热力学稳定纳米层状陶瓷--MN+1AXN三元化合物

本文概要地介绍了一种新型热稳定纳米层状陶瓷--MN＋1AXN相的结构、性能和应用前景.MN＋1AXN相为层状六方结构,能导电、导热.其维氏硬度一般在2～5GPa之间,具有良好的抗热震性和低摩擦系数,并且易于加工.温度较高时,在空气中会发生氧化.     

三元层状结构MAX相陶瓷材料的制备技术及其研究发展现状和发展趋势

三元层状结构陶瓷材料主要是指M_n+1AX_n相,三元层状结构MAX相陶瓷材料具有金属的特性还具有陶瓷的特性,三元层状结构MAX相陶瓷材料具有较高的力学性能,良好的耐磨损性能和良好的耐腐蚀性能,并具有良好的抗高温氧化性能等,还具有良好的可加工性能。三元层状结构MAX相陶瓷材料主要有Ti₃SiC₂,Ti₄SiC₃,Ti₃AlC₂,Ti₂AlC,Ti₄AlN₃和Ti₂AlN等。本文主要叙述三元层状结构MAX相陶瓷材料的制备技术,物相组成,显微结构,力学性能和耐磨损性能,耐腐蚀性能和抗高温氧化性能以及其他性能等。并叙述三元层状结构MAX相陶瓷材料的研究发展现状和发展趋势。并对三元层状结构MAX相陶瓷材料的未来研究发展趋势和发展方向进行分析和预测。     

洗涤剂增稠

表面活性剂/水体系的浓溶液有两个最普通的液晶相,即六角形相(“中相”)和层状相(“净相”)在低角x-射线衍射下有相应的六角形和层状结构。六角形相的钻度较高,层状相的粘度较低。     

层状液晶乳液的缓释效应

重点讨论了层状液晶乳液体系在应用到衣物柔顺剂中时其乳液结构及油相的极性对提高挥发性物质长久保留功效的影响。采用固相微萃取和气相色谱/质谱的分析技术,测定了顶空中挥发性物质的浓度随时间的变化,结果发现由聚氧乙烯醚失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯、失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯、长链脂肪醇、油和水组成的水包油型球形洋葱状层状液晶乳液LO1相和水包油型球形洋葱状LO1与平面层状Lβ的混合两相在应用过程中能够最有效地延缓具有低极性的挥发性物质的释放平衡,相反油包水型球形洋葱状层状液晶LO2和平面层状液晶Lβ不能有效地提高挥发性物质任何阶段中在织物上的沉积和保留。     

Ni2+-Al3+-MoO2-4-LDHs防腐缓蚀剂的制备及其表征

以镍铝摩尔比为3∶1,尿素作为沉淀剂,采用均匀沉淀法制备了Ni2+-Al3+-CO2-3-LDHs层状材料。以Ni2+-Al3+-CO2-3-LDHs作为前驱体,分别与NaCl、钼酸钠( Na2 MoO4·2H2 O)进行离子交换反应,成功构建了Ni2+-Al3+-MoO2-4-LDHs防腐缓蚀剂。通过XRD、SEM、FT-IR、TG-DTG、ICP对样品进行了分析表征,研究结果表明MoO2-4插入LDHs层间,其层间距由0.769 nm增加到0.982 nm,样品晶相完整,并保持了良好的层状结构。     

掺杂二氧化钛Li_(1+x)V_3O_8的固相配位法合成研究

以LiCO_3和V_2O_5为原料,采用固相配位化学反应法掺杂TiO_2合成了层状锂钒氧化物。通过XRD测试,显示产物主相为Li_(1+x)V_3O_8,但其峰位有所偏移,证明了Ti掺杂进了该层状结构中。采用0.5 mA/cm~2的电流密度做充放电测试,结果显示,在充放电区间1.5~4.0 V时,首次放电比容量达到了210mAh/g,高于作为对比的传统固相烧结法产物,表现出了较优的容量储存性能。     

CuMgAl类水滑石的制备与表征(英文)

