定点突变提高细胞色素P450 BM-3吲哚羟基化能力

为进一步提高细胞色素P450 BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q)对吲哚的羟基化能力,根据酶结构与功能的关系,以突变酶E435T为基础,在168位点引入D168L突变,获得了吲哚羟基化能力得到显著提高的突变酶D168L/E435T。突变酶对吲哚的K_m为1.72 mmol·L^-1(父本2.09 mmol·L^-1),转化数(k_cat)为28.15 min^-1(父本4.04 min^-1),表明D168L定点突变可以略微提高酶对底物的亲和力,但主要的效应是促进了底物的转化速率,这两个效应的综合表现是使酶的催化效率(k_cat K_m^-1)比父本酶提高了8.48倍。此外,产物中副产物靛玉红的比例也降低为1.2%(父本7.3%),这说明该突变酶催化吲哚的区域选择性上也更有利于靛蓝的生成。     

氨基酸突变对细胞色素P450 BM-3羟基化吲哚能力的影响

利用饱和定点突变技术对细胞色素P450 BM-3（A74G/F87V/L188Q）（PT）的168和435氨基酸位点分别进行随机突变,根据其羟基化吲哚生成的靛蓝在670nm处具有特殊吸收峰进行高通量筛选,获得了三个高于亲本酶（PT）的突变酶D168H、D168L和E435T。通过考察突变酶反应动力学参数、电子耦合率、热稳定性、最适pH以及区域专一性的变化情况,发现相对亲本酶而言所有的突变酶对底物吲哚的亲和力和催化效率都得到了不同程度的提高,其中突变酶D168H的kcat值比亲本酶提高了3倍多;突变酶D168H的电子耦合率比亲本酶大约降低了2倍,而突变酶D168L和E435T的电子耦合率却有轻微的提高;所有突变酶均在pH8.2附近表现出最大羟基化吲哚生产靛蓝的能力;突变酶D168H对吲哚的区域选择性得到了提高,主产物靛蓝从亲本酶的72%提高到了93%。另外,热稳定性实验表明：尽管突变酶D168H和D168L的热稳定性较亲本酶有所降低,但活力的大幅度提高并未对酶的热稳定性造成大的伤害。以上所有的结果为了解细胞色素P450 BM-3结构与功能关系提供了有用的信息,同时为进一步定向进化P450BM-3提高其功能特性提供了进化模板。     

一个有利于细胞色素P450 BM-3催化吲哚合成靛蓝的三位点突变酶：D168L/E435T/V445A

为进一步提高P450 BM-3催化吲哚合成靛蓝的能力,在前期获得的突变酶D168L/E435T基础上引入V445A突变,获得突变酶D168L/E435T/V445A,该突变酶与D168L/E435T及V445A相比,对吲哚的亲和力分别降低41.5%及35.8%,转化数（k_cat）分别提高1.61倍及1.31倍,催化效率（k_catK_m^-1）分别提高1.53倍及1.47倍;该突变酶对电子的耦合率也提高至24.7%,较D168L/E435T提高39.5%,较V445A提高64.7%,说明该突变酶在电子的利用率上有明显改善;此外,该突变酶催化副产物靛玉红的比例大幅降低,降低为D168L/E435T的41.7%及V445A的30.6%,说明该突变酶催化吲哚的区域选择性上也更加有利于靛蓝形成。     

一个有利于细胞色素P450BM-3催化吲哚合成靛蓝的三位点突变酶:D168L/E435T/V445A

为进一步提高P450 BM-3催化吲哚合成靛蓝的能力,在前期获得的突变酶D168L/E435T基础上引入V445A突变,获得突变酶D168L/E435T/V445A,该突变酶与D168L/E435T及V445A相比,对吲哚的亲和力分别降低41.5%及35.8%,转化数(kcat)分别提高1.61倍及1.31倍,催化效率(kcatKm-1)分别提高1.53倍及1.47倍;该突变酶对电子的耦合率也提高至24.7%,较D168L/E435T提高39.5%,较V445A提高64.7%,说明该突变酶在电子的利用率上有明显改善;此外,该突变酶催化副产物靛玉红的比例大幅降低,降低为D168L/E435T的41.7%及V445A的30.6%,说明该突变酶催化吲哚的区域选择性上也更加有利于靛蓝形成。     

