Characterisation of Moringa stenopetala seed oil variety “Marigat” from island Kokwa

The oil from Moringa stenopetala seeds variety Marigat from the island Kokwa was extracted using 3 different procedures including cold press (CP), extraction with n‐hexane and extraction with a mixture of chloroform:methanol (1:1) (CM). The yield of oil was 35.7% (CP) to 44.9% (CM). The density, refractive index, colour, smoke point, viscosity, acidity, saponification value, iodine value, fatty acid methyl esters, sterols, tocopherols (by high‐performance liquid chromatography), peroxide value, Eequation/tex2gif-stack-1.gif at 232 nm and the susceptibility to oxidation measured by the Rancimat method were determined. The oil was found to contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic (up to 76.40%). The dominant saturated acids were behenic (up to 6.01%) and palmitic (up to 6.21%). The oil was also found to contain high levels of β‐sitosterol (up to 52.19%%of total sterols), stigmasterol (up to 16.53% of total sterols) and campesterol (up to 14.26% of total sterols). α‐, β‐ and δ‐tocopherols were detected up to levels of 98.00, 44.50 and 82.41 mg/kg of oil, respectively. The reduction of the induction period (at 120 °C) of M. stenopetala seed oil ranged from 29.4% to 54.7% after degumming. The M. stenopetala seed oil showed high stability to oxidative rancidity. The results of all the above determinations were compared with those of a commercial virgin olive oil and Moringa oleifera seed oil.     

Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Chinese Moringa oleifera Seed Oil

This work focused on physicochemical property assaying, fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles, and unsaponifiable matter composition of the Chinese Moringa oleifera seed oil. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in approximate nutritional components between M. oleifera seeds from China and India, while variations in the mineral element contents are significant. Both the Soxhlet extraction method and the aqueous enzymatic extraction method were adopted to extract oil from Chinese M. oleifera seeds. Oil yield obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method was higher than that obtained using the aqueous enzymatic extraction method. While both the iodine value and unsaponifiable matter content of the aqueous enzymatic extracted oil were a little higher than that of the Soxhlet extracted oil. Both oils possess a very low acid value and peroxide value, suggesting their good quality as edible oil. Fatty acid composition results indicated that this oil was especially high in oleic acid. Characterization of the TAG composition was achieved by a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupling of nonaqueous reverse-phase and silver ion HPLC with the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry method. A total of 22 TAG including 16 regioisomers were determined. Composition results of unsaponifiable matters revealed that this oil possesses a number of phytosterols, in which β-sitosterol and stigmasterol are most predominant.     

Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Khat (Catha edulis) Seed Oil

The proximate, physicochemical, and fatty acid compositions of seed oil extracted from khat (Catha edulis) were determined. The oil, moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, crude carbohydrate, and ash content in seeds were 35.54, 6.63, 24, 1.01, 30.4 %, and 1.32 g/100 g DW respectively. The free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value, and iodine value were 2.98 %, 12.65 meq O₂/kg, 190.60 mg KOH/g, and 145 g/100 g oil, respectively. Linolenic acid (C_18:3, 50.80 %) and oleic (C_18:1, 16.96 %) along with palmitic acid (C_16:0, 14.60 %) were the dominant fatty acids. The seed oil of khat can be used in industry for the preparation of liquid soaps and shampoos. Furthermore, high levels of unsaturated fatty acids make it an important source of nutrition especially as an animal product substitute for omega‐3 fatty acids owing to the high content of linolenic acid.     

Oil quality characteristics of irradiated sunflower and maize seed

The characteristics of oils extracted from gamma‐irradiated sunflower (Halianthus annuus) and maize (Zea mays) seeds at absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy were investigated. Gamma irradiation did not affect the lipid, protein, fiber, and ash contents of neither sunflower nor maize seeds significantly (p>0.05). No significant changes were observed for the values of refractive index and density between the control and irradiated sunflower and maize oils. Peroxide value, acid value, para‐anisidine value, and conjugated dienes and trienes contents increased, while iodine values decreased in the irradiated oils as compared to those of control oils (p<0.05). A small decrease in the contents of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherols of both sunflower and maize oils was noted by radiation treatment up to 6 kGy, however, the decline was more pronounced at higher dosages. The effects of irradiation on the fatty acid composition of sunflower oil showed a significant (p<0.05) change in the amounts of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, while the concentration of palmitic acid was unaffected even at 10 kGy. Similar trends in the fatty acid profile were found for both the sunflower and maize oil.     

Chemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Seed Oil

The physicochemical and fatty acid compositions of seed oil extracted from Thunbergia fragrans were determined. The oil content, free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value were 21.70 %, 2.25 % (as oleic acid), 9.6 (mequiv. O₂/kg), 191.71 (mg KOH/g) and 127.84 (g/100 g oil) respectively. The fatty acid profiles of the methyl esters showed the presence of 90.16 % unsaturated fatty acids and 9.84 % saturated fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid, which is usually found in marine foods and is unique in seed oils of botanical origin, was the major component (79.24 %). The oil can also be used in industries for the preparation of liquid soaps, shampoos and alkyd resin.     

Effect of plant population densities and application of growth retardants on cottonseed yield and quality

In field trials at Giza in 1986–1987, cotton cv. Giza 75 was sown at 166,000, 222,000 and 333,000 plants/ha and given foliar applications of 0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm Cycocel (chlormequat) or Alar (daminozide). As plant density increased, there was a decrease in cottonseed yield/ha, seed index, seed protein content, oil and protein yields/ha, oil refractive index, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter and unsaturated fatty acids (myristoleic, oleic and linoleic). In contrast, as plant density increased, there was an increase in oil acid value, saponification value and saturated fatty acids (caprylic, capric, lauric, tridecylic, myristic, palmitic and stearic). Application of Cycocel or Alar increased cottonseed yield/ha, seed index, seed protein content and oil and protein yield/ha, oil refractive index, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter and unsaturated fatty acids. However, there was a decrease in oil acid value and saponification value. There were no differences among application rates of either chemical on cottonseed yield/ha. The highest oil and protein yield/ha was observed with Cycocel applied at 750 ppm, followed by Alar at 250 ppm. Applying Cycocel at 250 ppm gave the highest oil refractive index and unsaponifiable matter, and the lowest acid value. Application of Alar at 250 ppm gave the highest oil iodine value and the lowest saponification value, and also at 250 or 500 ppm gave the highest oil unsaturated fatty acid composition. Interaction was positive between plant density, Cycocel and Alar and affected cottonseed yield/ha. The 166,000 plants/ha and application of Cycocel at 750 and Alar at 250 ppm are recommended for the improvement of cottonseed yield and quality.     

The composition of the oil of starfruit (Averrhoa carambola,Linn.) seeds

The starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, Linn.) seeds were found rich in oil. The oil was examined for its refractive index, iodine value, acid value, saponification number, unsaponifiable matter, and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The values (area percent) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: C14:0 (0.67%); C16:0 (21.34%); C18:0 and C24:0 (trace).     

几种食用油中不饱和脂肪酸和皂化值的测定研究

以茶籽油、玉米油、橄榄油、芝麻油、花生油为原料,利用容量分析方法测定其不饱和脂肪酸含量及皂化值.经碘酊法测定,这5种食油用的不饱和脂肪酸含量(以碘值衡量)最高的为茶籽油,达95.46g·(100g)-1,碘值最低的为花生油54.67g·( 100g)-1.这5种植物油碘值由大至小依次为:茶籽油＞玉米油＞橄榄油＞芝麻油＞...     

The fatty acid composition of the oil of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) seeds

The seeds of the winged bean,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. were found to be rich in oil. The oil was examined for its iodine value, saponification value and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The value (area percent) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: 14∶0 (0.2%); 16∶0 (9.1%); 16∶1 (0.4%); 18∶0 (5.4%); 18∶1 (41.0%); 18∶2 (29.5%); 18∶3 (1.9%); 20∶0 (2.0%); 20∶1 and 18∶4 together (2.2%); 22∶0 (7.3%) and 24∶0 (1.0%). The iodine value (Wij solution) was 91. The oil contains an appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic 18∶2 (29.5%). The predominant saturated fatty acid is palmitic 16∶0 (9.1%).     

Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes

Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds were investigated for their nutritional quality and oil characteristics. The yields of seeds on an as is basis (edible portion) were 1.6 and 1.8% for grape and melon, respectively. The melonseed on a dry weight basis consisted of 53.6% testa and 46.4% kernel. The crude protein, fat and fiber content were 16.4, 23.1 and 47.7% for melon and 8.2, 14.0 and 38.6% for grape (dry weight basis). Both seeds were found to contain significant levels of Ca, Mg, P and K. The fatty acid profiles showed an unsaturated fatty acid content of 76.1% for melonseed oil and 88.6% for grapeseed oil. The predominant fatty acid in both seeds was linoleic acid. The iodine value, saponification number and acid value were 116, 248 and 0.97 for melonseed oil and 132, 194 and 1.59 for grapeseed oil. The amino acid profiles of both seed cake proteins were determined and compared with hen’s egg protein.     

棉籽酸化油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱法分析了棉籽酸化油的脂肪酸组成,并对其理化性质进行了研究。分析结果表明,棉籽酸化油的含油率为91.33%,酸值为144.35mgKOH/g,碘值为116.58gI2/100g,皂化值为199.80mgKOH/g;其主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸(21.29%)、硬脂酸(2.29%)、油酸(23.72%)、亚油酸(50.23%)和亚麻酸(0.39%),其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达74%,具有很高的工业利用价值。     

Characterization of Twelve Genotype Varieties of Soybean for Oil Content,Protein Content and Fatty Acid Composition

Twelve genotype varieties of Soybean were analysed for their oil and protein content and fatty acid composition. The oil content varies from 15.6% to 25.8%, iodine value from 129.0 to 145.0, saponification equivalent from 277.0 to 280.0 and protein content from 36.3% to 41.9%. The content of saturated acids varies from 8.6% to 16.7% and that of unsaturated acids from 83.3% to 91.4%.     

Composition and Characteristics of Cleome icosandra L. Seed Oil

Cleome icosandra grows wild in abundance all over India. The seeds contain 26% of oil. The iodine value of the fresh and the stored oils was found to be 125–126 and saponification value as 205. The oil contains only a small amount of saturated acids (21–22%), viz. myristic (1–1.2%), palmitic (13–14%) and stearic [6–7%] and high amounts of unsaturated acids, viz. oleic (12–14%), linoleic (65–66%). Due to the high linoleic content the oil polymerises during storage. The degree of polymerisation is higher with the oil extracted from stored seeds which was kept over a period of three months than the oil obtained from fresh seeds under identical conditions. The short crop period, ease of collection of seeds from forest areas and the desirable tendency of polymerisation suggest the exploitation of this oil for industrial use.     

Characteristics and some potential applications of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds and seed oil

The seeds of four date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars, Dekel Noor, Zahidi, Medjool and Halawy, grown in the Arava Valley of southern Israel were analyzed for their inorganic and some organic constituents. The following average values were obtained for the four cultivars on a dry-weight basis: protein 5.60%, oil 8.15%, fiber 16.13%, and ash 1.13%. Analysis of the mineral elements in the ash gave the following average values: Ca, 1.55%; Na, 0.97%; Mg, 8.07%; K, 27.60%; Fe, 0.73%; Cu, 0.13% and Mn, 0.08%. The oil exhibited the following characteristics (average for the four cultivars): acid value ∼1.04, iodine value 49.5, saponification value 221.0, and unsaponifiable matter 0.8%. Gas-liquid chromatography revealed that the major unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid (42.3%), while the main saturated fatty acid was lauric (21.8%). Myristic, palmitic and linoleic acids were also found, average values being 10.9, 9.6 and 13.7%, respectively. Potential uses for date seed oil are considered for cosmetic, pharmaceutical and related specialty products, and to a lesser degree for food products.     

