Approximation algorithm for multiprocessor parallel job scheduling

Pk|fix|Cmax problem is a new scheduling problem based on the multiprocessor parallel job, and it is proved to be NP-hard problem when k≥3. This paper focuses on the case of k=3. Some new observations and new techniques for P3|fix|Cmax problem are offered. The concept of semi-normal schedulings is introduced, and a very simple linear time algorithm Semi-normal Algorithm for constructing semi-normal schedulings is developed. With the method of the classical Graham List Scheduling, a thorough analysis of the optimal scheduling on a special instance is provided, which shows that the algorithm is an approximation algorithm of ratio of 9/8 for any instance of P3|fix|Cmax problem, and improves the previous best ratio of 7/6 by M.X.Goemans.     

合作博弈下无线传感器网络功率控制策略

无线传感器网络在动态变化的信道和干扰环境工作时,为获得较高的信干噪比,节点会提高发射功率,致使节点间的干扰不断增大,为抵消其带来的消极影响,节点将继续增加发射功率,这将导致网络环境逐渐恶化,同时过多浪费节点能量.针对以上问题,本文提出一种合作博弈下无线传感器网络功率控制策略,为使节点能够更加精准的根据周围环境信息动态调节发射功率,算法引入节点间距离作为干扰权重因子以修正有效干扰模型,进而改进信干噪比模型;基于合作博弈理论将节点信息传输速率和自身剩余能量整合,建立合作博弈下的效用函数,在对不同效用权重因子下的归一化信息传输速率、发射功率方差值、信干噪比和网络效用4种结果进行综合权衡后,得出适当的效用权重因子值,并证明效用函数存在纳什均衡解,通过算法多次迭代后得出使网络效用达到最高时的节点最优发射功率.仿真结果表明,本文算法得出的最优发射功率方差小,算法收敛速度快,网络在节点较低发射功率时即可获得较高的信干噪比,网络生存周期得以延长,实现更高的网络效用.     

Influence of Tb substitution on low-field magnetocaloric effect in Gd5Si1.72Ge2.28 alloy

The lattice parameters, magnetic phase transition, Curie temperature and magnetocaloric properties for (Gd_1−x Tb _x )₅Si_1.72-Ge_2.28 alloys with x = 0, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 were investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry and magnetization measurements. The results show that suitable partial substitution of Tb in Gd₅Si_1.72Ge_2.28 compound remains the first-order magnetic-crystallographic transition and enhances the magnetic entropy change, although Tb substitution decreases the Curie temperature (T _C) of the compounds. The magnetic entropy change of (Gd_1−x Tb _x )₅Si_1.72Ge_2.28 alloys retains a large value in the low magnetic field of 1.0 T. The maximum magnetic entropy change for (Gd_0.80Tb_0.20)₅Si_1.72Ge_2.28 alloy in the magnetic field from 0 to 1.0 T reaches 8.7 J/(kg·K), which is nearly 4 times as large as that of (Gd_0.3Dy_0.7)₅Si₄ compound (|ΔS _max| = 2.24 J/(kg·K), T _C = 198 K). Foundation item: Project (50371058) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

人体运动传感数据的无线采集方案设计

提出运用无线传感网络的方法实现人体运动传感数据的采集.该系统包含传感节点、簇首节点和汇聚节点.采用分层分簇的组网形式,传感节点通过无线的形式自适应地连接到某个簇首节点.每个簇首节点采用分时的形式组织各自的传感节点,并进行数据融合,转发到汇聚节点,汇聚节点通过USB接口把数据传到上位PC机.针对该方案的特点,对传感节点和簇首节点之间的无线传感器网络设计了一套协议,主要包含节点间的时间同步机制和节点申请入网竞争的时延退避机制.实验结果表明,该协议具有数据通信可靠性高、丢包率低的优点.     

