonalcoholic beverage, (b) instructed that they were receiving either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage, and (c) either informed or not informed of common physical sensations that result from a moderate dose of alcohol. Ss were then exposed to humorous stimuli, and their laughter and self-reports of mood were measured. Hypotheses based on extensions to alcohol intoxication of the cognitive-attributional components of S. Schachter's (1964) theory of emotion were not supported. Although both instructing Ss that they had received alcohol and actually administering alcohol increased Ss' reports of positive affect, only the beverage content instruction influenced Ss' laughter. Implications for current conceptualizations of the emotional and behavioral effects of alcohol consumption are discussed. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1984: Minutes of the annual meeting of the Council of Representatives August 23 and 26, 1984, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and February 1–3, 1985, Washington, D.C.

These minutes constitute the official record of actions of the Association taken during the year, by both the Board of Directors and the Council of Representatives. Included are (I) Minutes of Meetings in 1984-1985, (II) Elections, Awards, Membership, and Human Resources, (III) Ethics, (IV) Board of Directors, (V) Divisions and State Associations, (VI) Organization of the APA, (VII) Publications and Communications, (VIII) Convention Affairs, (IX) Educational Affairs, (X) Professional Affairs, (XI) Scientific Affairs, (XII) Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology, (XIII) Ethnic Minority Affairs, (XIV) International Affairs, (XV) Central Office, (XVI) Financial Affairs, and (XVII) Communications Concerning Outside Organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1991: Minutes of the annual meeting of the Council of Representatives August 14 and 17, 1991, San Francisco, and February 29 March 1, 1992, Washington, DC.

These minutes act as the official record of the actions of the American Psychological Association (APA) taken during the year by both the Board of Directors and the Council of Representatives. The report contains sections on (1) meeting minutes; (2) elections, awards, and membership; (3) ethics; (4) Board of Directors; (5) Divisions and State Associations; (6) APA organization; (7) publications and communications; (8) convention affairs; (9) educational affairs; (10) professional affairs; (11) scientific affairs; (12) public interest; (13) ethnic minority affairs; (14) international affairs; (15) Central Office; (16) financial affairs; and (17) communications concerning outside organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Harmful dysfunction, disorder, disease, illness, and evolution.

Can psychiatric disorders be conceptualized as "harmful dysfunctions" (J. C. Wakefield, 1992a. 1992b, 1999; S. O. Lilienfeld & L. Marino, 1995)? Wakefield's (1992a) central concept of disorder as "harmful dysfunction" is discussed by placing it in the context of a complementary discussion of disease, illness, the sick role, and evolution (D. F. Klein, 1978). S. O. Lilienfeld and L. Marino (1995) contended that proper biological function cannot be determined. This argument obscures the key significance of involuntary impairment of evolved functions. The claim that the Roschian concept has no counterpart in reality is incorrect and does not support the conclusion that dysfunctions are irreducibly evaluative and therefore arbitrary. J. C. Wakefield's (1999) views in this area are supplemented. The role of monothetic and polythetic categorization, extremal terms, and the concept of normality in nosology is considered. This analysis refutes the implication that deviance and illness are equivalent. The resolution of this debate is practically relevant to emphasizing areas of research investment, such as therapeutics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Power, approach, and inhibition.

This article examines how power influences behavior. Elevated power is associated with increased rewards and freedom and thereby activates approach-related tendencies. Reduced power is associated with increased threat, punishment, and social constraint and thereby activates inhibition-related tendencies. The authors derive predictions from recent theorizing about approach and inhibition and review relevant evidence. Specifically, power is associated with (a) positive affect, (b) attention to rewards, (c) automatic information processing, and (d) disinhibited behavior. In contrast, reduced power is associated with (a) negative affect; (b) attention to threat, punishment, others' interests, and those features of the self that are relevant to others' goals; (c) controlled information processing; and (d) inhibited social behavior. The potential moderators and consequences of these power-related behavioral patterns are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Drugs, recipes, babies, bathwater, and psychotherapy process-outcome relations.

In their critiques of W. B. Stiles and D. A. Shapiro's (see record 1995-10433-001) discussion of the process-outcome correlation problem, G. Silberschatz (see record 1995-10428-001) and L. Sechrest (see record 1995-10426-001) suggested that the problem is not fundamental but merely technical. Silberschatz suggested that more complex measures would solve the problem; Sechrest suggested that more complex analyses would solve the problem. Following Sechrest's multivariate suggestions, however, produced no better result. Contrary to Silberschatz's and Sechrest's suggestions, the problem is not in the measures or the analyses but in the interpretation of the results (null results as well as positive results), particularly in a failure to incorporate fully the phenomenon of responsiveness into an understanding of process–outcome relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Prigatano, Parsons, Wright, Levin, and Hawryluk.

Reports an error in the original article "Neuropsychological test performance in mildly hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" by George P. Prigatano et al. (Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 1983[Feb.] Vol 51[1] 108-116). On page 116, the reference Rennick, P. M, should read as follows: Lewis, R. R., & Rennick, P. M. Manual for the Repeatable Cognitive-Perceptual- Motor Battery. Grosse Pointe Park, Mich.: Axon, 1979. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1983-13068-001) Previous research has demonstrated neuropsychological deficits in moderately to severely hypoxemic, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The present article reports on the neuropsychological functioning of mildly hypoxemic COPD patients. 100 patients (mean age 61.5 yrs) and 25 controls (mean age 59.6 yrs) matched on relevant variables were given extensive neuropsychological tests including the WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale, and Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Mild neuropsychological impairment was observed in the COPD Ss, with overall indexes of neuropsychological dysfunction correlating with resting partial pressure of oxygen. Depression and motivation to perform could not account for the results. Long-term reduced oxygen supply to the brain may account for these observed deficits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

APA officers, division officers, editors, committees, representatives, and related organizations: 1956-1957.

APA officers, division officers, editors, committee members, representatives, and officers in related organizations (e.g., affiliated regional associations, affiliated state psychological associations, ABEPP, American Psychological Foundation, and the American Board for Psychological Services) are named. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Blood, Breath, Fears Redux, and Panic Attacks: Comment on Roth, Wilhelm, and Pettit (2005).

This article discusses the hyperventilation theory (HVT) of panic attacks (PAs) proposed by R. Ley in the context of criticisms raised by W. T. Roth, F. H. Wilhelm, and D. Pettit (2005) (see record 2005-01973-001). Their interpretation of HVT is flawed by misunderstanding, misinterpretation, and oversimplification of the complex psychophysiological principles on which current HVT is based. Consequently, the "propositions" they derive are inappropriate. Further, Roth et al. disregarded/overlooked: (a) differences among types of PAs, (b) abundant empirical evidence that PA patients are distinguished by presence or absence of prominent respiratory symptoms (e.g., overbreathing), and (c) Ley's (1992b) classification of PAs based on 10 psychophysiological distinctions. The review by Roth et al. falls short of standards required to falsify HVT. Current HVT of PAs is tenable and testable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)