基于水化程度的早龄期混凝土拉伸徐变模型研究

研究了早龄期混凝土的拉伸徐变特性,首先对基于水化程度的开尔文模型进行改进,并建立拉伸徐变的增量计算方法;然后采用门式加载设备对早龄期混凝土的直接拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量以及拉伸徐变进行试验研究,通过热重分析得到水泥浆体的水化程度;最后利用1 d 龄期的徐变试验结果确定改进模型的计算参数,并对其他龄期拉伸应变进行验算。研究结果表明,早龄阶段混凝土的水化程度发展较快,拉伸徐变对早龄混凝土的加载龄期非常敏感,加载龄期越早,混凝土的徐变度越大;基于水化程度包含3 个开尔文单元的徐变模型可以较好地描述早龄期混凝土拉伸徐变特征。     

基于微预应力-固结理论的早龄期混凝土高温拉伸徐变试验与模拟

研究了早龄期混凝土高温拉伸徐变特性,建立起能够考虑混凝土内部水化热和外界环境温度影响,并且适用于早龄期混凝土拉伸徐变的数值计算方法。采用自行设计的门式徐变加载设备和环境箱控制系统,进行了室温（23℃）和高温（43℃）环境下的混凝土拉伸徐变试验,加载龄期分别为1 d、7 d和28 d。利用徐变试验结果确定模型的计算参数,进而模拟、验证温度因素对于混凝土拉伸徐变的影响。研究结果表明,早龄期混凝土的拉伸徐变对混凝土的加载龄期和温度变化非常敏感,基于微预应力-固结理论建立起考虑温度效应和早龄期特征的数值模型,可以较好地描述不同温度历史下的早龄期混凝土拉伸徐变特征。模型采用应力-应变增量关系进行数值计算,能够为通用有限元软件徐变分析的二次开发提供基础。     

水泥混凝土路面板早龄期翘曲行为机制研究

为了解水泥混凝土路面板翘曲在早龄期阶段的行为和形成机制,设计了大量程振弦传感器监测竖向位移方法,对夏季工况14 d早龄期路面板全幅竖向变形进行了连续监测,并结合编制的专用早龄期程序进行了对应行为和形成机制理论分析。研究显示,早龄期阶段面板呈现“平整板-板角翘曲,板角翘曲-1/4板位隆起中间态翘曲,板角翘曲-1/4中间态翘曲-板中翘曲”3阶段翘曲演化行为,面板变形在早龄期阶段存在多种翘曲模式和不对称现象。早龄期翘曲与环境场、面板混凝土模量、徐变、结构约束显著相关,徐变对面板早龄期行为有显著消散作用。在板周约束和温度变形驱动不足等组合情况下,将产生1/4对角线板位隆起固化形状,形成路面板局部不平整和对应位置脱空。建议区分早龄期固化变形和早龄期固化基准参数的作用特性,通过面板支撑状态等效反映固化变形作用效应。     

水泥混凝土路面早龄期应力行为试验研究

为了解路面板早龄期应力性状与行为特征,基于福建夏季高温、冬季低温、隧道恒温进行了3种典型环境条件的路面板早龄期行为现场试验。采用无应力圆筒装置去除路面板温湿度无应力应变,基于应变历史结合步进法考虑徐变松弛获得路面板典型监测位置应力性状和时程。同步监测路面板早龄期温度场和整板翘曲,比较路面板早龄期应力与温度梯度、翘曲变形的相互关系。研究显示,路面板早龄期应力一般存在压应力、拉应力、应力波动循环3个阶段,应力波动循环初期存在一个松弛阶段。路面早龄期应力主动影响因素有水化放热、环境场温湿度变化、翘曲变形和重力的联合作用,初期水化热升降温效应显著,后期温度翘曲效应显著。被动影响因素有水泥混凝土早龄期行为、结构约束、边界条件等。夏季施工面板早龄期应力和翘曲量级显著高于冬季,隧道恒温条件下面板由于湿度收缩会形成板角始终向上的凹形固化翘曲。早龄期应力波动和松弛过程的存在,造成路面板初期运营的一段时间的应力与后期正常服役期并不相同,需要规避可能与设计状态不符的初期不利工况。     

水泥混凝土路面板早龄期徐变效应研究EI北大核心CSCD

基于微预应力-固结理论徐变模型,综合考虑材料、结构以及环境参数影响,建立三维路面板早龄期力学行为仿真程序,开展了路面板三维结构徐变效应研究。研究显示,徐变对路面板早龄期作用是一种松弛效应,显著降低了路面板早龄期翘曲和应力;徐变对路面板早龄期行为的影响量级与温度梯度、板边约束的影响相当;徐变效应受板边约束、温湿度梯度和整体温度条件显著影响,空间位置存在不均匀分布特性,徐变作用下应力最大松弛位置向受约束的板边中部靠近;路面板徐变松弛效应有显著经时特性,前7天徐变效应最为显著,60天后趋于稳定;面板温度梯度与整体温度提高,徐变松弛效应显著增加。理论比较显示,忽略温度对徐变的影响会低估高温、高估低温条件下的徐变效应,工程中可基于徐变效应设计降低路面板早龄期初始翘曲与初始应力。     