海上自组网中基于侦听的MAC协议退避算法

无人艇通常以编队协同的方式进行作业,并通过自组网进行数据交换.因海浪等因素影响,海上自组网的信道传输损耗通常处于动态变化中,现有MAC协议的退避算法在动态海上环境下无法区分分组碰撞和分组丢失,会出现可靠性和稳定性下降的问题.为此,本文提出一种基于信道监听的自适应最小竞争窗口退避算法,该算法通过感知邻近竞争节点数目来估计信道状态,降低信道冲突概率和重传次数,提升了网络整体的可靠性和稳定性.仿真结果表明,与经典BEB算法相比,改进算法的吞吐量和公平性分别最大提高28.67%和62.00%,端到端延时和丢包率分别最大降低2.84%和15.10%.     

802．11WLAN中一种基于竞争窗口的分组调度算法

IEE—E802．11MAC层中的分布式协调功能DCF（distributed coordination function）使用随机退避机制来解决信道竞争问题，导致信道资源不能充分利用，特别是在高负载的网络系统中，信道带宽在碰撞状态下浪费严重．本文提出了基于竞争窗口的分组调度算法，通过增加一个竞争窗口将节点间的竞争划分为两个阶段进行，其中只有通过第一退避阶段的节点才能进入下一个退避阶段，完成第二退避阶段的节点才能开始访问信道．根据具体网络情况，选择合适的第二阶段的最小窗口值，得到相应的网络性能．仿真结果表明该算法在高负载的网络中能够提高信道带宽利用率．     

A sink moving scheme based on local residual energy of nodes in wireless sensor networks

In the application of periodic data-gathering in sensor networks, sensor nodes located near the sink have to forward the data received from all other nodes to the sink, which depletes their energy very quickly. A moving scheme for the sink based on local residual energy was proposed. In the scheme, the sink periodically moves to a new location with the highest stay-value defined by the average residual energy and the number of neighbors. The scheme can balance energy consumption and prevent nodes around sink from draining their energy very quickly in the networks. The simulation results show that the scheme can prolong the network lifetime by 26%–65% compared with the earlier schemes where the sink is static or moves randomly. Foundation item: Project(60673164) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(20060533057) supported by the Specialized Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China     

802.11 WLAN中一种基于竞争窗口的分组调度算法

IEEE 802.11 MAC层中的分布式协调功能DCF（distributed coordination function）使用随机退避机制来解决信道竞争问题，导致信道资源不能充分利用.特别是在高负载的网络系统中，信道带宽在碰撞状态下浪费严重.本文提出了基于竞争窗口的分组调度算法，通过增加一个竞争窗口将节点间的竞争划分为两个阶段进行，其中只有通过第一退避阶段的节点才能进入下一个退避阶段，完成第二退避阶段的节点才能开始访问信道.根据具体网络情况，选择合适的第二阶段的最小窗口值，得到相应的网络性能.仿真结果表明该算法在高负载的网络中能够提高信道带宽利用率.     

Optimal fuzzy PID controller with adjustable factors based on flexible polyhedron search algorithm

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｍａｎｙａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔｄｅ ｃａｄｅｓ,ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎａｌ ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌ ｄｅｒｉｖａｔｉｖｅ (     

Ad Hoc网络中基于传输状态的自适应退避算法

提出一种适用于Ad Hoc网络、基于传输状态的自适应退避(ABTS)算法.为了预测信道状态,ABTS算法采用局部竞争节点估计的方法,并且针对不同的信道状态采用退避窗口乘性或线性增加的策略.鉴于重传多次的数据容易被丢弃,ABTS赋予重传多次的数据高传输优先级,以减少数据丢失.理论分析和仿真结果表明,ABTS算法能满足Ad Hoc网络多跳特性,并对网络吞吐量、延时和冲突概率有明显地改善,性能优于经典的二进制指数退避(BEB)算法.     

Ad Hoc网络媒体接入控制中一种新的退避算法

为提高战术Ad Hoc网络中领导者节点的报文发送成功率,提出了新的用于媒体接入控制的退避算法. 该算法采用不同于传统的退避间隔设置方法,当领导者节点报文发送成功时,退避间隔设为最大值;报文发送失败时,随着报文重传次数增加,逐渐减小退避间隔,实现报文的重传. 同时还从理论上分析了算法的性能. 计算机仿真表明,其有效提高了网络中领导者节点的报文发送成功率,且对网络中普通节点的报文发送成功率影响很小.     

