Exact bit error rate analysis of direct sequence ultra-wide band multiple access systems in lognormal multipath fading channels

Exact BER analysis is carried out using the characteristic function (CF) method for direct sequence ultra-wide band (DS-UWB) systems in lognormal multipath fading channels. Unlike the Gaussian approximation (GA) method, the CF method deals with exact probability density function (PDF) of the total noise [including multiple access interference, self interference and additive white gaussian noise (AWGN)] instead of making approximation on PDF of the total noise. Exact bit error rate (BER) formula is derived and verified by simulation results. It is shown that the CF method is more accurate than the GA method in BER calculation when SNR is large. Based on the BER formula, the performance of the DS pulse amplitude modulation UWB and DS pulse position modulation UWB systems is accurately compared. Discussions based on CFs provide further insight into the numerical results.     

Modified sum-product algorithms for decoding low-density parity-check codes

The authors deal with the sum-product algorithm (SPA) based on the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) rule when it is applied for decoding low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Motivated by the finding that, because of the large number of multiplications required by the algorithm, an overflow in the decoder may occur, two novel modifications of the tanh function (and its inverse) are proposed. By means of computer simulations, both methods are evaluated using random-based LDPC codes with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals transmitted over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It is shown that the proposed modifications improve the bit error rate (BER) performance up to 1 dB with respect to the conventional SPA. These results have also shown that the error floor is removed at BER lower than 10^-6. Furthermore, two novel approximations are presented to reduce the computational complexity of the tanh function (and its inverse), based on either a piecewise linear function or a quantisation table. It is shown that the proposed approximations can slightly improve the BER performance (up to 0.13 dB) in the former case, whereas small BER performance degradation is observed (<0.25 dB) in the latter case. In both cases, however, the decoding complexity is reduced significantly     

Multidimensional signal processing and detection for storage systems with data-dependent transition noise

In the last decade, significant research on detection algorithms capable of mitigating the effects of colored Gaussian thermal noise and transition noise in storage systems, has been performed. In this paper, we present a new detection scheme based on a multidimensional detector front end and multidimensional linear prediction, applied to maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) sequence detection. This method improves the bit-error-rate (BER) performance with respect to previous approaches and makes the detector quite insensitive to transition noise. We show that the gain in terms of BER versus signal-to-noise ratio with our detector increases with the user density. The results obtained for a magnetic storage channel are extendable to optical storage systems as well.     

数字通信基带设备误码率的估计方法

针对航天测控系统中数字基带设备误码率（BER）闭环自测无法溯源的问题,提出了采用误差矢量幅度（EVM）和相位噪声作为间接评价方法。分析了在加性高斯白噪声下的EVM和BER之间的关系,并给出了使用EVM预测BER的经验公式;分析了相位噪声对BER的影响方式,为相位噪声突变情况下的BER预测提供了依据;以单台基带设备为测试对象,在建立EVM与BER预测关系式后,将后续3个月内预测和测试的结果进行对比,对比结果最大相对偏差不大于12.5%。实验表明,在加性白噪声的情况下,使用EVM和相位噪声替代BER作为评价指标是可行的,且EVM更直观、更能直接体现过程影响量、有利于基带设备的溯源。     

A Robust MPPT Control Based on Double Ended Forward Converter Architecture

In this paper, a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system based on a Double Ended Forward Converter (DEFC) is presented. The proposed converter is specified for 48 V, 100 W applications as most of the equipment used in telecommunication and aircraft fall in this range. The literature has limited potential application of DEFC in PV systems. The research work deals with an in-depth study of DEFC and proposes an improved DEFC for PV applications with battery backup. Besides, a bi-directional dc-dc converter for the battery is integrated to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the PV generator. The converter is examined under variable irradiance and load conditions, and the analytical analysis of boundary conditions are implemented. The converter’s architecture also ensures built-in I-V curve tracing for the identification of MPP of PV generator. It offers low voltage stresses across switches and avoids sinking power supply and core resetting circuits. The topology’s behavior is analyzed based on MPP achievement and maintaining output under different conditions of battery backup availability, environmental, and load conditions. The PV system architecture is designed and analyzed theoretically and verified with simulations on the PSIM software.