Comparative Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Jatropha Seed Oil from Malaysia,Indonesia and Thailand

The jatropha oil was extracted from the jatropha seeds collected from different origins viz., Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. The physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, percentage free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value, saponification value and peroxide value of the extracted jatropha seed oil were evaluated. The evaluation of fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (GC) revealed that, oleic (42.4–48.8%) and linoleic acid (28.8–34.6%) are the dominant fatty acids present in the jatropha seed oil. The saturated fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acid lie in the range 13.25–14.5 and 7–7.7%, respectively. The observed major triacylglycerol (TAG) composition was OOL (22.94–25.75%) and OLL (15.52–20.77%).     

The composition of California walnut oil

The chemical and physical characteristics of a sample of oil expressed from California walnuts have been determined. With the exception of the iodine number, the characteristics are similar to those reported for European walnut oil. The unusually high iodine number (161.7) of this sample of oil is noteworthy; the usual limits by the Wijs method are given as 138 to 148. This oil was found to contain 89.7 per cent of unsaturated and 5.3 of saturated acids. Contrary to the repeated statements in the literature, walnut oil does not contain lauric acid and only a trace of myristic acid, which is in accordance with the saponification value (192 to 197) of the oil. The percentages of the fatty acids as glycerides are given below: The composition of this oil has been determined, with the following results: Glycerides of: Percent Oleic acid 17.6 Linolic acic 72.8 Linoleic acid 3.2 Myristic acid trace Palmitic acid 4.6 Stearic acid .9 Arachidic acid trace Unsaponifiable matter .5     

Influence of Some Herbicides on the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soybean Oil

The effect of some herbicides on the soybean oil quality and quantity has been studied. Herbicides caused a highly significant increase in soybean oil content. Statistical analysis showed that there was no and highly significant differences in acid value; unsaponifiables and saponification value and iodine value respectively of soybean oil extracted from plants subjected to various herbicides. The increase of herbicides application rates exhibited profound effects on the physical and chemical characters of soybean oil. The application of herbicides leads to the following changes on soybean oil fatty acids: decrease the concentrations of 13:0, 15:0, 18:0 and 20:0; increase the quantity of 16:0 and the appearance of 10:0, 11:0, UC15, 16:1 and 17:0 as new synthetically fatty acids. The total unsaturated to total saturated fatty acid ratios showed that cobex and linuron at low application rates caused desaturation some of 18:1 to form 18:2. On the contrary, these herbicides at high application rates exhibited the reverse effect.     

Quality and compositional studies of some edible leguminosae seed oils in Botswana

Seed oils were extracted with n-hexane from three edible Leguminosae seeds: Tylosema esculentum, Xanthocercis zambesiaca, and Bauhinia petersiana, giving yields of 48.2, 17.6, and 20.8% (w/w), respectively. Some physical and chemical parameters were determined to ascertain the general characteristics of the oils. The saponification and iodine values indicated that all three oil samples could be classified among the olive group of oils. This inference was supported by the results of the detailed fatty acid composition of the oils as determined by capillary gas chromatography. The ratio of total unsaturated to total saturated fatty acids in all three oil samples was approximately 70:30, with either oleic or linoleic acid being the dominant fatty acid. These results were in agreement with a proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the fatty acid classes in the seed oils. Thus, the analysis served to justify the use of the three Leguminosae seed oils in food preparations. The work has further indicated that, with their attractive properties, the seed oils from T. esculentum, X. zambesiaca, and B. petersiana are good candidates for further studies to evaluate their future commercial prospects in the Southern African region.     

Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pongamia pinnata</Emphasis>, a Potential Biodiesel Crop

The chemical characteristics of Pongamia pinnata seeds, focussing on proximate composition and the fatty acid profile of its oil, are presented. The proximate composition of P. pinnata seeds was: 3.8% ash, 9.7% sugar, 7.07% protein, 24% oil, 10.7% free amino acids, and 0.24% free fatty acids. The oil was extracted from seeds by use of different solvents and the highest yield (29%) was obtained by use of n-hexane. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 63.3 and 22.9%, respectively, of the seed oil. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid but a substantial amount of erucic acid was also detected; this was not reported in previous studies. The level of erucic acid and the presence of toxic flavonoids, for example karanjin, pongapin, and pongaglabrin, render the oil inedible according to WHO recommendations. However, low levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids with desirable cetane number and iodine value suggest potential for application as a biodiesel fuel.