在MⅡ与MⅢ的摩尔比为1(MⅡ代表Mg2+和Cu2+等,MⅢ代表Al3+等)及不同Cu与Mg的摩尔比(3:1,1:1,1:3,1:19)的条件下合成了CuMgAl类水滑石,并进行了元素分析、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、Fourier变换红外(infrared,IR)光谱仪、热重-差热分析及Brunauer-Emmett-Teller比表面积表征.结果表明:在Cu与Mg的摩尔比小于1时,可以得到纯水滑石物相,在Cu/Mg比较大时,由于Jahn-Teller效应,层状结构不稳定,出现Al(OH)3及Cu的氢氧化物或氧化物相.随着Cu含量的增加,CuMgAl类水滑石的结晶度增加.层间碳酸根离子的对称性减少,热稳定性下降.500℃时煅烧CuMgAI类水滑石其层状结构已完全破坏,此时可以形成MgO,Cu形成CuAlO4晶相.Al的氧化物没有出现在煅烧后的氧化物中.500℃煅烧的氧化物比表面积最大.     

铌酸铋锶基铋层状结构复相陶瓷的介电弛豫性能

采用分步固相烧结工艺制备(1–x)SrBi_2Nb_2O_9–xN_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3(SBN–NBT)铋层状结构复相无铅压电陶瓷。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及介电和压电测试系统等对陶瓷样品的相结构、微观形貌和电性能进行表征。结果表明:样品均形成了钙钛矿结构(BLSF)相与铋层状结构相两相共存的复相结构,铋层状结构相随NBT引入量增多由SBN逐渐转变为2层与3层BLSF插层结构相,再转变为3层铋层状相。随着NBT组分增加,相变峰向高温移动,铁电–顺电相变峰值介电常数随之减小,相应的介电峰半高宽弥散度增大,铁电–顺电相变弥散程度增强。当x=0.4时,样品弥散因子γ达到1.95,表现出典型的弛豫铁电体相变特征;当x=0.1时,样品电性能达到最佳值:Curie温度TC、室温介电常数和d33分别达到474℃、177和13 p C/N。     

合成方法对LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2材料结构与性能的影响

本文用高温固相法和共沉淀法合成了层状结构的LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2材料.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)、电化学工作站、充放电仪等设备测试了该材料的结构和电化学性能.结果表明共沉淀法合成的材料层状结构更明显,颗粒的粒度小,材料的可逆性好.放电比容量和循环性能均优于高温固相法合成的材料.     

层状硅酸钠的制备及插层性能的研究进展

从晶体结构、制备工艺、插层改性和应用的角度,对层状硅酸钠的研究进行较全面阐述。介绍了层状硅酸钠存在的多种晶相及结构特点;指出了喷雾干燥结晶法或水热合成工艺在制备结晶层状硅酸钠中存在的技术问题;从反应类型的角度详细介绍了层状硅酸钠的插层改性技术和赋予改性层状硅酸钠丰富的功能性;分析了层状硅酸钠的不同晶相或改性技术在实际应用中的研究思路和存在问题,为层状硅酸钠的深度研究与开发指出方向。     

三元层状可加工导电MAX相陶瓷研究进展

三元层状可加工导电陶瓷是一类键合具有明显各向异性的层状碳化物或氮化物,它通常又被称为MAX相陶瓷。MAX相陶瓷具有优良的可加工性,良好的导电、导热能力,可观的高温强度,同时还具有良好的热稳定性、抗氧化性、抗热震性和耐腐蚀性能。本文介绍了MAX相陶瓷的结构、性能以及制备方法和应用前景。     

Research on thermal risk and decomposition behavior of methyl nitrite

The thermal hazards of methyl nitrite (MN) were investigated in the present study. The determination and evaluation of MN decomposition were conducted using a C600 micro thermometer. The thermal runaway reaction characteristics of the compound under different initial pressures were obtained using a VSP2 calorimeter. The kinetic parameters of MN were obtained by regression fitting and calculation of the microthermal experimental data. The experimental and calculated results demonstrated that the potential explosion risk of MN is very high. In addition, there was a high energy barrier in the early stage of the uncontrolled decomposition of MN; however, once the decomposition reaction was initiated, the subsequent decomposition was easily conducted. Under the conditions of adiabatic simulation, the possibility that the reaction was uncontrolled increases with the initial temperature and pressure of the system, and there is a great potential safety risk.     

