光网络技术的发展与应用

主要从TDM（时分复用）、WDM（波分复用）、光纤技术、节点技术及全光网络等方面的发展介绍了近阶段光网络技术的发展与应用。     

Wavelength-exchanging cross connects (WEX)-a new class of photonic cross-connect architectures

All-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks are expected to realize the potential of optical technologies to implement different networking functionalities in the optical domain. A key component in WDM networks is the optical switch that provides the basic functionality of connecting input ports to output ports. Existing WDM switches make use of space switches and wavelength converters (WCs) to realize switching. However, this not only increases the size and the complexity of the switch but also bears heavily on the cost. In this paper, the authors propose a new class of photonic switch architectures called wavelength-exchanging cross connect (WEX) that provides several advantages over existing switches by enabling a single-step space switching and wavelength conversion and thus eliminating the need for a separate conversion stage. This greatly enhances the switch architecture by reducing its size and complexity. The new class of cross-connect architectures is based on the proposed concept of a wavelength-exchange optical crossbar (WOC). The WOC concept is realized using the simultaneous exchange between two optical signals. The proposed WEX architecture is highly scalable. To establish scalability, the authors present a systematic method of developing instances of the switch architectures of an arbitrary large size.     

An architecture for IP over WDM using time-division switching

This paper proposes an architecture for routing Internet protocol (IP) packets directly on optical networks. The use of label switching is assumed in the IP routers, while a new routing architecture is introduced to transport IP packets across an optical backbone network. The architecture is based on a two-tier multiplexing approach with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) addressing the number of regional exchanges and time-division switching communicating among the hubs. Such an architecture not only has the advantages of simple network management and high efficiency with low latency; it also is scalable by addition of regional exchanges, hubs, and fibers     

全光归零(RZ)到非归零(NRZ)码型转换技术研究进展

随着多媒体网络服务业务类型的不断出现,人们对因特网带宽需求日益增长,未来的超高速大容量光子网络很可能是波分复用与时分复用相结合的智能网络。全光归零(RZ)到非归零(NRZ)的码型转换技术,是构建这种网络的关键技术之一,它能避免电子学器件的速率瓶颈,将时分复用(OTDM)与波分复用(WDM)有机结合,在光域内实现不同调制格式的数据在网络的不同部分之间自由传输,已经引起了越来越多人们的兴趣。介绍了当前全光归零到非归零码型转换技术的最新研究进展,分析了其工作原理,优缺点及性能参数,指出了目前存在的技术难点问题,最后对其发展前景进行了展望。     

RAPID: reconfigurable and scalable all-photonic interconnect for distributed shared memory multiprocessors

In this paper, we describe the design and analysis of a scalable architecture suitable for large-scale distributed shared memory (DSM) systems. The approach is based on an interconnect technology which combines optical components and a novel architecture design. In DSM systems, numerous shared memory transactions such as requests, responses and acknowledgment messages propagate simultaneously in the network. As the network size increases, network contention results in increasing the critical remote memory access latency, which significantly penalizes the performance of DSM systems. In our proposed architecture called reconfigurable and scalable all-photonic interconnect for distributed-shared memory (RAPID), we provide high connectivity by maximizing the channel availability for remote communication to reduce the critical remote latency. RAPID provides fast and efficient unicast, multicast and broadcast capabilities using a combination of aggressively designed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and space division multiplexing (SDM) techniques. RAPID is wavelength-routed, permitting the same limited set of wavelength to be reused among all processors. We evaluated RAPID based on network characteristics, power budget criteria, and by simulation using synthetic traffic workloads and compared it against other networks such as electrical ring, torus, mesh, and hypercube networks. We found that RAPID outperforms all networks and still provides good performance as the network is scaled to very large numbers.     

Protection cost evaluation of WDM-based next generation optical access networks

New technologies and advanced network devices make it possible to move towards high capacity access networks able to satisfy the growing traffic demand. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is considered as one of the promising technologies for the next generation access networks since it offers higher bandwidth and longer reach compared to the current technologies (such as time division multiplexing (TDM) based networks). However, the migration to a new technology is typically based on an overall techno-economic study which should assure the network operator that the new implementation is cost effective and profitable while able to provide the required services to the users. Another important aspect in the access network design is the network reliability performance, which can be improved by providing a certain level of protection for equipment and/or infrastructure with high failure impact ratio in order to prevent a big number of the users being affected by a single failure. The cost of protection should be carefully evaluated since providing the backup resources may be too expensive for a network operator.In this paper, we investigate the capital and operational expenditures for two next generation optical access (NGOA) networks based on the WDM technology in dense urban areas. Three scenarios with different splitting ratios are studied for each technology, with and without protection. The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of providing protection on the total cost of NGOA networks. The results show that in the dense urban areas the fibers and digging costs are highly shared among the end users but still vary according to the splitting ratios for different scenarios and the fiber layout. It also can be seen that with a proper fiber layout design, minor extra investment for protection of NGOA networks can make a significant saving on failure related operational cost and that operational expenditures depend significantly on the fiber layout.     