细胞色素P450BM-3热稳定性的半理性改造

为了提高细胞色素单加氧酶P450 BM-3的热稳定性,采用半理性设计策略对该酶进行了分子改造。首先采用B-FITTER软件分析了P450 BM-3晶体结构中各氨基酸残基位点的温度因子(B-factor),识别出了一个对酶的热稳定性有不利影响的关键氨基酸残基位点G46,然后以P450 BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q/D422G)为亲本酶在该位点进行定点饱和突变构建了突变文库,并从饱和突变文库中筛选获得了一个热稳定性得到显著提高的突变酶P450BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q/D422G/G46S)。该突变酶(G46S)的半失活温度(T5010)比亲本酶提高了5℃(达到48℃;在50℃的半衰期t1/2比亲本酶延长了一倍。同时,突变酶的酶学性质也得到明显改善,与亲本相比,突变酶Km降低了22%,kcat提高了90%,催化效率kcat/Km(67.42 L?(mmol?min)-1)比亲本提高了1.48倍。这说明G46位点不仅影响酶的热稳定性,还影响酶对底物的结合与催化性能。G46S突变酶的获得表明,只要采用适当的半理性设计策略对正确的位点进行分子改造,可以在提高酶的热稳定性的同时,保持或甚至提高酶的催化活性。     

FgaPT2酶催化合成C-4异戊烯基化吲哚二酮哌嗪和定向诱变增强收率

在二甲基烯丙基二磷酸存在下,通过FgaPT2的酶催化合成C-4异戊烯化吲哚二酮哌嗪,对合成的产物进行了抗肿瘤、抗细菌、抗真菌、抗氧化活性测试,对生物活性最高的产物,研究了通过定点诱变提高酶合成产率的可行性。结果表明,FgaPT2酶催化合成了7个C4-异戊烯化吲哚二酮哌嗪,FgaPT2对底物具有一定的选择性,C4-异戊二烯化显著提高吲哚二酮哌嗪的生物活性,尤其是异戊二烯化产物 6b。Arg244的定点诱变表明,52.6%的FgaPT2突变体,提高了6b的合成产率,动力学参数验证了6a与突变FgaPT2之间的相互作用,可以提高异戊二烯基的合成产率。     

一种5-羟基吲哚制备新工艺

介绍了一种以吲哚为原料合成5-羟基吲哚的新方法。该方法采用磺酸基保护吲哚活泼3位,取代吲哚5位获得了5-溴吲哚,经水解合成目标物。本方法首次采用相转移催化剂实现了5-溴吲哚得高效率水解。优化了合成工艺：反应物乙酸酐与2-磺酸钠-二氢吲哚一水合物的摩尔配比为20∶1,pH为11,选用四甲基氯化铵相转移催化剂,产物得率达到了81.2%。     

有机催化的串联反应合成螺环氧化吲哚研究进展

本文对有机催化的不对称串联反应在三元及四元螺环氧化吲哚类化合物合成中的应用进展进行了综述。近年来,有机催化的串联反应被广泛的应用于具有多环骨架的复杂分子的合成中。螺环氧化吲哚骨架是一类广泛存在于天然产物及活性分子中的优势生物碱骨架。因此,通过有机催化的不对称串联反应合成螺环氧化吲哚类化合物一直是有机化学领域研究的热点。     