Phase composition, transition and structure stability of functionally graded cemented carbide with dual phase structure

The phase composition, phase transition and phase structure transformation of the wire-cut section of functionally graded WC-Co cemented carbide with dual phase structure were investigated by XRD phase analysis. It is shown that the composition of η phase in the core zone is Co3W3C （M6C type）. The structure of cobalt based solid solution binder phase is fcc type. At the cooling stage of the sintering process, the phase transition of η phase, i.e. M6C→M12C and the martensitic phase transition of the cobalt based solid solution binder phase, i.e. fcc→hcp are suppressed, which facilitates the strengthening of the alloy. Because the instantaneous temperature of the discharge channel is as high as 10 000 ℃ during the wire cutting process, the processed surface is oxidized. Nevertheless, the oxide layer thickness is in micro grade. In the oxide film, η phase is decomposed into W2C and CoO, and cobalt based solid solution binder is selectively oxidized, while WC remains stable due to the existence of carbon containing liquid organic cutting medium.     

Ethylene Polymerization by a Novel Dinuclear Heter-oligated Titanium Complex with the Ligand of （Salicylaldiminato） （β-enaminoketonato）

The condensation of acetylacetone （CH3COCH2COCH3） with benzdine （H2N-C6H4-C6H4-NH2） yielded diimine ligand 1 [HOC（Me）C（H）（Me）C=N（p-C6H4）（C6H4-p）N= C（Me）C（H）C（Me）OH）], which was converted into sodium salts. And then the sodium salts reacted with monosalicylaldiminato titanium complex 2{[3,5-di-But′2-（O）C6H2CHN（PH）]TiCl3（THF）} in dried dichloromethane to give a new benzdine-bridged binuclear complex 3{[3,5-di-Bu′-2-（O）C6H2CHN（PH）]2 [OC（Me）C（H）（Me）C=N（p-C6H4）-（C6H4-p）N=C（Me）C（H） C（Me）]Ti2Cl4}. The complex 3 was characterized by ^1HNMR and elemental analysis. In the presence of MAO（methylaluminoxane）, the complex 3 in toluene was effective to catalyze polymerization, affording moderately high catalytic activity 1.93 × 10^5 g PE/（mol.Ti.h）]and high molecular weight polyethylene [5.63× 10^5 g/moll. The high temperature gel permeation chromatography （GPC） curve of polyethylene obtained revealed a single peak, but the molecular weight distribution （MWD = 3.21） is obviously broader than that of the similar mononuclear titanium complex. The melting points of the obtained polyethylene reaches 138 ℃, indicating that the polyethylene is of high crystallinity.     

Microscopic characteristics of different fracture modes of brittle rock

Ａｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｒｅ ｖｅａｌｓｔｈａｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｏｒｋｏｎｒｏｃｋｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｍｅｃｈａｎ ｉｃｓｈａｓｍａｉｎｌｙｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｏｎＭｏｄｅⅠｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ (ｏｐｅｎ ｉｎｇｍｏｄｅ) ,ｉｎｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ,ｏｎＭｏｄｅⅠｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｔｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ[1 2 ] .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｐｒｅ ｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｃｒａｃｋｓｉｎｒｏｃｋｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｏｒｄｉｓｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｒｏｃｋｍａｓｓｅｓａｒｅｓｅ…     

A novel scale-free network model based on clique growth

A novel scale-free network model based on clique (complete subgraph of random size) growth and preferential attachment was proposed. The simulations of this model were carried out. And the necessity of two evolving mechanisms of the model was verified. According to the mean-field theory, the degree distribution of this model was analyzed and computed. The degree distribution function of vertices of the generating network P(d) is 2m ² m ₁⁻³ (d − m ₁ + 1)⁻³, where m and m ₁ denote the number of the new adding edges and the vertex number of the cliques respectively, d is the degree of the vertex, while one of cliques P(k) is 2m ² k ⁻³, where k is the degree of the clique. The simulated and analytical results show that both the degree distributions of vertices and cliques follow the scale-free power-law distribution. The scale-free property of this model disappears in the absence of any one of the evolving mechanisms. Moreover, the randomicity of this model increases with the increment of the vertex number of the cliques. Foundation item: Projects(60504027, 60573123) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(20060401037) supported by the National Postdoctor Science Foundation of China; Project(X106866) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China     