钢-混凝土组合梁收缩徐变分析的有限元方法

基于按龄期调整的有效模量法,提出了部分剪力连接钢-混凝土组合梁在长期荷载作用下收缩徐变分析的简化有限元模型,并通过建立特殊的剪力连接件单元刚度矩阵和利用Newton-Raphson迭代方法考虑滑移效应,同时考虑了负弯矩区混凝土板开裂对组合梁刚度和强度的影响。利用该模型计算了连续组合梁在长期荷载作用下的挠度、应力、滑移量,计算结果与已有的理论计算结果和实验结果吻合,证明本模型用于分析钢-混凝土组合梁收缩徐变是可靠的。     

横观各向同性岩石力学-化学-损伤耦合有限元分析

该文基于层理性岩石的水化作用和连续损伤特性,建立力学-化学-损伤耦合的有限元（FEM）求解方法,开展含钻井孔岩石的井壁应力和围岩损伤演化分析。该文发展横观各向同性Biot本构关系,采用Weibull分布函数表征岩石的非均质性;考虑水化作用引起的损伤,结合当前应力状态的应力损伤得到损伤张量,对弹性模量和渗透率进行损伤分析,实现层理性岩石在水化和荷载作用下的连续损伤演化,形成一套渗流-应力-化学-损伤（HMCD）耦合分析方法。该文给出数值算例,将含损伤横观各向同性模型用于研究层理性岩石的水化特性,表明岩石的非均匀性和水化作用对井壁应力解答具有重要影响,该有限元求解方法可对岩石水化、损伤进行可靠、有效的数值分析。     

设沥青夹层水泥混凝土路面早龄期力学行为与作用效应研究

基于水泥混凝土路面早龄期三维有限元力学分析程序,对设沥青夹层面板结构早龄期阶段力学行为和性状形成的结构效应、沥青夹层效应进行了研究。研究发现,早龄期阶段固化温度、混凝土的徐变和硬化历程与环境场叠加作用,会引起面板更大的早期板角翘曲和脱粘,以往传统分析理论忽略了此方面影响。设沥青夹层结构比无夹层直接加铺路面脱粘面积小、翘曲变形更大。沥青夹层面板早龄期增大翘曲、脱粘的结构效应与特定重载交通共同作用下可能产生对路面板疲劳寿命不利的影响。对设沥青夹层加铺结构建议采用刚度较大的基层,夹层厚度宜在30 mm以内,沥青夹层混合料模量宜选低值。     

早龄期混凝土湿度应力计算与开裂风险评估

该文以现浇混凝土圆柱为例,建立了自收缩与干燥收缩统一的早龄期混凝土收缩应力解析计算方法,并采用松弛系数法对混凝土徐变的影响作了修正,同时对混凝土早期开裂风险进行了分析。应用所建模型,对不同环境湿度条件、不同尺寸混凝土圆柱的湿度应力进行了计算与分析。结果表明:混凝土内部湿度随时间的变化幅度是控制湿度应力的主要因素,混凝土内部湿度与环境湿度差值越小,干缩应力越小;徐变参数的取值对混凝土湿度应力的计算影响较大;构件尺寸对干缩应力也有一定的影响,柱半径越大,相同条件下其外表面拉应力越大,越容易开裂。     

部分预应力混凝土梁的应力和变形

本文运用有限元步进法，结合按龄期调整的有效模量法，对部分预应力混凝土梁在不同荷载阶段截面的应力和变形进行了分析探讨。分析时不仅考虑了混凝土的收缩、徐变以及预应力钢筋的松弛等因素的时效影响，而且当混凝土中所受的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时还考虑了混凝土开裂的影响。根据分析方法编制了部分预应力混凝土梁的计算分析程序，并运用该程序对某座部分预应力混凝土梁的截面应力和变形进行了详细分析。     

A Stochastic Multi-Scale Model for Prediction of the Autogenous Shrinkage Deformations of Early-age Concrete

