离心力及铸件模数对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织与力学性能的影响（英文）

研究在石墨型中不同立式离心力场下离心力及铸件模数对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织及性能的影响。实验过程中铸型的旋转速度主要考虑了3种情况:0,110及210 r/min。结果表明:晶粒尺寸及片层厚度随铸件模数的减小和离心力的增加而减小,抗拉强度随铸件模数减小和离心力增加而明显增大,但铸件延伸率呈现相反的变化趋势。同时给出了重力系数、铸件模数与Ti-6Al-4V合金组织和力学性能之间的定量关系。作为与重力场下石墨型中Ti-6Al-4V合金铸件对比分析,研究了金属型中Ti-6Al-4V合金阶梯铸件组织的变化情况。研究发现:2种铸型中浇铸的合金铸件晶粒尺寸、片层厚度随冷却速度的变化趋势基本一致,结合2组实验数据,给出了重力场下Ti-6Al-4V合金铸件组织随冷却速度变化的定量关系。     

离心铸造TC4合金冷速对其组织和力学性能的影响

实验与模拟计算相结合研究Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金在陶瓷壳型离心精铸条件下,铸件模数对凝固过程冷速的影响,以及铸件组织、性能随模数和冷速之间的统计关系。结果表明:当铸件模数较小时,模数大小对凝固过程冷速影响比较显著,而随着模数的进一步增加,当M7.00mm时,铸件冷却速度随模数变化并不明显;晶粒尺寸、α/β片层厚度及二次枝晶间距均随铸件模数的增加及冷速的减小而增大,抗拉强度则呈现相反趋势。得出了TC4离心精铸件组织、性能与铸件模数和冷速之间定量关系的表达式。     

铸型材料和铸板厚度对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金微观组织的影响

基于组织定量分析技术,研究了铸型材料和铸板厚度对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金成形性能及成形后铸板的微观组织中原始β晶粒尺寸和α片层间距的影响.结果表明,铸型材料和铸板厚度对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的成形和成形后的微观组织具有重要影响.石墨铸型相比陶瓷铸型具有较差的成形能力,铸件的微观组织也明显细化.随着铸板厚度的增加,原始β晶粒尺寸、α片层间距呈近线性上升的趋势.     

离心力对TC4钛合金铸件孔洞及线收缩率的影响

采用真空石墨型立式离心铸造方法,研究了离心力大小对Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)钛合金铸件内部孔洞率以及铸件宏观尺寸收缩率的影响.结果表明,随着重力系数的增加,铸件中的孔洞率呈指数方式明显减小,给出了两者之间统计关系的表达式;离心转速从0增加到210 r/min时,阶梯铸件长度方向尺寸收缩率呈较明显的减小趋势;同一浇注工艺条件下,与离心力相比,铸型的冷却能力对铸件线收缩率的影响更显著.     

细晶粒钛合金热影响区晶粒长大规律

细晶粒钛合金经历焊接热循环后,热影响区粗晶区晶粒具有严重的长大倾向。针对TIG焊接过程,研究了显微组织为等轴状结构的细晶粒Ti-6Al-4V合金粗晶区晶粒长大规律,分析了晶粒粗化对粗晶区组织转变和接头硬度的影响。结果表明,母材晶粒细化引起的冷却过程中卢相变点变化,导致细晶粒Ti-6Al-4V合金粗晶区晶粒与普通Ti-6Al-4V合金相比具有更小的长大倾向;马氏体形核率的降低导致细晶粒Ti-6Al-4V合金粗晶区a’马氏体束在生长过程具有更强的位相性,晶界片状马氏体片层厚度和晶内马氏体板条长度随粗晶区晶粒尺寸增加明显增大;与普通Ti-6Al-4V合金相比,细晶粒Ti-6Al-4V合金粗晶区晶粒长大未引起软化问题。     

铸造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金流动性研究

制备石墨型和陶瓷型两种铸型,浇注螺旋形试样,考查了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的流动性。在真空凝壳炉下重熔Ti-6Al-4V合金,浇注流动性试样并测量其流动长度,比较两种铸型下Ti-6Al-4V以及陶瓷型下Ti-6Al-4V不同Fe含量时的流动性能。结果表明,铸型材料对合金流动性影响较大,陶瓷型流动长度高于石墨型近2倍,陶瓷型条件下Ti-6Al-4V合金流动性随Fe含量增加而略有下降,0.25%的Fe含量时流动长度约为0.05%的Fe时的80%。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金在真空中的干滑动磨损行为

在真空(10^-^5Pa)条件下对Ti-6Al-4V合金进行了系统的磨损性能测试，研究了载荷和滑动速度对Ti-6Al-4V合金磨损率的影响．对Ti-6Al-4V合金的磨损表面进行了显微组织分析．实验结果表明，Ti-6Al-4V合金的磨损率随载荷和滑动速度的升高而增加．磨损表面具有层状结构的舌状形貌特征，分析表明这是Ti-6Al-4V合金表面通过接触点处材料的被推挤和碾压过程形成了特殊的变形堆砌层的结果．显微组织分析显示，这种变形堆砌层具有50—100nm尺寸的细小显微组织结构和50mm以上的厚度．     