     

BER performance analysis of compound chaotic sequence (CCS)-based NR-DCSK system under multipath fading channel

This paper presents the performance analysis of compound chaotic sequence (CCS)-based noise reduction differential chaos shift keying (NR-DCSK) system under multipath Rayleigh fading channel conditions. The special characteristics of chaotic sequences are their deterministic randomness behaviour that adds security and multipath immunity to the data when used as a carrier in communication systems. In this paper, the chaotic sequences are generated by combining the outputs of chaotic maps, such as logistic map, Chebyshev map, Bernoulli shift map, tent map, etc., leading to new complex sequences known as CCSs. This sequence possesses more randomness, overcomes severe interference levels encountered during transmission and provides higher multipath immunity compared with those of pseudo-noise (PN) codes. Since NR-DCSK is a spread spectrum technique, its performance in wireless multipath fading channels has important considerations. The CCS is used as a carrier in NR-DCSK systems, which leads to improved bit error rate (BER) performance. Comparisons of simulation results to theoretical BER expressions of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels have been carried out to test the efficiency of the proposed CCS-based NR-DCSK system.     

瑞利衰落信道下差分跳频通信系统抗部分频带噪声干扰的性能分析

在瑞利衰落信道和部分频带噪声干扰共存的环境下,针对逐符号检测和按序列检测两种信号检测方法,分别就差分跳频通信系统的误符号性能进行了理论分析,同时做出相应的计算机仿真.结果证实,差分跳频通信技术和按序列检测方法的结合,使通信系统的抗部分频带噪声干扰的性能得到了比较显著的提升.     

A new two-code keying scheme for SAC-OCDMA systems enabling bipolar encoding

In this paper, we propose a new two-code keying scheme for enabling bipolar encoding in a high-rate spectral-amplitude coding optical code-division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) system. The mathematical formulations are derived for the signal-to-noise ratio and bit-error rate (BER) of SAC-OCDMA system based on the suggested scheme using multi-diagonal (MD) code. Performance analyses are assessed considering the effects of phase-induced intensity noise, as well as shot and thermal noises in photodetectors. The numerical results demonstrated that the proposed scheme exhibits an enhanced BER performance compared to the existing unipolar encoding with direct detection technique. Furthermore, the performance improvement afforded by this scheme is verified using simulation experiments.     

Performance analysis of multiple-input multipleoutput singular value decomposition transceivers during fading and other cell interference

A generalised method is derived to compute the error probabilities of singular value decomposition (SVD)-based receivers for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with uncoded transmission. The method can be used for a wide class of flat fading environments, including independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) and semi-correlated Rayleigh and i.i.d. Ricean channels. Although the method is applied to equal-power binary phase shift keying, it can easily be extended to higher-order M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) signal constellations and adaptive 'water-filling' schemes. The error probability curves derived from closed-form formulas and simulations demonstrate very close agreement. The error performances of channel inversion, minimum mean square error and zero forcing receivers are compared with the SVD receiver for a single-user system. The impact of multiple users is considered by studying the performance of an adaptive MIMO SVD transmission scheme operating in a cellular environment. In particular, the effect of inter-cell interference on the performance of the scheme is quantified, modelling the interference as increased Gaussian noise. A number of cellular layouts are examined and the impact of the resulting singal-to-interference and noise ratio on the constellation sizes that can be supported, the BER and so on is considered. The primary metric used for our performance analysis is the error-free transmission rate, which is derived for our adaptive system. For the cellular scenarios considered, it can be found that the effect of interference is considerable and the performance of the adaptive MIMO SVD scheme is only marginally better than that provided by conventional diversity methods.     

Simulation-based performance analysis and improvement of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing - 802.11p system for vehicular communications

In this study, the physical layer (PHY) of the upcoming vehicular communication standard IEEE 802.11p has been simulated in vehicle-to-vehicle situation through two different scenarios. IEEE 802.11p wireless access in vehicular environment defines modifications to IEEE 802.11 to support intelligent transportation systems applications. The standard is being considered as a promising wireless technology for enhancing transportation safety and provides safety-related services like collision avoidance and emergency breaking. At first, this includes data exchange between high-speed vehicles and between the vehicles and the roadside infrastructure in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz. Performance analysis of PHY model has been evaluated into different propagation conditions (AWGN, Ricean and Rayleigh fading). In particular, bit error rate (BER) and signal to noise ratio for all the data rates have been estimated. Simulation results reveal that our system can efficiently mitigate inter-symbol interference and inter-carrier interference introduced by multi-path delay spread in our high mobility environment but against frequency-selective fading BER values are on to increase. To overcome this problem, the authors propose to use a different value of guard interval (3.2 μs). Our initial results indicate that the performance with the larger cyclic prefix outperforms the performance of the initial value in our mobile channel profiles. Moreover, the authors investigated in which way the Doppler spread affects the performance with regard to the transmission distance.     