Next generation hierarchical CWDM/TDM-PON network with scalable bandwidth deliverability to the premises

Long haul optical networks have been on focus for more than two decades. With the advent of dense wavelength division multiplexing technology, optical long haul fiber networks have been so successful in delivering an unprecedented amount of bandwidth that they outperformed the traffic deliverability from/to the access network by orders of magnitude. The reason was a cost-efficiency mismatch; long haul ultra-high bandwidth networks can take advantage of state of the art and costly technology, which cost-sensitive access networks cannot. The result was an unbalanced traffic flow from/to access points to the network if one compares the aggregate flow of the long haul network with that of the access. Nevertheless, over the last decade technology at the access advanced and new standards have been developed so that in the access layer of the overall communications network the focus has shifted onto fiber optic access again. Thus, in the optical regime, two proposals have prevailed. One uses a time division multiplexing (TDM) scheme over a single wavelength and a comprehensive timing protocol, and the other uses coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) technology. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages, and the one attempts to address the disadvantages of the other. In this paper we describe a hierarchical CWDM/TDM passive optical network (PON). Our access network architecture is scalable, it is flexible to accommodate one of several topologies simultaneously, and it delivers any type of payload, synchronous and asynchronous that spans from DS0 to Gbps. We discuss the bandwidth flexibility, versatility, resiliency and cost efficiency of the access network. We also demonstrate that our network can deliver payload to more than 16,000 end-users using simple and existing optical technology. Thus, if one considers cost per bandwidth or per user, the cost-efficiency outperforms any previous PON access network. Moreover, we provide simulation results to support the viability of our network architecture.     

A novel architecture of hybrid (WDM/TDM) passive optical networks with suitable modulation format

In this paper, we have analyzed the performance and feasibility of a hybrid wavelength division multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM) PON system with 128 optical networks units (ONUs). In the proposed network, the triple play services (video, voice and data) are successfully transmitted to a distance of 28 km to all ONUs. In addition, we investigate and compare the proposed hybrid PON for suitability of various modulation formats for different distance. It has been observed that the most suitable data format for hybrid PON network is NRZ Rectangular.     

密集波分多路在组建通信网中的应用

首先说明通信设施使用多路技术的发展进程，从过去的频分多路（FDM）至数字的时分多路＊TDM）到最近的波分多路（WDM），接着，叙述WDM在光纤传输线路中的应用，对加大传输容量非常有效，最后，解释WDM在光核心网中的应用，以期扩大通信网容量，适应快速增长的通信业务量的需要。     

Architecture and Engineering Issues in Building an IP over WDM Networks

The technologies of IP over WDM have presently received increasing attention owing to the rapid growth in Internet traffic and the need for next-generation Internet technologies. The challenge now is how to integrate the services of IP over WDM optical networks to take full advantages of WDM technologies and IP technologies, and yield a high-throughput optical platform directly underpinning next generation data networks. This article discusses some of the architecture and technology issues for the design of IP over WDM optical networks.     

全光非归零(NRZ)到归零(RZ)码型转换技术研究进展

互联网业务的迅猛增长,促使光网络向大容量高性能方向发展,波分复用(WDM)与时分复用(OTDM)相结合,将是未来超高速大容量光子网络的发展方向。全光非归零(NRZ)到归零(RZ)码型转换技术,是构建这种WDM/OTDM混合网络的核心接口技术之一,它能将分别采用WDM与OTDM技术的不同网络部分有机结合,实现不同调制格式的数据在网络的不同区域之间自由传输。综述了全光NRZ到RZ码型转换技术的最新研究进展,详细分析了每种方案的工作原理,性能特征及关键技术,对比了其优缺点,指出了目前存在的问题,最后对其发展前景进行了展望。     

光因特网的一种新构架

近几年来,由于低损耗单模光纤技术的进步,光网络已经被用来满足各种应用的需求。波分复用(WDM)技术被认为能更有效地利用巨大的光纤带宽。IP over WDM技术是网络发展的一个重要方向。本文提出了一种新型混合模型网络结构,并进行了模拟仿真研究,结果表明此技术是可行的。     

A New Optical TDM Ring Architecture

In this paper, we explore new optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) ring architectures. The objective of our study is to achieve high space-reuse efficiency of each time slot without using time-slot interchanges, which are expensive and difficult to implement in the optical domain. Although a TDM slot is often compared to a wavelength channel in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) network, we show that the intrinsic propagation delay in an OTDM network will lead to a phenomenon, called a slot cycle in the paper, that has no counterpart in WDM networks. By exploring the concept and the algebraic relationship between the frame size and the total propagation delay of the ring, we discover a novel OTDM ring architecture that achieves a high space-reuse efficiency without using time-slot interchanges. The equivalent of this architecture in the WDM domain can only be achieved with the use of many wavelength converters. We also study the efficiency of the architecture based on different types of traffic demand models in the network.     

