块状纳米孔超级绝热材料的制备与表征

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用两步溶胶-凝胶法结合超临界干燥技术制备出了块状无裂纹SiO2气凝胶,体积密度在50kg·m-3和300 kg·m-3之间,样品尺寸约为300mm×300mm×50mm.热学测试表明,常温常压下体积密度大约为100kg·m-3的样品导热系数为0.020 W/m·K,并采用XRD、SAXS、BJH和SEM等其他方法对典型样品(100kg·m-3)进行了测试.测试结果表明,SiO2气凝胶是非晶态的,并且具有纳米多孔结构(骨架颗粒平均粒径为6.8nm,孔径主要集中在10～20nm范围内,而且所有孔径都在70nm以内).因而可作为具有一定潜在应用价值的块状纳米孔超级绝热材料.     

不同粒径SiO_2气凝胶/聚四氟乙烯复合材料的制备与表征

以不同粒径大小的二氧化硅气凝胶(100、150、200、300目)和聚四氟乙烯为原材料,采用酸碱催化溶胶-凝胶法制备出4组不同的二氧化硅(SiO_2)/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料,以探究不同粒径气凝胶对复合材料结构和性能的影响。通过热重、密度、BET、极限氧指数测试以及X射线衍射等方法对复合材料进行结构和性能的表征。研究结果表明,制备的SiO_2/PTFE复合材料是一种中孔材料,其密度为1.3203～1.5673 g/cm~3,比表面积为60～112 m~2·g~(-1),吸附平均孔径小于50 nm。加入不同粒径大小的SiO_2气凝胶对复合材料的热稳定性影响效果几乎相同。随着加入的SiO_2气凝胶粒径的减小,BET比表面积与密度变化趋势均为先减小再增大,且变化率逐渐变小。加入不同粒径的SiO_2气凝胶后,复合材料的组成空间结构分布相同仅有晶粒大小差异。     

硅酸铝纤维增强纳米孔绝热材料的制备与表征

为解决SiO2气凝胶质脆的难题,以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶法和超临界干燥工艺制备了硅酸铝纤维增强纳米孔超级绝热材料,容重为74～189 kg·m-3,并采用瞬时热带法和BET法分别测试了样品的热导率和孔径分布.结果表明,常温常压热导率为25.3～30.5 mW·(m·K)-1,103 kg·m-3典型样品723 K时的热导率为93.78 mW·(m·K)-1,孔径主要集中在10～20 nm,并且与SiO2气凝胶相比具有一定的强度,因而可用于工程实际,必将拥有广阔的应用前景.     

石墨烯/SiO2复合气凝胶微球的制备及其吸附性能研究

以硅溶胶为原料,通过W/O乳液法结合溶胶-凝胶过程制备SiO_2气凝胶微球。在硅溶胶中掺杂氧化石墨烯(GO),经过洗涤、溶剂替换、表面改性、真空干燥制备出掺杂量不同的氧化石墨烯/SiO_2复合气凝胶微球(GOS-CAMs),最后经高温处理得到石墨烯/SiO_2复合气凝胶微球(GS-CAMs)。经过堆密度、氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜及傅里叶变换红外光谱等测试,选择GO掺杂量为0.4%(wt,质量分数,下同)的GS-CAMs,分别与石墨烯、SiO_2气凝胶微球进行对比,研究其在不同温度下对水溶液中不同浓度甲苯的吸附性能,并从吸附热力学、吸附动力学探讨其吸附机理。结果表明:掺杂量为0.4%的GO制备的GS-CAMs的综合性能最好,其松散堆密度为300kg/m~3,比表面积、平均孔径分别为328m~2/g、31.23nm;与纯SiO_2气凝胶微球相比,GS-CAMs的比表面积、孔径明显增加;GS-CAMs对不同温度下不同浓度甲苯水溶液的最大饱和吸附量为211mg/g,约为SiO_2气凝胶微球、石墨烯吸附量的1.2倍、1.6倍。吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型。     

TiO_2气凝胶光催化剂的制备和表征

通过加入甲酰胺,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了强度较好的块状TiO2气凝胶,并考察了样品在200℃下真空热处理10h的相变情况,样品的表观密度为0.474g/cm3,凝胶时间为15~23min,比表面积为152m2/g,微孔的体积为0.0388cm3/g,微孔的面积为66.1746m2/g,样品的最可几半径是5.7140nm,平均孔径为7.1843nm,样品的绝大多数孔属于介孔,孔体积为0.341cm3/g。分析了甲酰胺对TiO2气凝胶品质的影响情况,甲酰胺使TiO2气凝胶的密度有所降低,强度和比表面积都得到提高,凝胶时间变长。     

Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶的常压制备和性能研究

以六水氯化铝(AlCl_3·6H_2O)、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法,经老化、常压干燥后,制备出块状乳白色的Al_2O_3-SiO_2气凝胶。气凝胶经过不同温度煅烧处理后,分别进行SEM、TEM、XRD、BET、TG、红外分析等性能分析。结果表明Al_2O_3-SiO_2气凝胶具有良好的热稳定性,SiO_2在气凝胶中以不定形存在,Al_2O_3以针状或长条状的勃姆石(γ-AlOOH)存在,经600～1 000℃煅烧后,转变为γ-Al_2O_3,当煅烧温度达到1 200℃时,Al_2O_3与SiO_2生成了莫来石相,抑制了γ-Al_2O_3向α-Al_2O_3转变。室温下,气凝胶比表面积为692.7 m~2/g,孔洞分布均匀,孔隙率高。随着煅烧温度升高,比表面积、孔容在逐渐减小,孔径稍微增大,当煅烧温度达到1 200℃时,气凝胶比表面积仍有67.3 m~2/g。     

常压干燥法制备TiO2气凝胶

以钛酸丁酯为原料, 乙酸为有机配体, 甲酰胺为干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA), 采用溶胶-凝胶法和溶剂置换等后续工艺, 实现了块状TiO₂气凝胶催化剂的常压干燥法制备, 并考察了有机配体对气凝胶结构性能的影响。采用XRD、BET、SEM、EDS及DSC-TG对样品进行表征。结果表明: 当有机配体与钛酸丁酯物质的量之比为0.9时, 制备的样品性能最佳, 该TiO₂气凝胶样品为非晶态, 表观密度为0.25 g·cm^-3, 比表面积716.5 m²·g^-1, 平均孔径19.1 nm; 在850℃大气气氛下热处理2 h后, 比表面积为122.4 m²·g^-1, 平均孔径23.4 nm, 具有较高光催化活性; 经1000℃热处理后, TiO₂晶型仍为锐钛矿相, 热稳定性较好, 光催化活性有所降低。未采用有机配体制备的TiO₂气凝胶表观密度为0.57 g·cm^-3, 比表面积为482.2 m²·g^-1。有机配体的使用更有利于制备出表观密度较小、比表面积较高的TiO₂气凝胶。     

SiO_2气凝胶的常压干燥制备与性能表征

本实验以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为共前驱体,超纯水(H_2O)为反应剂,无水乙醇(EtOH)为溶剂,盐酸(HCl)和氨水(NH_3·H_2O)为催化剂,采用酸碱两步催化二次改性常压干燥制备了超疏水性SiO_2气凝胶。利用N_2吸附-脱附测试、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和接触角测定等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行表征,系统研究了水的用量、无水乙醇的用量以及溶胶的pH值对气凝胶性能的影响。结果表明:当TEOS、MTES、EtOH、H_2O物质的量比为1∶0.3∶14∶6时制备的气凝胶性能最好,其热导率为0.021 2 W/(m·K),比表面积为920 m~2/g,孔径主要分布在2～20 nm,密度为0.109 g/cm~3,孔隙率为95.05%,接触角为158.7°。     

水玻璃法SiO_2气凝胶的制备及其疏水改性

以水玻璃为硅源,水为溶剂,采用冷冻干燥法制备了纳米多孔SiO_2气凝胶材料。采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)和六甲基二硅胺烷(HMDS)进行疏水改性,以减少样品在使用过程中的收缩和坍塌。结果表明,TMCS疏水改性SiO2气凝胶的表观密度为0.1682g/cm3,比表面积为363m2/g,HMDS疏水改性SiO_2气凝胶的表观密度为0.2536g/cm3,比表面积为336m2/g。SEM测试结果表明,所得产品具有非晶纳米介孔结构。接触角测定分析表明,TMCS疏水改性SiO2气凝胶与水的接触角为149°,表现出良好的疏水性。     

氧化铝气凝胶隔热材料的制备和热学性能

以仲丁醇铝为前驱体,以硝酸为催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法在室温条件下制备出半透明且无明显裂纹的块体氧化铝气凝胶,密度为120 kg/m~3。用场发射扫描电镜、HotDisk热分析仪、孔径分布仪、X射线衍射仪以及FT-IR红外光谱仪表征了氧化铝气凝胶的结构和热学性能,并根据气凝胶的微结构解释了传热机制。结果表明:所制备的气凝胶是一种多晶勃姆石相明显的纳米多孔材料,具有由球状颗粒组成的多级孔洞纳米网络结构。这种多级结构极大降低了气凝胶的热传导,其常温热导率低至0.020 W/m·K。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.