新型起爆药的应用

文章就起爆药生产和应用过程中总结出的实际经验 ,对 DDNP、普通 K· D、球形 K·D、GTG、GTN和新型球形糊精叠氮化铅等起爆药在产品性能、生产工艺、应用效果等方面进行了比较 ,阐述了 DDNP由于无法根治其废水产生的环境污染而被新型起爆药所取代的必然性 ;文中还详细介绍了新型糊精叠氮化铅、GTG起爆药通过有效的工艺控制 ,不仅解决了生产过程中的环境污染问题 ,同时提高了起爆药的本质安全 ,为广大同行在选择起爆药时提供参考。     

塑料导爆管式无起爆药雷管

无起爆药雷管,即在雷管装药中去掉了起爆药成分,从而使雷管生产、使用、运输都比较安全,也避免了生产起爆药所产生的大量废气、废水对环境的污染。我厂自1964年开展无起爆药雷管的研究工作以来,相继研究成功WD-070无起爆药电雷管、工程爆破用无起爆药(铝壳)火雷管,并已在常规武器和矿山爆破中推广应用,1979年研制成功塑料导爆管式无起爆药雷管,五机部也已批准设计定型。该     

GTG起爆药生产中含镉废水处理工艺研究

介绍了一种新型废水处理工艺,用于处理GTG起爆药生产中的含镉废水。采用中和沉淀法与硫化物沉淀法相结合的方式,利用NaOH作为一次沉淀剂,与废水中的镉离子结合生成Cd(OH)2沉淀,一次处理后的废水通过孔径约为25μm的防酸碱腐蚀的滤袋与阶梯式沉降后进入第二沉淀槽,然后利用Na2S对滤液进行二次沉淀,并在二次沉淀槽出口处设置过滤装置,从而使GTG起爆药生产中的含镉废水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中关于总镉量的相关要求,满足工业废水三级排放标准。还提出了一种对一次沉渣进行回收利用的可行性方案,即通过对一次沉渣进行成分分析,并按照GTG起爆药的投料配比、化合工艺进行试验,验证了一次沉渣能够进行回收与再利用。该处理方法能够有效去除GTG起爆药废水中的重金属镉离子,同时对于一次沉渣的回收与利用也降低了GTG起爆药的生产成本,满足了工业生产与安全环保的双重要求。     

工业雷管用起爆药自动化生产方案研究

文章从起爆药选型、工艺过程、自动控制与监控系统等三方面对工业雷管用起爆药自动化生产方案进行了研究。就目前而言,起爆药宜选用流散性好、机械感度与静电火花感度相对较低、废水量少、起爆性能好的品种;自动化生产线控制由流量控制系统、温度参数显示控制系统、酸碱度参数显示控制系统、生产故障报警系统、视频监视系统及语音通话系统组成。     

二硝基重氮酚-氯酸钾混合起爆药

二硝基重氮酚(简称DDNP)在我国工业雷管生产中使用已有二十年了,这说明它在现有的起爆药中具有较多的优点。为了制取流散性良好、假密度适宜、耐压性好的产品,许多研究者在控制二硝基重氮酚结晶方面做了很多工作,但在生产中始终存在废水过多造成污染的严重问题。在起爆药中加入适量的氯酸钾制造混合起爆药,较早应用的是雷汞-氯酸钾,至六十年代,国外在研究“起爆药类的反应性”中即有二硝基重氮酚-氯酸钾混合起爆药(以下     

铵油炸药在深孔爆破中的合理使用

(一)铵油炸药柱状药包的起爆由于铵油炸药的威力较低,不抗水,因此在露天矿山潮湿的炮孔中使用时,必须采用合理的起爆技术和足够的起爆能量,方能达到预期的爆破效果。 1.起爆药包采用高威力、高爆速的炸药做铵油炸药的起爆药包,在起爆效果上虽然好,但在经济上不合算。若采用低威力、低爆速的炸药做起爆药包,铵油炸药有产生拒爆的危险。2~#岩石炸     

起爆药废水处理工艺研究

文章采用内电解 -催化氧化 -活性炭吸附工艺对起爆药废水的处理效果进行了研究。用均匀设计试验得出了最佳的催化氧化工艺条件。结果表明 ,采用该工艺可以将废水的 COD和色度从 15 82 1mg· L-1和 80 0 0倍 ,分别降低为 180 mg· L-1和 6 0倍 ,出水水质达到环保排放标准     

装填硝酸肼镍的柔性导爆索特性

文章介绍一种以硝酸肼镍起爆药为芯药的柔性导爆索,对不同直径的铅索,测试了其线密度、体密度及爆速值,并考查了不同切长装填于金属壳雷管的起爆性能,达到了很好的起爆效果.     