Research on thermal risk and decomposition behavior of methyl nitrite

The thermal hazards of methyl nitrite(MN) were investigated in the present study. The determination and evaluation of MN decomposition were conducted using a C600 micro thermometer. The thermal runaway reaction characteristics of the compound under different initial pressures were obtained using a VSP2 calorimeter. The kinetic parameters of MN were obtained by regression fitting and calculation of the microthermal experimental data. The experimental and calculated results demonstrated that the potential explosion risk of MN is very high.In addition, there was a high energy barrier in the early stage of the uncontrolled decomposition of MN; however,once the decomposition reaction was initiated, the subsequent decomposition was easily conducted. Under the conditions of adiabatic simulation, the possibility that the reaction was uncontrolled increases with the initial temperature and pressure of the system, and there is a great potential safety risk.     

Mechanism of Formation of Perovskite Phase and Dielectric Properties of Pb(Zn,Mg)1/3Nb2/3O3 Ceramics Prepared by Columbite Precursor Routes

The mechanism of formation of the perovskite phase and the dielectric properties of Pb(Zn,Mg)_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ (PZMN) ceramics were examined using two different types of columbite precursors, (Mg,Zn)Nb₂O₆ (MZN) and MgNb₂O₆+ ZnNb₂O₆ (MN + ZN). The formation of perovskite phase in the PbO + MN + ZN system is characterized by an initial rapid formation of Mg-rich perovskite phase, followed by a sluggish formation of Zn-rich perovskite phase. On the other hand, due to the formation of pyrochlore phase of mixed divalent cations Pb_{2– x} (Zn,Mg)_yNb_2−yO_{7− x −3y/2}, the pyrochlore/perovskite transformation in the PbO + MZN system proceeded uniformly with a spatial homogeneity. Further analysis suggested that the formation of perovskite phase is a diffusion-controlled process. The degree of diffuseness of the rhombohedral/cubic phase transition (DPT) is higher in the PbO + MN + ZN system than in the PbO + MZN specimen for T > T _max (temperature of the dielectric permittivity maximum), indicating a broadened compositional distribution of the B-site cations in the PbO + MN + ZN system.     

Effect of CaO on the Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Nitride

The effect of CaO on the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride pressureless sintered with 3 wt% Y₂O₃ as a sintering aid was investigated. Over the composition range of 0 to 2.0 wt% additions, CaO decreased the thermal conductivity of the sintered parts by 10%. CaO doping rendered the secondary oxide phases more wetting and thus with a greater tendency to penetrate along the grain boundaries. Furthermore, CaO segregation to the grain boundaries was observed even on those grain boundaries apparently free of secondary phases. These microstructural changes disrupted the connectivity of the high thermal conductivity AIN grains and were the main factors contributing to the decrease in the thermal conductivity of the ceramic parts. CaO additions to samples doped with SiO₂ had the opposite effect, increasing the thermal conductivity. CaO removed SiO₂ from the AIN grains and incorporated it into the oxide second phases, most likely through charge-compensating substitutions Ca²⁺+ Si⁴⁺ for Y³⁺ and/or Al³⁺. Thus, AIN samples containing both SiO₂ and CaO had higher thermal conductivity than those containing comparable amounts of SiO₂ alone.     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and molybdenum application on growth and symbiotic N2-fixation of groundnut in an acid sandy soil in Niger

Two field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 on an acid sandy soil in Niger, West Africa, to assess the effect of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and micronutrient (MN) application on growth and symbiotic N₂-fixation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Phosphorus fertilizer (16 kg P ha^–1) did not affect pod yields. Addition of MN fertilizer (100 kg Fetrilon Combi 1 ha^–1; P + MN) containing 0.1% molybdenum (Mo) increased pod yield by 37–86%. Nitrogen concentration in shoots at mid pod filling (72 days after planting) were higher in P + MN than in P – MN fertilizer treatment. Total N uptake increased from 53 (only P) to 108 kg N ha^–1 by additional MN application. Seed pelleting (P + MoSP) with 100 g Mo ha^–1 (MoO₃) increased nitrogenase activity (NA) by a factor of 2–4 compared to P treatment only. The increase in NA was mainly due to increase in nodule dry weight and to a lesser extent to increase in specific nitrogenase activity (SNA) per unit nodule dry weight. The higher NA of the P + MoSP treatment was associated with a higher total N uptake (55%) and pod yield (24%). Compared to P + MoSP or P + MN treatments application of N by mineral fertilizer (60 kg N ha^–1) or farmyard manure (130 kg N ha^–1) increased only yield of shoot dry matter but not pod dry matter. Plants supplied with N decreased soil water content more and were less drought tolerant than plants supplied with Mo. The data suggest that on the acid sandy soils in Niger N deficiency was a major constraint for groundnut production, and Mo availability in soils was insufficient to meet the Mo requirement for symbiotic N₂-fixation of groundnut.     