Decoupled Beamforming and Noise Cancellation

The enhancement of noise-corrupted speech acquired by microphones is indispensable to the functioning of a wide variety of digital signal processing algorithms. Many existing products are equipped with steerable, stand-alone fixed beamformers which provide moderate levels of directivity. Moreover, many applications have long employed the classical adaptive noise canceller configuration with a reference sensor near the noise source to cancel unwanted noise. In this paper, the cascading of stand-alone beamformers with back-end adaptive noise cancellers is studied. A decoupled model for signal enhancement using front-end beamformers and cascaded noise cancellers is presented. The inter-operation of the beamforming and noise canceling units is studied by defining the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) gain, directivity index, and white noise gain offered by the beamforming and noise cancelling components. The performance of decoupled beamformer-noise canceller structures is evaluated using experimental measurements. An experimental procedure for evaluating output SIR is presented. Results reveal SIR improvements of up to 27 dB, and are compared to those stemming from conventional adaptive beamformers     

Aperture Jitter of Sampling System in AWGN and Fading Channels

This paper examines aperture jitter of the sampling system and its effect on communication systems in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels. Previous studies have claimed that AWGN power is directly proportional to the jitter noise power. We demonstrate that the aperture jitter can influence the input signal of a sampling system but is independent of AWGN. The noise power, due to the aperture jitter in a frequency-nonselective slowly fading channel, is shown to be a function of the input signal, the aperture jitter, and the channel envelope. The frequency-selective slowly fading channel involves another parameter analyzable paths. The effect of the aperture jitter on the bit-error probability (BEP) of a binary-phase-shift-keying digital communication system is also considered. The received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is calculated first, and its probability density function is derived. Then, the average BEP is evaluated as a function of SNR. Simulation results indicate that the aperture-jitter noise severely degrades the average BEP by reducing the received SNR. The results of this paper can be used in designing a wideband or radio-frequency-sampling digital communication system     

Bit error rate of a Gaussian beam propagating through biological tissue

ABSTRACT

The scintillation index and bit error rate (BER) of a Gaussian beam propagating in a weakly turbulent soft tissue are formulated and analysed numerically. The scintillation indices are plotted against half of the measured slope in the range of power-law scaling at different tissue parameters, such as the random variations in the refractive index of the tissue, outer scale of the tissue turbulence and the tissue length between the optical source and the detector. Moreover, BERs of Gaussian beams against the signal to noise ratio (SNR) are examined for different tissue parameters. Our graphical results show that the scintillation index and BER increase with larger outer scales, longer tissue lengths and larger random variations in the refractive index of the tissue. In comparison with the spherical wave propagation, it was found that Gaussian beam yields larger scintillation index and BER values.     

Analysis of an automatic sinusoidal detector with FFT and cell‐averaging processor

Abstract

A sinusoidal detector with adaptive thresholding CFAR (constant‐false‐alarm‐rate) processor operating in noise of changing statistics is analyzed for some very general situations. The detector contains FFT and a cell‐averaging processor, which can be easily implemented for real time applications, such as in pulse doppler radar. For signals in stationary noise in particular, the second‐order statistics of the FFT‐based periodogram of the windowed data are derived. In the AWGN case, this detector possesses the desired CFAR characteristics. For Gaussian colored noise, the detector performance is derived analytically with certain reasonable approximations. It is shown from some numerical examples that in this case the variation of the false alarm probability with respect to the unknown sinusoidal frequency and noise spectrum is not significant, which reveals the property of robustness. Moreover, the detection probability is satisfactory for most cases.     

Replication or Exploration? Sequential Design for Stochastic Simulation Experiments

We investigate the merits of replication, and provide methods for optimal design (including replicates), with the goal of obtaining globally accurate emulation of noisy computer simulation experiments. We first show that replication can be beneficial from both design and computational perspectives, in the context of Gaussian process surrogate modeling. We then develop a lookahead-based sequential design scheme that can determine if a new run should be at an existing input location (i.e., replicate) or at a new one (explore). When paired with a newly developed heteroscedastic Gaussian process model, our dynamic design scheme facilitates learning of signal and noise relationships which can vary throughout the input space. We show that it does so efficiently, on both computational and statistical grounds. In addition to illustrative synthetic examples, we demonstrate performance on two challenging real-data simulation experiments, from inventory management and epidemiology. Supplementary materials for the article are available online.     