WDM在SDH传输网中应用的技术问题

波分复用技术 ( WDM)在中国电信同步数字体系 SDH光传输网中的广泛运用 ,必将极大地满足宽带长途传输和接入的需求。通过分析波分复用技术相对于时分复用技术( TDM)的优越性及其在 SDH传输网中的应用 ,讨论了 SDH网络中使用 WDM的关键技术 ,并探讨了 WDM与 SDH网络管理一体化的技术方案和优势     

SUCCESS: a next-generation hybrid WDM/TDM optical access network architecture

In this paper, the authors propose a next-generation hybrid WDM/TDM optical access network architecture called Stanford University aCCESS or SUCCESS. This architecture provides practical migration steps from current-generation time-division multiplexing (TDM)-passive optical network (PONs) to future WDM optical access networks. The architecture is backward compatible for users on existing TDM-PONs, while simultaneously capable of providing upgraded high-bandwidth services to new users on DWDM-PONs through advanced WDM techniques. The SUCCESS architecture is based on a collector ring and several distribution stars connecting the CO and the users. A semipassive configuration of the Remote Nodes (RNs) enables protection and restoration, making the network resilient to power failures. A novel design of the OLT and DWDM-PON ONUs minimizes the system cost considerably: 1) tunable lasers and receivers at the OLT are shared by all ONUs on the network to reduce the transceiver count and 2) the fast tunable lasers not only generate downstream data traffic but also provide DWDM-PON ONUs with optical CW bursts for their upstream data transmission. Results from an experimental system testbed support the feasibility of the proposed SUCCESS architecture. Also, simulation results of the first SUCCESS DWDM-PON MAC protocol verify that it can efficiently provide bidirectional transmission between the OLT and ONUs over multiple wavelengths with a small number of tunable transmitters and receivers.     

支持灵活谱利用的超大容量全光网体系结构研究

随着超高速光传输技术的发展,支撑100Gbit/s以及更高速率的组网应用成为全光网研究的关键。文章提出支持灵活谱利用的超大容量全光网体系结构。该结构根据端口实际需要编程配置光通道带宽并实现全光交换,突破波分复用（WDM）对通道带宽的限制,解决超高速率光信号的传送问题。同时,支持面向精细颗粒带宽的全光谱域分割和疏导控制与管理,实现光层资源虚拟化与按需配置,提高光纤带宽利用率。     

Access and metro networks based on WDM technologies

This paper describes the technical issues of access and metro networks based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologies, some solutions, and an experimental demonstration. A WDM star access network with colorless optical network units (ONUs) is proposed. For realizing the colorless ONU, two approaches are introduced; optical carrier supply and spectrum slicing. In addition, a WDM metro ring network with scalable optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), namely the tapped-type OADM, is proposed to effectively accommodate the large amount of traffic issued from access networks. Prototypes are constructed and used to verify the feasibility of the proposed WDM technologies.     

Flexible hybrid WDM/TDM PON architectures using wavelength selective switches

For building an optical access network, we propose some new hybrid WDM/TDM passive optical network (PON) architectures that use wavelength selective switches (WSSs) at the remote node to improve flexibility, data security and power budget. Through simulations we demonstrate that the switching capabilities of a WSS can provide additional gains in terms of wavelength usage by a better statistical multiplexing. Several WSS-based hybrid WDM/TDM PON variants are proposed and assessed. These architectures are also compared with the more commonly used hybrid WDM/TDM PONs consisting of power splitters and/or arrayed wavelength gratings (AWGs), in terms of cost and power budget.     

新型IP over WDM网络结构应用研究

在最近几年里，波分复用技术(WDM)的巨大进展促进了基于WDM网络的研究。直到最近,WDM主要还是用于点到点的长距离传输，然而，随着WDM联网技术的出现，IP over WDM技术将会占据主导地位。为此提出了一种新型混合模型网络结构，并进行了模拟仿真研究，结果表明此技术是可行的。     

Multiaccess processor interconnection using subcarrier andwavelength division multiplexing

The optical technology contributes significantly to high speed long distance communications and local area networks (LANs). The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and the subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) are two technologies widely employed to fully utilize the huge bandwidth available on optical fibers and alleviate the speed mismatch between the components in the electronic domain and those in the optical domain. In this paper, we extend these technologies to parallel processing multicomputers. The design philosophy is to incorporate advantages of both the WDM and the SCM into the multiaccess processor interconnection for multicomputers. The objective is to provide high bandwidth and high data rate under the physical limits and the performance requirements. A novel interprocessor architecture, the receiver oriented architecture (ROA), is proposed. Based on the passive optical star coupler, the ROA has been implemented and referred as ROA-SC which is single-hop accessible and optically self-routing. The implementation also speeds up the processing in the electronic domain. Besides, the presentation includes three media access protocols for both the reservation and the preallocation approaches. Extensive analysis has been performed and the proposed ROA-SC is found to have very good modularity and scalability so that it is very suitable for practical applications