Autogenous shrinkage is defined as the bulk deformation of a closed, isothermal, cement-based material system, which is not subjected to external forces. It is associated with the hydration process of the cement paste. From the viewpoint of engineering practice, autogenous shrinkage deformations result in an increase of tensile stresses, which may lead to cracking of early-age concrete. Since concrete is a multi-phase composite with different material compositions and microscopic configurations at different scales, autogenous shrinkage does not only depend on the hydration of the cement paste, but also on the mechanical properties of the constituents and of their distribution. In this paper, a stochastic multi-scale model for early-age concrete is presented, which focuses on the prediction of autogenous shrinkage deformations. In this model, concrete is divided into three different levels according to the requirement of separation of scales. These levels are the cement paste, the mortar, and the concrete. A specific representative volume element (RVE) for each scale is described by introducing stochastic parameters. Different scales are linked by means of the asymptotic expansion theory. A set of autogenous shrinkage experiments on the cement paste, the mortar, and the concrete is conducted and used for validation of the developed multi-scale model. Furthermore, the influence of the type and the volume fraction of the aggregate on autogenous shrinkage is studied. Besides, a combined optimum of fine and coarse aggregates is determined. The analysis results show that the proposed model can effectively estimate the autogenous shrinkage deformations of concrete at early-age by taking the influence of the material composition and configuration into consideration.     

Early-age stress analysis of a concrete diaphragm wall through tensile creep modeling

This paper reports a recent large-scale experimental investigation on early-age stress evolution in a deep underground concrete diaphragm wall. To evaluate the early-age stress induced by hydration temperature rise, autogeneous shrinkage and reinforcement restraint, both laboratory tests and in situ large-scale model wall test are performed. The laboratory tests include concrete adiabatic temperature rise, autogeneous shrinkage and restraint test. The in situ model wall simulates continuous and sliding design options for the external and inner layers with thermal and strain sensors installed in the inner layer. The restraint test results are interpreted via tensile creep modeling and an algorithm is conceived to calibrate the concrete tensile creep law. With the identified creep law, a thermomechanical analysis is performed on the model wall to calculate the concrete temperature and stress evolution at early age. The identified tensile creep law is furthermore validated by the numerical results and in situ measurements. Furthermore, the early-age stress analysis is performed on the full-scale diaphragm wall. Comments on the concrete tensile creep law and the diaphragm wall design option are given in the end.     

Finite element modelling of hardening concrete: application to the prediction of early age cracking for massive reinforced structures

This article presents finite element modelling to predict the early age cracking risk of concrete structures. It is a tool to help practitioners choose materials and construction techniques to reduce the risk of cracking. The proposed model uses original hydration modelling (allowing composed binder to be modelled and hydric consumption to be controlled) followed by a non-linear mechanical model of concrete at early ages involving creep and damage coupling. The article considers hydration effects on this mechanical model, which is based on a non-linear viscoelastic formulation combined with an anisotropic, regularized damage model. Details of the numerical implementation are given in the article and the model is applied successively to a laboratory structure and to a massive structure in situ (experimental wall of a nuclear power plant studied in the framework of the French national research project CEOS.fr).     

Thermo-hygro-mechanical behavior of early-age concrete deck in composite bridge under environmental loadings. Part 2: strain and stress

Restraint of volume change in concrete accompanies the development of stress in concrete structures. When concrete is placed in the field, the stress development becomes very complicated at early ages due to the hydration and environmental interaction. This study investigates quantitatively the effects of various factors on the stress variation of early-age concrete decks in composite bridges under environmental loading. The test members were made to exhibit the early-age behavior of a composite bridge. The effects of parameters related to thermal and drying shrinkage stress were analyzed through a numerical model and compared with measured data. The risk of transverse cracking in early-age concrete decks was evaluated in the numerical parametric study. The present study provides better understanding of the behavior of early-age composite bridge under environmental loading, which can be efficiently utilized to reduce the risk of cracking at early ages.     

Modelling of concrete at early ages: Application to an externally restrained slab

In view of the growing use of High Performance Concrete, with large hydration-induced volumetric changes (both thermal and shrinkage related), numerical modelling of concrete at early ages has become an important issue, regarding the possible formation of cracks, with undesirable consequences on aesthetics and structural durability. In this paper a thermo-mechanical model based on the framework of finite element techniques is presented, and involves the consideration of phenomena such as the heat production induced by the cement hydration, the evolving properties of concrete during hydration and early-age creep. A numerical application is presented, focused on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of a slab strongly restrained by the supporting piles, which has been monitored during the construction phase. For this particular problem it is shown that by making a reasonable thermal and mechanical characterization of concrete, the thermo-mechanical model provides results that are well correlated with the observed in situ measurements, namely the temperatures and the strains.     