Nonlinear equalization for holographic data storage systems

Despite the fact that the channel in a holographic data-storage system is nonlinear, most of the existing approaches use linear equalization for data recovery. We present a novel and simple to implement nonlinear equalization approach based on a minimum mean-square-error criterion. We use a quadratic equalizer whose complexity is comparable to that of a linear equalizer. We also explore the effectiveness of a nonlinear equalization target as compared with the conventional linear target. Bit-error-rate (BER) performance is studied for channels having electronics noise, optical noise, and a different span of intersymbol interference. With a linear target, whereas the linear equalizer exhibits an error floor in the BER performance, the quadratic equalizer significantly improves the performance with no sign of error floor even up to 10(-7). With a nonlinear target, whereas the quadratic equalizer provides an additional performance gain of 1-2 dB, the error-floor problem of the linear equalizer has been considerably alleviated, thereby significantly improving the latter's performance. A theoretical performance analysis of the nonlinear receiver with non-Gaussian noise is also presented. A simplified approach is developed to compute the underlying probability density functions, optimum detector threshold, and BER using the theoretical analysis. Numerical results show that the theoretical predictions agree well with simulations.     

乘积合并接收的差分跳频通信系统在瑞利衰落信道上抗多音干扰的性能分析

在瑞利衰落信道上,在多音干扰和加性高斯白噪声共存的条件下,对采用乘积合并接收(PCR)方法的差分跳频(DFH)通信系统的误符号性能进行了理论分析.为验证理论分析的正确性,进行了相应的计算机仿真,将采用 PCR 方法的误符号性能与采用线性合并接收(LCR)方法的误符号性能作了比较.结果证实,在瑞利衰落信道上,DFH 通信系统采用乘积合并接收的方法要比采用 LCR 方法具有更好的抗多音干扰的性能.     

Sparse Deconvolution Methods for Ultrasonic NDT

In this work we present two sparse deconvolution methods for nondestructive testing. The first method is a special matching pursuit (MP) algorithm in order to deconvolve the mixed data (signal and noise), and thus to remove the unwanted noise. The second method is based on the approximate Prony method (APM). Both methods employ the sparsity assumption about the measured ultrasonic signal as prior knowledge. The MP algorithm is used to derive a sparse representation of the measured data by a deconvolution and subtraction scheme. An orthogonal variant of the algorithm (OMP) is presented as well. The APM technique also relies on the assumption that the desired signals are sparse linear combinations of (reflections of) the transmitted pulse. For blind deconvolution, where the transducer impulse response is unknown, we offer a general Gaussian echo model whose parameters can be iteratively adjusted to the real measurements. Several test results show that the methods work well even for high noise levels. Further, an outlook for possible applications of these deconvolution methods is given.     

基于近完全时滞补偿方法的隐式实时混合试验方法

实时混合试验是一种新型结构抗震混合试验方法。隐式逐步积分算法虽然具有稳定性好的特点,但在实时混合试验中实施困难。文章在分析两种多自由度隐式实时混合试验方法的基础上,结合近完全时滞补偿方法,提出了一种新型隐式实时混合试验方法,并分析了该方法的性能。数值模拟表明,该方法具有较高的收敛速度和计算精度,能够同时考虑时滞补偿,能满足自由度数目较多的多自由度结构实时混合试验的要求。     

A portable electronic nose based on embedded PC technology and GNU/Linux: hardware, software and applications

This paper describes a portable electronic nose based on embedded PC technology. The instrument combines a small footprint with the versatility offered by embedded technology in terms of software development and digital communications services. A summary of the proposed hardware and software solutions is provided with an emphasis on data processing. Data evaluation procedures available in the instrument include automatic feature selection by means of SFFS, feature extraction with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA), multi-component analysis with partial least squares (PLS) and classification through k-NN and Gaussian mixture models. In terms of instrumentation, the instrument makes use of temperature modulation to improve the selectivity of commercial metal oxide gas sensors. Field applications of the instrument, including experimental results, are also presented.