添加晶粒细化剂硅对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织和性能的影响(英文)

采用真空感应凝壳熔炼工艺在石墨模中制备Ti-6Al-4V和Ti6Al4V0.5Si两种钛合金。将硅作为一种晶粒细化剂加入到Ti-6Al-4V合金中,考察添加硅对铸态和模锻态Ti-6Al-4V合金组织和性能的影响。铸态合金先在900°C下进行热模锻处理,然后分别进行两种不同的热处理。一种是将模锻样品在1050°C下保温30min,然后水淬以获得细小的层片状组织;另一种是将模锻件在1050°C下保温30min,然后再在800°C下保温30min,以获得粗大的层片状组织。Ti6-Al-4V合金中添加0.5%Si后,铸态合金的晶粒尺寸从627μm减小到337μm,其极限抗拉强度增加约25MPa。具有细小、层片状组织的Ti-6Al-4V0.5Si合金的最大极限抗拉强度为1380MPa,在Hank溶液和NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速度分别为1.35×106和5.78×104mm/a。Ti-6Al-4V合金中添加0.5%Si后,在低滑动速度下的磨损率降低50%,在高滑动速度下的磨损率降低约73%。     

激光功率对激光熔化沉积Ti-6Al-4V-0.25C合金组织和性能的影响

采用含0.25wt.%C的Ti-6Al-4V预合金粉末进行激光熔化沉积实验,研究了激光功率对Ti-6Al-4V-0.25C合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V-0.25C合金微观结构为等轴晶粒形貌,晶粒内部形成了层状α+β结构,并且平均晶粒尺寸和α板条尺寸均随着激光功率的增加而逐渐增加。此外,随着激光功率的增加,合金拉伸性能得到明显提升,特别是在激光功率为1500 W时制备的合金样品,极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别为1191 MPa和8.3%。一方面,这是由于激光功率增加使得合金孔隙率显著降低;另一方面,Ti-6Al-4V合金中含有微量的C元素,在冷却/凝固过程中,大多数的C原子固溶在Ti基体中,造成固溶强化。     

β热处理工艺对Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V钛合金片层组织演变的影响

利用可控冷却速度热处理装置对Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V合金进行了β热处理实验,并研究了该合金原始β晶粒尺寸和冷却速度对片层组织的影响。结果表明,原始β晶界是α片层的主要形核地点,原始β晶粒内可形成多个α集束团,同一α集束内α片层几乎成同一取向;随原始β晶粒尺寸降低,集束尺寸降低,而原始β晶粒尺寸对α片层厚度影响不大;随冷却速度增加,α片层厚度先快速降低,后缓慢降低,而集束尺寸则呈线性降低;α片层厚度与冷却速度呈反比关系:λ=3.94+9.24/v。     

Microstructures and hardness of Ti-6Al-4V alloy staging castings under centrifugal field

By means of induction melting technology, Ti-6A1-4V alloy staging casting was made with the same rotation velocity and centrifugal radius. The effects of casting modulus on the grain size, the thickness of lamellar α＋β phase, and the Vickers hardness, as well as the relationships between Vickers hardness, grain size and thickness of lamellar α＋β phase were investigated. The results show that the greater the modulus, the larger the grain size and the thickness of lamellar α＋β phase, and the less the Vickers hardness. The relationship between Vickers hardness and grain size meets the Hall-Petch equation： Hv=353.45＋74.17dG^-1/2. The relationship between the Vickers hardness and the thickness of lamellar α＋β phase is expressed as Hv=2.45d^2α＋β-35.96dα＋β ＋ 476.84.     

热处理对吸铸TiAl基合金铸件组织的影响

利用金属型底浇式真空吸铸技术和添加合金元素获得TiAl基合金薄板,观察并研究薄板热处理前后的组织。结果表明,在金属型强制冷却和添加合金元素的共同作用下,利用金属型底浇式真空吸铸技术获得的TiAl基合金薄板件铸态组织细小、致密。其中Ti-47Al-5Nb-0.5Si和Ti-47Al-2W-0.5Si合金的铸态平均晶粒多在20μm左右,但是,铸态组织的片层组织不均匀,且在组织内部存在较大的偏析。将试样加热到1300℃,保温5 h,随炉冷却热处理后,TiAl基合金薄板的铸态组织有所长大,但是片层更加平整稳定,偏析也明显得到改善。     

Interface reaction during titanium alloys investment casting by residue gas in ceramic mold

The chemical reaction between mold material and titanium melt during investment casting was studied intensively. However, the influence of residue gas in ceramic mold on interface reaction remains unclear. In this investigation, the effect of residue gas in Y_2O_3-silica sol shell mold on interface reaction during Ti-6Al-4V alloy investment casting was investigated. Two groups of shell molds were prepared by adding different kinds of pore formers, i.e., spherical starch particles or nylon fibers,respectively. Ti-6Al-4V alloy was cast under vacuum by gravity casting through cold crucible induction melting(CCIM) method. Porosity of different shell molds was measured based on Archimedean method. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) were employed to characterize the micromorphology and composition of the reaction area,respectively. White light interferometer(WLI) was used to obtain the surface topography of the shell mold. The results show that the direct chemical reaction is very weak for all specimens. The release of residue gas in closed pores is the key factor influencing surface defects. However, open pores make nearly no difference on the interface reaction.     