复配表面活性剂体系对漆酶降解菲和吲哚的影响研究

为了研究复配表面活性剂体系对漆酶降解有机污染物的影响机理,选用聚氧乙烯月桂醚(Brij-35)和聚山梨酯(Tween-80)复配体系,将漆酶作用于降解多环芳烃菲和氮杂环化合物吲哚,考察了菲和吲哚在不同pH、温度、表面活性剂浓度、漆酶活力浓度4种条件下的降解率,并进行降解动力学分析。结果表明,降解反应最优为pH 3.5,最佳反应温度为40℃,酶活力浓度最佳选择为4 U/mL。表面活性剂浓度分别为1.2、1.0 mmol/L时,菲和吲哚的降解率最高。表面活性剂的加入促进了漆酶对菲和吲哚的降解,菲和吲哚的降解符合一级动力学方程,且降解速率常数K(吲哚)>K(菲)>K(吲哚,空白)>K(菲,空白)。研究结果为漆酶在废水中去除持久性有机污染物的应用提供了参考。     

吲哚咔唑类化合物生物合成途径研究进展

以雷别卡霉素和星形孢菌素为主要对象,陈述其合成过程中的基因、酶和中间产物。吲哚咔唑类化合物的生物合成主要分为吲哚环的形成、糖基的形成以及两者的连接。起始物色氨酸经过色氨酸修饰、双吲哚吡咯的形成和氧化环的闭合形成吲哚环,通过糖基转移酶将吲哚咔唑核心和糖基连接合成目标化合物。     

The structural roles of conserved Pro196, Pro197 and His199 in the mechanism of thymidylate synthase

We generated replacement sets for three highly conserved residues,Pro196, Pro197 and His199, that flank the catalytic nucleophile,Cys198. Pro196 and Pro197 have restricted mobility that couldbe important for the structural transitions known to be essentialfor activity. To test this hypothesis we obtained and characterized13 amino acid substitutions for Pro196, 14 for Pro197 and 14for His199. All of the Pro196 and Pro197 variants, except P197R,and four of the His199 variants complemented TS-deficient Escherichiacoli cells, indicating they had at least 1% of wild-type activity.For all His199 mutations, k_cat/K_m for substrate and cofactordecreased more than 40-fold, suggesting that the conserved hydrogenbond network co-ordinated by His199 is important for catalysis.Pro196 can be substituted with small hydrophilic residues withlittle loss in k_cat, but 15- to 23-fold increases in K_m^dUMP.Small hydrophobic substitutions for Pro197 were most active,and the most conservative mutant, P197A, had only a 5-fold lowerk_cat/K_m^dUMP than wild-type TS. Several Pro196 and Pro197 variantswere temperature sensitive. The small effects of Pro196 or Pro197mutations on enzyme kinetics suggest that the conformationalrestrictions encoded by the Pro–Pro sequence are largelymaintained when either member of the pair is mutated. Received February 24, 2003; revised June 19, 2003; accepted June 20, 2003.     

Comparison of the construction of a 3-D model for human thromboxane synthase using P450cam and BM-3 as templates: implications for the substrate binding pocket

A 3-D model of human thromboxane A₂ synthase (TXAS) was constructedusing a homology modeling approach based on information fromthe 2.0 crystal structure of the hemoprotein domains of cytochromeP450BM-3 and P450cam. P450BM-3 is a bacterial fatty acid monooxygenaseresembling eukaryotic microsomal cytochrome P450s in primarystructure and function. TXAS shares 26.4% residue identity and48.4% residue similarity with the P450BM-3 hemoprotein domain.The homology score between TXAS and P450BM-3 is much higherthan that between TXAS and P450cam. Alignment between TXAS andthe P450BM-3 hemoprotein domain or P450cam was determined throughsequence searches. The P450BM-3 or P450cam main-chain coordinateswere spplied to the TXAS main chain in those sements where thetwo sequences were well aligned. These segments were linkedto one another using a fragment search method, and the sidechains were added to produce a 3-D model for TXAS. A TXAS substrate,prostaglandin H₂ (PGH₂) was docked into the TXAS cavity correspondingto the arachidonic acid binding pocket in P450BM-3 or camphorbinding site in P450cam. Regions of the heme and putative PGH2binding cavities in the TXAS model were identified and analyzed.The segments and residues involved in the active-site pocketof the TXAS model provide reasonable candidates for TXAS proteinengineering and inhibitor design. Comparison of the TXAS modelbased on P450BM-3 with another TXAS model based on the P450BM-3with another TXAS model based on the P450cam structure indicatedthat P450BM-3 is a more suitable template for homology modelingof TXAS.     

