管道泄漏污染物一维迁移的LBM模拟

石油管道泄漏现象时有发生,对环境造成了危害,研究埋地管道石油污染物泄漏尤为关键。在此采用Boltzmann研究方法,通过多尺度技术和局部平衡态分布函数的Chapman-Enskog展开得到运算的平衡态方程,并给出了石油管道污染物泄漏迁移的一维有源扩散方程的格子Boltzmann模型,通过C++软件数值模拟进行运算。最终得出结果与理论解一致,验证了用Boltzmann方法研究污染物泄漏迁移的可行性。     

海上石油的泄漏与防治

石油是国家经济发展的命脉。人类对于石油资源需求日益增加,大量石油的开采、运输和使用,也导致海上石油泄漏事故频发,海洋石油污染空前严重。石油泄漏入海,不仅使稀缺的石油资源浪费,造成经济损失,还会对海洋生态环境造成破坏。本文系统地综述了海上石油泄漏的途径,溢油的危害、常见的海上石油泄漏的物理、化学处理方法,以及提出了对海上石油污染的长远防治措施。     

埋地输油管道泄漏污染物地表运移特征

输油管道泄漏受到人们广泛的关注,泄漏污染物地面特征是输油管道泄漏检测技术应用的基础。建立了埋地输油管道泄漏二维模型,模拟埋地输油管道泄漏污染物地表运移过程,研究不同泄漏孔径和位置对埋地输油管道泄漏污染物地表运移特征的影响。结果发现：泄漏初期,污染物所受阻力均匀,向四周均匀迁移,而且迁移速度前期快,后期逐渐减小;泄漏孔径越大、泄漏孔位置越靠近地表,石油污染物到达地表的时间越短,水平最大位移量越大,地表特征越明显。     

埋地输油管道泄漏污染物地表运移特征

输油管道泄漏受到人们广泛的关注,泄漏污染物地面特征是输油管道泄漏检测技术应用的基础。建立了埋地输油管道泄漏二维模型,模拟埋地输油管道泄漏污染物地表运移过程,研究不同泄漏孔径和位置对埋地输油管道泄漏污染物地表运移特征的影响。结果发现:泄漏初期,污染物所受阻力均匀,向四周均匀迁移,而且迁移速度前期快,后期逐渐减小;泄漏孔径越大、泄漏孔位置越靠近地表,石油污染物到达地表的时间越短,水平最大位移量越大,地表特征越明显。     

石油输送管道泄漏应急处置思考

石油输送管道发生泄漏后,极易造成经济损失、环境污染、人员伤亡事故的发生,应急力量应在第一时间处置泄漏事故,减少危害性,介绍了消防应急救援力量处置石油输送管道泄漏事故前期准备工作,提出了应急处置的注意事项,为消防应急救援人员处置油品管道泄漏事故提供一些启发。     

输油管道泄漏检测及完整性评价技术研究

泄漏是输油管道运行中的主要故障。由于腐蚀穿孔、人为破坏等多种原因,致使管道泄漏事故时有发生。泄漏不仅造成石油损失,还污染环境,严重影响了正常生产,给国家造成巨大的经济损失。当泄漏发生以后,如何能够及早发现泄漏及其位置,从而使生产管理人员能立即采取停输维修措施,减少泄漏损失。     

基于石油管道泄漏检测与定位系统设计研究

众所周知,石油是经济发展中所用到的非常重要的能源,随着我国社会经济的不断发展,对石油的开发、运输以及利用越来越重视。在石油运输中,最为关注的问题就是石油管道泄漏问题,这不仅关系着能源的流失,更关系着人们的生产、生活。因此,要加强对石油管道的检测,通过利用一定的技术和设备,及时发现石油管道的泄漏点,有效的采取补救措施,保证石油管道的安全。此外,还要做好定位系统的设计,对泄漏点进行精准定位,有利于提高相关人员解决石油管道泄漏问题的效率,从而避免造成重大损失。本文主要对石油管道泄漏检测与定位系统设计的进行研究与分析。     

石油储罐火灾爆炸事故树分析及防范措施

石油储罐是火灾爆炸危险的多发区域，储罐一旦着火，蔓延很快，扑救困难，事故造成的伤害范围极大。通过对石油储罐危险性分析，构建石油储罐火灾爆炸事故树，基于事故树分析得出应及时发现可燃物的泄漏、防止可燃物泄漏和控制点火源，并从这三个方面提出了防范措施。     

浅析石油天然气管道质量及泄漏抢修技术

石油与天然气是不可再生资源,一旦泄露将会造成无法弥补的损失。针对这一点,本文重点探讨了石油以及天然气管道泄漏的原因,并指出现阶段我国使用的检测泄漏的方法,最后提出合理的抢修方式。     

石油天然气长运输管道的泄漏检测以及定位技术研究

石油天然气工业随着时代的发展也在不断的发展,石油天然气的管道运输工程在社会中得到越来越多的重视,石油天然气的长距离运输安全问题也显得越发重要。对于石油天然气长运输管道的泄漏检测以及定位技术研究已经是迫在眉睫,本文通过简单的分析说明石油天然气在长运输管道中发生泄漏的原因和其可能造成的危害来寻找解决方法,同时对这项技术的发展方向做出探索。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。