Casting defects of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in vertical centrifugal casting processes with graphite molds

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation are utilized to analyze the casting defects of Ti-6Al-4V alloy formed under different vertical centrifugal casting conditions in graphite molds. Mold rotating rates of 0, 110 and 210 rpm are considered in experimental process. Results show that centrifugal forces have significant effects on the quantity of both macropores and microdefects (micropores, microcracks and inclusions). The relative amount of all macro- and micro-scopic casting defects decreases from 62.4 % to 24.8 % with the increasing of the centrifugal force, and the macropore quantity in stepped casting decreases exponentially with the increase of the gravitation coefficient. The relative proportions of both micropores and microcracks decrease with the mold-rotating rate increase, but the relative proportion of inclusions increases significantly. Besides this, the mold-filling sequence is proved to be an important factor in casting quality control.     

Precision casting of Ti-15V-3Cr-3AI-3Sn alloy setting

In this research, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn alloy ingots were prepared using ceramic mold and centrifugal casting. The Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn setting casting, for aeronautic engine, with 1.5 mm in thickness was manufactured.The alloy melting process, precision casting process, and problems in casting application were discussed. Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing and heat treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn alloy were studied.     

Precision casting of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn alloy setting

In this research, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn alloy ingots were prepared using ceramic mold and centrifugal casting. The Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn setting casting, for aeronautic engine, with 1.5 mm in thickness was manufactured. The alloy melting process, precision casting process, and problems in casting application were discussed. Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing and heat treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al- 3Sn alloy were studied.     

B、Y及冷却速度对Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb合金组织的细化作用

研究了微量元素B、Y和冷却速度对Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb合金组织的复合细化效果。结果表明,在水冷铜坩埚磁悬浮真空感应熔炼和Y2O3型壳精密铸造条件下,B元素能够有效细化Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb铸件的晶粒尺寸,使其由粗大的柱状晶变为细小的等轴晶组织,但没有起到细化片层间距的明显作用。B、Y复合细化可以在B元素细化效果的基础上进一步细化片层团尺寸,同时显著细化片层间距。在壁厚为2～20mm范围内,Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.8B-0.3Y铸件的宏观组织均为等轴晶;且随着厚度的增加,等轴晶尺寸逐渐增大。适当降低型壳预热温度也有助于获得细小的片层组织。     

Effect of mold temperature and casting dimension on microstructure and tensile properties of counter-gravity casting Ti-6Al-4V alloys

The cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy bars with different section sizes were fabricated by investment casting at counter-gravity condition with the mold temperatures of 300 °C and 650 °C, respectively. The microstructure of the alloy was observed by means of OM and SEM, and the effect of mold temperature and casting dimension on tensile properties was studied. Results show that equiaxed grains are obtained regardless of the casting dimension. β grain size tends to increase with an increase in mold temperature. Hot isostatic pressing of the alloy was carried out for tensile properties' comparison. Room temperature tensile test results show that Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced via counter-gravity casting has good balance of strength and ductility after hot isostatic pressing(HIP). The alloy shows higher ductility due to the elimination of porosity. In both cast and HIP status, the tensile strength is inclined to decrease with an increase in mold temperature, while the ductility is prone to slightly increase. Both the strength and ductility tend to decrease with an increase in the casting dimension.     

Al-35La铸态合金的显微组织和力学性能

采用真空熔炼方法,在不同铸型(金属型、石墨型和砂型)中制备了Al-35La合金试样,研究了其组织形貌和力学性能及组织的形成原因。结果表明,Al-35La合金在不同铸型中的凝固组织均是周期性双相枝晶组织;不同铸型中试样的硬度和相对压缩率相差不大;合金的抗压强度较高且具有10%左右的相对压缩率,这与合金组织中Al11La3枝晶不连续分布,从而使组织细化的特征相一致。     

MODELING OF ＇BANDING＇ MICROSTRUCTURE FORMATION IN CENTRIFUGALLY SOLIDIFIED Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY

Numerical investigations of the ＇banding＇ microstructure formation during solidification of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy in the centrifugal casting are conducted using a multi-scale model, which combines the finite difference method （FDM） at the macroscale with a cellular automaton （CA） model at the microscale. The macro model is used to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer throughout the casting. The micro model is used to predict the nucleation and growth of microstructures. With the proposed model, numerical simulations are performed to study the influences of the nucleation density, mould rotation speed, and casting size upon the ＇banding＇ microstructure formation. It is noted that changing the nucleation density has a minor effect on the microstructure formation. The rotation speed promotes the formation of ＇banding＇ microstructure, which is more noticeable for larger size castings. The ＇major mechanism responsible for this ＇banding＇ phenomenon is the spatial variation in cooling rates created by centrifugal force.