响应面法优化工程菌产细胞色素P450 BM-3的发酵条件

采用快速有效的数学统计方法对工程菌产细胞色素P450 BM-3的发酵条件进行了优化.首先利用Plackett-Burman设计从众多影响产P450 BM-3的因素中筛选出影响较大的4个因素：FeCl₃含量、诱导时机、诱导时间和接种量.在此基础上再利用响应面法中的杂合设计进行优化,通过拟合得到响应曲面函数,获得了最佳的实验条件.在该实验条件下,P450 BM-3酶活从37.6×10^-3U•ml^-1提高到57.9×10^-3U•ml^-1.     

Structure-oriented rational design of chymotrypsin inhibitor models

Three peptides modelling a highly potent, 35-residue chymotrypsininhibitor (Schistocerca gregaria chymotrypsin inhibitor) weredesigned and synthesized by convergent peptide synthesis. Foreach model peptide, the inhibitory constant (K_i) on chymotrypsinand the solution structure were determined. In addition, moleculardynamics calculations were performed for all of them. Two modelscontaining approximately half of the parent inhibitor (17 of35 residues) were designed and subsequently found to have nosubstantial inhibitory activity (K_i values in the mM range).The third model composed of 24 amino acid residues proved tobe an effective (K_i 10^–7) inhibitor of bovine chymotrypsin.Both the solution structure properties determined by NMR spectroscopyand the dynamic behaviour of the latter model system are comparableto the native inhibitor. In contrast, the structure and dynamicsof the first two related model peptides show characteristicdifferences. We suggest that the conformation and flexibilityof the modelled protease inhibitor are crucial for its biologicalefficiency. Moreover, the structural and dynamic features ofthe binding loop (28–33) and those of the rest of themolecule appear to be interdependent. Most importantly, thesestructural characteristics can be rationally modified, at leastpartially, by peptide design. Received March 7, 2003; revised August 25, 2003; accepted August 26, 2003.     

Laboratory evolution of P450 BM-3 for mediated electron transfer

Preparative synthesis with P450 monooxygenases is hampered in cell-free systems by the requirement for cofactors such as NAD(P)H as reduction equivalents. A validated medium-throughput screening system was designed for improving P450 monooxygenases by mediated electron transfer with zinc/cobalt(III)sepulchrate (Zn/Co(III)sep) as an alternative and cost-effective cofactor system. The monooxygenase P450 BM-3 F87A was used as a model system for developing the screening system in a 96-well format. A coefficient of variation of less than 10% was achieved under optimized screening conditions. The mediator evolution screen was validated by comparing the activity of P450 BM-3 to P450 BM-3 F87A and by screening a saturation mutagenesis library at amino acid position R47. For mediated electron transfer, two double mutants P450 BM-3(F87A R47F) and P450 BM-3 (F87A R47Y) were identified with a two-threefold increased catalytic efficiency (up to 32 microM(-1) min(-1) for P450 BM-3(F87A R47F) and 34 microM(-1) min(-1) for P450 BM-3 (F87A R47Y)) compared to P450 BM-3 F87A. The kinetic constants of the double mutants are, in contrast to those of P450 BM-3 F87A, dependent on Co(III)sep concentration in the presence of NADPH. kcat increases from 145 min(-1) (0.25 mM Co(III)sep) to 197 min(-1) (0.5 mM Co(III)sep), and Km decreases simultaneously from 7.0 microM to 3.7 microM, for P450 BM-3 (F87A R47F). For P450 BM-3 (F87A R47Y), kcat increases from 138 min(-1) (0.25 mM Co(III)sep) up to 187 min(-1) (0.5 mM Co(III)sep), and Km decreases from 8.2 microM to 4.2 microM. Due to lower Km values, the catalytic efficiencies were improved six times for P450 BM-3 (F87A R47F) and three times for P450 BM-3 (F87A R47Y), when comparing catalytic efficiencies of the mediated electron-transfer system to the natural reduction equivalent NADPH.     