Effect of doped Mn on piezoelectric properties of （Na0.5Bi0.5 ）0.92 Ba0.08 TiO3 lead-free ceramics

Piezoelectric ceramics (Na0.5Bi0.5)0.92Ba0.05TiO3 x%MnCO3(BNBT-Mn, x=0-1.6,mass fraction)were synthesized by conventional solid state reaction. The results show that when the addition of MnCO3 is 0-1.4%, BNBT-Mn ceramics exhibit a single-phase perovskite structure. With the increase of content of MnCO3, piezoelectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor increase rapidly when x is lower than 0.3. Then they both decrease when x is in the range of 0.3 and 1.6. When x=0.3, piezoelectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor reach the maximum value of 160 pC/N and 58.5% respectively, which can improve the temperature stability of BNBT-Mn.     

Novel fluorescence sensor based on covalent immobilization of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole via electrostatically assembled gold nanoparticle layer

A novel technique of immobilizing indicator dyes by electrostatic adsorption and covalent bonding to fabricate optical sensors was developed. 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) was attached to the outmost surface of quartz glass slide via aminosilanizing the slide, crosslinking chitosan, adsorbing Au nanoparticle, self-assembling HS(CH₂)₁₁OH, and coupling AEC. Thus, an AEC-immobilized optical sensor was obtained. The sensor exhibits a wide linear response range from 7.0×10⁻⁷ to 1.0×10⁻⁴ mol/L and a correlation coefficient of 0.995 9 for the detection of 2-nitrophenol. The detection limit and response time of the sensor are 1.0×10⁻⁷ mol/L and less than 10 s, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of the used sensor can be restored to the blank value by simply rinsing with blank buffer. A very effective matrix for immobilizing indicator dye is provided by the proposed technique, which is adaptable to other indicator dyes with amino groups besides AEC. Foundation item: Project(20775010) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(208095) supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education, China; Project(07A006) supported by the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department, China; Project(07JJ3020) supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China     

IEEE802．11 MAC层退避算法的一种改进方案

通过对IEEE 802.11 DCF模式下的马尔可夫链模型的研究发现,目前普遍采用的二进制退避算法存在着由于选择时隙得不到均匀分布而造成竞争节点数量过多时碰撞概率增大、系统吞吐量下降的问题.针对这些问题,提出了一种对部分节点采取延缓其重置进程的方法,其本质就是要通过降低节点对初始窗口的选择概率,来达到退避记数器选择退避数分布均匀的目的.仿真结果表明,该方法能有效地提高系统的吞吐量.     

Design and analysis of two-layer anonymous communication system

A new architecture for scalable anonymous communication system（SACS） was proposed. The users were divided into several subgroups managed by different sub-blenders, and all sub-blenders were managed by the main-blender using two layers management scheme. The identity information of members are distributed on different sub-blenders, which makes each member keep much less information and network overload greatly reduce. The anonymity and the overhead of the new scheme were analyzed and compared with that of Crowds, which shows the cost of storage and network overhead for the new scheme largely decreases while the anonymity is little degraded. The experiment results also show that the new system architecture is well scalable. The ratio of management cost of SACS to that of Crowds is about 1：25 while the value of P（1｜H1＋） only increases by 0.001-0.020, which shows that SACS keeps almost the same anonymity with Crowds.     

Phase transformation of nano-grained W(Co, C) composite powder and its phase constitute

1 INTRODUCTION Nano-grained WC-Co cemented carbides with high toughness and high hardness have drawn extensive attention of hard metal industry[1?2]. There are two key processes for the fabrication of this high performance alloy[3?4]. One is the preparation of nanometer WC-Co composite powders, the other is the effective control of grain growth during sintering. At present, great technical breakthrough has been achieved in the preparation of nanometer powders. The typical methods of na…