Microwave‐Assisted Preparation of Hydrogel‐Forming Microneedle Arrays for Transdermal Drug Delivery Applications

A microwave (MW)‐assisted crosslinking process to prepare hydrogel‐forming microneedle (MN) arrays was evaluated. Conventionally, such MN arrays are prepared using processes that includes a thermal crosslinking step. Polymeric MN arrays were prepared using poly(methyl vinyl ether‐alt‐maleic acid) crosslinked by reaction with poly(ethylene glycol) over 24 h at 80 °C. Polymeric MN arrays were prepared to compare conventional process with the novel MW‐assisted crosslinking method. Infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate the crosslinking degree, evaluating the area of the carbonyl peaks (2000–1500 cm^?1). It was shown that, by using the MW‐assisted process, MN with a similar crosslinking degree to those prepared conventionally can be obtained in only 45 min. The effects of the crosslinking process on the properties of these materials were also evaluated. For this purpose swelling kinetics, mechanical characterisation, and insertion studies were performed. The results suggest that MN arrays prepared using the MW assisted process had equivalent properties to those prepared conventionally but can be produced 30 times faster. Finally, an in vitro caffeine permeation across excised porcine skin was performed using conventional and MW‐prepared MN arrays. The release profiles obtained can be considered equivalent, delivering in both cases 3000–3500 μg of caffeine after 24 h.

     

三聚氰胺与SO2反应及再生行为

以固体有机胺三聚氰胺（MN）为脱硫剂,对MN与SO₂反应及再生行为进行研究。结果表明,烟气组成0.35% SO₂+5% O₂+N₂,40℃、4% MN（质量分数）条件下,MN可维持140 min脱硫率>99%,穿透硫容（出口SO₂浓度200 mg/m³）0.33 g SO₂/（g MN）。MN脱硫及再生产物XRD、FTIR、SEM及TG-MS等表征分析表明,MN与SO₂反应首先生成三聚氰胺亚硫酸盐,随后被烟气中的氧气氧化为三聚氰胺硫酸盐,加入0.1%对苯二胺可有效抑制三聚氰胺亚硫酸盐氧化;三聚氰胺亚硫酸盐在75~150℃可加热再生,三聚氰胺硫酸盐不能加热再生。烟气含5% O₂条件下,加入0.1%对苯二胺,三聚氰胺亚硫酸盐氧化率由36%降低至13%,150℃下再生2 h,再生率由58%提高至94%,MN抗氧二次脱硫性能优良。     

On the Use of Silicon Nitride in Catalysis

Silicon nitride has very good thermal and chemical stability, as well as high thermal conductivity compared to oxide materials, which are commonly used as catalyst supports. In exothermic reactions working at high temperature, this facilitates heat transfer and thus limits the formation of local hot spots, which are often responsible for structural modification of the support in addition to sintering of active phases. However, it is only recently that this material has been considered for application as a catalyst support for high temperature reactions. It is now established that silicon nitride can be a good support for catalytically active phases. Its range of application is continually expanding (e.g., partial/total oxidation of methane, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, photocatalysis, base catalysis, etc.).     

Preparation of phenylboronic acid-based hydrogel microneedle patches for glucose-dependent insulin delivery

There is a problem with directly loading insulin into the polymerized glucose-responsive microneedle (MN) patch due to that polymerization conditions and solvents may damage the activity of insulin. In this study, we report a totally polymerized phenylboronic acid-based MN patch, and insulin was directly loaded in MNs by a mild drop/dry procedure. MN patch was prepared by copolymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 3-acrylamidoephenylboronic acid in MN mold. The MN patch showed good glucose-dependent swelling behavior in pH 9.0 at 27°C. After insulin loading procedure, insulin was distributed on and within the MNs. About 43.2% of total insulin was diffused into MNs' interior. As a result, the release of insulin on MNs' surface was uncontrolled by MNs and rapidly finished after ~10 min. However, the release of insulin within MNs was depended on glucose concentration, and insulin was released 1.6 times more at 4 g/L than at 1 g/L glucose concentration after 12 h. Although further improvements are needed to make MN patch responding in physiological environment, this work suggests a solution for directly loading insulin in polymerized glucose-responsive MNs.