Numerical modeling of mechanical regain due to self-healing in cement based composites

Recently there has been an increasing interest in self-healing materials which have the ability to retrieve their physico-mechanical properties once the material is damaged. This paper presents a numerical model for the self-healing capacity of cementitious composites capable of simulating the recovery of mechanical properties of the damaged (cracked) material. The recent SMM (Solidification-Microprestress-Microplane model M4) model for concrete, which makes use of a modified microplane model M4 and the solidification-microprestress theory, is able to reproduce the concrete time-dependent behavior, e.g. creep, shrinkage, thermal deformation, aging, and cracking from early age up to several years. The moisture and heat fields, as well as the hydration degree, are obtained from the solution of a hygro-thermo-chemical problem which is coupled with the SMM model. This numerical framework is extended to incorporate the self-healing effects and, in particular, the effect of delayed cement hydration, which is the main cause of the self-healing for young concrete. The new update model can also simulate the effects of cracking on the permeability and the opposite restoring effect of the self-healing on the mechanical constitutive law, i.e. the microplane model. A numerical example is presented to validate the proposed computational model employing experimental data from a recent test series undertaken at Politecnico di Milano. The experimental campaign has dealt with a normal strength concrete, in which (by means of three-point-bending tests performed up to controlled crack opening and up to failure, respectively before and after exposure to different conditioning environments) the recovery of stiffness and load bearing capacity has been evaluated.     

Early-age autogenous cracking of cementitious matrices: physico-chemical analysis and micro/macro investigations

High-performance cement-based materials, characterized by low water-to-cement (W/C) ratio and high cement content, are sensitive to early-age cracking because their autogenous shrinkage rate and magnitude are particularly high during this period. This article firstly presents experimental tools especially designed for the measurement of free and restrained autogenous shrinkage at early-age. Then, the results of a multi-parameter experimental study conducted on three different types of binder are analyzed. The physico-chemical deformations of cement pastes and mortars were measured from the very early-age up to several days in saturated and autogenous conditions to investigate the effects of binder, water-to-binder ratio, presence of aggregates and temperature on the driving-mechanisms leading to early-age autogenous cracking. Complementary tests such as hydration rate measurement and microscopic observations were also performed. Among the three binders used, the blast furnace slag cement shows higher chemical strain, for a given quantity of chemically-bound water, and higher early-age autogenous shrinkage. The presence of aggregates generates a local restraining effect of cement paste deformations, leading to the formation of microcracks in the surrounding cement paste. Ring test results reveal that the first through crack of cement pastes systematically appears for maximal internal stress values lower than the material tensile strength, estimated with three-point flexural tests. This phenomenon may be due to diffuse damage of the cementitious matrix, whose deformations are partially restrained.     

Physico-chemical deformations of solidifying cementitious systems: multiscale modelling

At early stages of hydration and in autogenous conditions (no mass transfer with the outside), solidifying cementitious systems exhibit dimensional variations following two main processes: Le Chatelier contraction (also called chemical shrinkage) and self-desiccation shrinkage causing autogenous shrinkage. Chemical shrinkage results from the difference between the specific volumes of reactants (anhydrous cement and water) and hydration products. Early-age autogenous shrinkage is generally attributed to the development of a negative capillary pressure in the porous network related to the water consumption by the hydration reactions. If restrained, deformations associated to these shrinkages can induce the development of internal stresses high enough to generate cracking of the hardening material. The purpose of this study is to propose a multiscale approach to model the rate of self-desiccation shrinkage of cementitious materials at very early-age, between 0 and 48 h. Within the first hours, Le Chatelier contraction is computed from a formulation suggested in a later work which is based on the chemical equations of hydration and the specific volume of each phase. Then, when the setting of the cement paste takes place, the autogenous shrinkage is calculated according to the evolution of the capillary pressure and the stiffness of the cement paste. The stiffness is calculated by applying a classical homogenization method. Computed results are discussed and analyzed. Good agreements between experiments and simulations are achieved and a sensitivity study is performed to assess the influence of the cement fineness and the aggregate volume fraction on early-age autogenous strain.     

Modelling creep and shrinkage of concrete by means of effective stresses

A novel model of mechanical performance of concrete at early ages and beyond, and in particular, evolution of its strength properties (aging) and deformations (shrinkage and creep strains), described in terms of effective stress is briefly presented. This model reproduces such? phenomena known from experiments like drying creep or some additional strains, as compared to pure shrinkage, which appear during autogenous deformations of a maturing, sealed concrete sample. Creep is described by means of the modified microprestress-solidification theory with some modifications to take into account the effects of temperature and relative humidity on concrete aging. Shrinkage strains are modelled by using effective stresses giving a good agreement with experimental data also for low values of relative humidity. Results of four numerical examples based on the real experimental tests are solved to validate the model. They demonstrate its possibilities to analyze both autogenous deformations in maturing concrete, and creep and shrinkage phenomena, including drying creep, in concrete elements of different age, sealed or drying, exposed to external load or without any load.