产1,3-丙二醇新型重组大肠杆菌JM109(pHsh-dhaB-yqhD)的构建及其转化甘油

利用温控载体pHsh将编码甘油脱水酶的基因dhaB和编码1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶同工酶的基因yqhD串联构建重组质粒pHsh-dhaB-yqhD, 将其转化大肠杆菌得到新型产1,3-丙二醇重组大肠杆菌JM109(pHsh-dhaB-yqhD), 并对影响该重组菌发酵的营养因子进行研究.实验结果表明：该重组菌转化甘油合成1,3-丙二醇的适宜培养基组成为甘油60 g·L^-1、酵母膏5.0 g·L^-1、维生素B₁₂ 0.05 g·L^-1以及KH₂PO₄ 7.5 g·L^-1; 以此培养基在5 L发酵罐上进行放大, 1,3-丙二醇产量、转化率和生产能力分别达到43.26 g·L^-1、72.2 %和1.55 g·L^-1·h^-1.     

Enhancement of nucleoside phosphorylation activity in an acid phosphatase

Escherichia blattae non-specific acid phosphatase (EB-NSAP)possesses a pyrophosphate-nucleoside phosphotransferase activity,which is C-5'-position selective. Current mutational and structuraldata were used to generate a mutant EB-NSAP for a potentialindustrial application as an effective and economical proteincatalyst in synthesizing nucleotides from nucleosides. First,Gly74 and Ile153 were replaced by Asp and Thr, respectively,since the corresponding replacements in the homologous enzymefrom Morganella morganii reduced the K_m value for inosine andthus increased the productivity of 5'-IMP. We determined thecrystal structure of G74D/I153T, which has a reduced K_m valuefor inosine, as expected. The tertiary structure of G74D/I153Twas virtually identical to that of the wild-type. In addition,neither of the introduced side chains of Asp74 and Thr153 isdirectly involved in the interaction with inosine in a hypotheticalbinding mode of inosine to EB-NSAP, although both residues aresituated near a potential inosine-binding site. These findingssuggested that a slight structural change caused by an aminoacid replacement around the potential inosine-binding site couldsignificantly reduce the K_m value. Prompted by this hypothesis,we designed several mutations and introduced them to G74D/I153T,to decrease the K_m value further. This strategy produced a S72F/G74D/I153Tmutant with a 5.4-fold lower K_m value and a 2.7-fold higherV_max value as compared to the wild-type EB-NSAP.     

Cassette mutagenesis of Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase near its general acid residue to probe its catalytic and pH properties

Nine single amino add mutations in the active site of Aspergillusawamori glucoamylase were made by cassette mutagenesis to alterthe pH dependence of the enzyme and to determine possible functionsof the mutated residues. The Glul79-Asp mutation expressed inyeast led to a very large decrease in k_cat but to no changein K_m, verifying this residue's catalytic function. Aspl76-Gluand Glul80-Asp mutations affected K_m a more than k_cat, implyingthat Aspl76 and Glul80 are involved in substrate binding orstructural integrity. The Leul77-Asp mutation decreased k_catonly moderately, probably by changing the position of the generalacid catalytic group, and did not affect K_m. The Trpl78-Aspmutation greatly decreased k_cat while increasing K_m, showingthe importance of Trpl78 in the active site. Vall81-Asp andAsnl82-Asp mutations changed kinetk values little, suggestingthat Vall81 and Asnl82 are of minor catalytic and structuralimportance. Finally, insertions of Asp or Gly between residues176 and 177 resulted in almost complete loss of activity, probablycaused by destruction of the active site structure. No largechanges in pH dependence occurred in those mutations where kineticvalues could be determined, in spite of the increase in mostcases of the total negative charge. Increases in activationenergy of maltoheptaose hydrolysis in most of the mutant glucoamylasessuggested cleavage of individual hydrogen bonds in enzyme-substratecomplexes.