D.S共沉淀起爆药

迭氮化铅与斯蒂芬酸铅共沉淀(简称D.S共沉淀)起爆药是我国近几年来发展很快的一种新型起爆药。它兼有迭氮化铅起爆威力和斯蒂芬酸铅良好的火焰感度等优点。它对改善迭氮化铅的爆炸性能、简化火雷管的装药工艺等方面都表现出良好的效果。同时,对晶形控制剂的控制机理以及对两种以上单质药剂共沉淀包覆成长方法的研究,亦为起爆药的发展和改进各类机械混合起爆药的工艺提供了新的途径。本文仅就D.S共沉淀起爆药的共沉淀包覆成长的原理和结晶过程、D.S共沉淀的相容性、D.S配比选择以及D.S共沉淀起爆药爆炸性能的特征等进行论述。     

提高煤矿许用无起爆药电雷管起爆能力的研究

飞片式无起爆药电雷管在矿山使用中经常出现不能引爆三级煤矿许用乳化炸药的问题。试验证明,飞片式无起爆药电雷管铅板穿孔值约为10 mm,虽然大于8~#有起爆药电雷管的铅板穿孔值(约为9 mm),但实际起爆能力低于8~#有起爆药电雷管,甚至低于6~#有起爆药电雷管。对此,笔者利用加大飞片式无起爆药雷管管壳直径和增加底部装药量的设计,解决了这一难题。     

电镀废水处理工程设计实例

在实际工程中,采用何种方法处理电镀废水,需要根据具体条件加以考虑.讨论了含铬废水、含氰废水、酸碱重金属废水的处理方法和原理,结合西安某厂电镀废水处理的具体改造工程,设计了一套电镀废水的处理工艺流程,确定以化学还原法处理含铬废水,以碱性氯化法处理含氰废水,以碱性沉淀法处理酸碱重金属废水.整个工程处理设备较少、造价低、效果稳定,能承受大水量和高浓度负荷的冲击,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放标准.     

纳米材料在印染废水处理中的应用进展

印染废水是一类水质水量变化大、成分复杂、色度高、生物毒性大、含多种抑制物质的难降解高浓度有机废水。印染废水的处理一直是污水治理领域的一个难题，是目前国内外水处理的难点和热点。介绍了纳米材料在印染废水处理中的应用进展情况，并对其应用前景作了展望．     

Evaluation of onsite wastewater treatment technologies using sustainable development criteria

The typical domestic wastewater treatment system is a centralized municipal-sized facility that treats wastewater to specified discharge limits, to protect human health and the environment. Yet 10% of wastewater generated in the U.S. is not treated in a centralized system, but rather in small systems receiving wastewater from single and multiple dwellings and small commercial establishments. Most of these small systems do not have discharge limits. Far from disappearing into the annals of history, onsite treatment is a steadfast – and growing – part of the wastewater sector. Some see this as a blessing, others as a curse. Historically, and in the majority of cases today, onsite treatment employs technologies that represent a "lowest common denominator" approach. Frequently, the absolutely simplest, least cost, and least monitored systems are the only ones allowed. The effect of this approach is recurring incidents of inadequate protection of human health and the environment, sometimes widespread, sometimes for extended periods. With so many recent technological advances in onsite treatment, it is appropriate to reassess the role of onsite treatment, but how should this assessment be conducted? One way is to use a sustainable development context to define its value, and from there its role and the barriers to success. A sustainability assessment uses a broad range of criteria that accommodate changing demographics, values, and environmental resources. A framework of sustainability is developed to identify a reasonable set of social, economic, and environmental criteria for wastewater treatment. These criteria were applied to the conventional approach to onsite wastewater management, i.e. traditional septic systems permitted through health authorities, but without a monitoring or maintenance program. This evaluation produced defined social, economic, and environmental benefits and shortcomings. How shortcomings could be reduced or eliminated through technological advancements and changes to management of the systems was examined next. One of the readily available advanced onsite systems, the textile filter pressure dosed dispersal system, was examined applying the same criteria. In the final step, alternative management approaches were evaluated, including remote monitoring, contract monitoring, and maintenance. Costs and risks are discussed. The evaluation resulted in defining the key values, role, and barriers to achieving the full benefit of onsite wastewater. Methods for removing the barriers are suggested.     

Oily water treatment using a new steady-state fiber-bed coalescer

This study was concerned with the possibility of oil separation from two heavily polluted wastewater types: formation water and wastewater from hardening shop, using bed a newly developed coalescer. Experiments were carried out using original wastewaters and an artificial model wastewater. Results obtained for seven samples of formation water of very different quality showed that the water properties had no significant effect on bed coalescence efficiency. In contrast to this, crude oil properties strongly influenced steady-state bed coalescence. In the treatment of hardening oily wastewater in situ during a 4-month period oil concentration in the effluent was less than 20mg/l in all experiments. It appeared that oil concentration and water quality had no effect on bed separation efficiency. Special design of the coalescer and use of two filter materials ensured its good performance. Namely, the pipe-in-pipe construction provided the water orientation change several times while passing through the unit, making inertia one of dominant separation mechanisms.     

Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor Applications for Biological Wastewater Treatment: A Review of Research and Developments

Wastewater treatment is a process that is vital to protecting both the environment and human health. At present, the most cost-effective way of treating wastewater is with biological treatment processes such as the activated sludge process, despite their long operating times. However, population increases have created a demand for more efficient means of wastewater treatment. Fluidization has been demonstrated to increase the efficiency of many processes in chemical and biochemical engineering, but it has not been widely used in large-scale wastewater treatment. At the University of Western Ontario, the circulating fluidized-bed bioreactor (CFBBR) was developed for treating wastewater. In this process, carrier particles develop a biofilm composed of bacteria and other microbes. The excellent mixing and mass transfer characteristics inherent to fluidization make this process very effective at treating both municipal and industrial wastewater. Studies of lab- and pilot-scale systems showed that the CFBBR can remove over 90% of the influent organic matter and 80% of the nitrogen, and produces less than one-third as much biological sludge as the activated sludge process. Due to its high efficiency, the CFBBR can also be used to treat wastewaters with high organic solid concentrations, which are more difficult to treat with conventional methods because they require longer residence times; the CFBBR can also be used to reduce the system size and footprint. In addition, it is much better at handling and recovering from dynamic loadings (i.e., varying influent volume and concentrations) than current systems. Overall, the CFBBR has been shown to be a very effective means of treating wastewater, and to be capable of treating larger volumes of wastewater using a smaller reactor volume and a shorter residence time. In addition, its compact design holds potential for more geographically localized and isolated wastewater treatment systems.     

Sizing of Wastewater Particles Using the Electrozone Sensing Technique

Electrozone sensing is a rapid and effective method that has been widely used for particle size analysis. This method is based on the Coulter principle, which provides a measure of the solid volume of particles. However, for wastewater particles, due to the high porosity of these particles, the measured Coulter size is significantly less than the physical dimension of these particles. To quantify this effect, the size distribution curves of the sieved wastewater particles were measured using the Coulter particle sizing method, microscopy technique, and sieving methods. A theoretical model was developed by accounting for the porosity of wastewater particles to correlate the physical size of these particles to Coulter size measurement. However, this theoretical model underestimated the size of wastewater particles smaller than 100 μm. Instead, the wastewater particles size (D) for both primary and activated sludge samples was found to be linearly related to the Coulter particle size measurement (d) according to: D = 2.14d with r² = 0.98.     

表面处理行业废水的治理与回用标准化探讨

直接排放表面处理废水将严重污染环境,彻底治理废水是表面处理行业生存和发展的必由之路。为了解决企业废水处理所面临的困难、规范废水治理技术、促进我国表面处理行业废水处理水平,建立完整的废水治理与回用标准体系已成为表面处理行业亟待解决的问题。阐述了建立表面处理废水治理和回用标准的必要性及标准化应遵行的原则,着重介绍了标准化体...     

Physicochemical treatments of anionic surfactants wastewater: Effect on aerobic biodegradability

The effect of different physicochemical treatments on the aerobic biodegradability of an industrial wastewater resulting from a cosmetic industry has been investigated. This industrial wastewater contains 11423 and 3148mgL(-1) of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and anionic surfactants, respectively. The concentration of COD and anionic surfactants were followed throughout the diverse physicochemical treatments and biodegradation experiments. Different pretreatments of this industrial wastewater using chemical flocculation process with lime and aluminium sulphate (alum), and also advanced oxidation process (electro-coagulation (Fe and Al) and electro-Fenton) led to important COD and anionic surfactants removals. The best results were obtained using electro-Fenton process, exceeding 98 and 80% of anionic surfactants and COD removals, respectively. The biological treatment by an isolated strain Citrobacter braakii of the surfactant wastewater, as well as the pretreated wastewater by the various physicochemical processes used in this study showed that the best results were obtained with electro-Fenton pretreated wastewater. The characterization of the treated surfactant wastewater by the integrated process (electro-coagulation or electro-Fenton)-biological showed that it respects Tunisian discharge standards.     

膜分离技术在味精行业废水治理中的应用

味精废水属于高浓度难解解有机废水，不仅有机物含量很高，而且含有很高的ＭＨ３－Ｎ和ＳＯ４＾２－，生物处理技术很难使其达标排放。采用超滤膜去除废水中的菌体和大分子蛋白等成分，并将其回收制成蛋白再利用，经过处理的废水，其ＳＳ的去除率可达９９％以上，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率约为３０％，从而较好的减轻了生物法的处理负荷，同时回收的蛋白还可综合利用。     

Catalytic thermal treatment of desizing wastewaters

In the present study, catalytic thermal treatment (thermolysis) was investigated for the reduction of COD and color of the desizing wastewater under moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions using various catalysts. The experimental runs were performed in a glass reactor equipped with a vertical condenser. The homogeneous copper sulfate catalyst was found to be the most active in comparison to other catalysts under similar operating conditions. A removal of about 71.6% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 87.2% color of desizing wastewater was obtained with a catalyst concentration of 4 kg/m(3) at pH 4. The initial pH value of the wastewater showed a pronounced effect on the precipitation process. During the thermolysis, copper gets leached to the aqueous phase, the residue obtained after the treatment is rich in copper and it can be blended with organic manure for use in agricultural fields. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal oxidation of the solid residue obtained after thermolysis gets oxidized at a higher temperature range than that of the residue obtained from the desizing wastewater. The results lead to the conclusion that thermochemical precipitation is a very fast (instantaneous) process and would need a very small reactor vessel in comparison to other processes.