Application of an immobilized microbial consortium for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater: Batch-wise and continuous studies

In the present investigation, a microbial consortium consisting of four bacterial strains was selected for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The consortium was immobilized on a natural support matrix-Luffa and used for the treatment of real-time pharmaceutical wastewater in batch and continuous processes. The batch process was carried out to optimize the culture conditions and monitor the enzymatic activity. An array of enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, monooxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and hydroquinol 1,2-dioxygenase were produced by the consortium. The kinetics of the degradation in the batch process was analyzed and it was noted to be a first-order reaction. For the continuous study, an aerobic fixed-film bioreactor (AFFBR) was utilized for a period of 61 days with variable hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR). The immobilized microbes treated the wastewater by reducing the COD, phenolic contaminants and suspended solids. The OLR ranged between (0.56 ± 0.05) kg COD·m^-3 d^-1 to 3.35 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1 and the system achieved an average reduction of 96.8% of COD, 92.6% of phenolic compounds and 95.2% of suspended solids. Kinetics of the continuous process was interpreted by three different models, where the modified Stover Kincannon model and the Grau second-order model proved to be best fit for the degradation reaction with the constant for saturation value, KL being 95.12 g·L^-1·d^-1, the constant for maximum utilization of the substrate U_max being 90.01 g·L^-1 d^-1 and substrate removal constant K_Y was 1.074 d^-1 for both the models. GC-MS analysis confirmed that most of the organic contaminants were degraded into innocuous metabolites.     

Computations of the Mie scattering coefficient corrected for the forward scattering

Computations of the actual Mie scattering coefficient (K_a) have been performed by taking into account the acceptance angle (₀) of the optical receiving system. Results show that in problems concerning the determination of the aerosol particle parameters through scattering methods, the total scattering coefficient (K_r) computed by taking ₀ = 0 has to be substituted by K_a. Tables of K_a have been arranged for the following values of the particle refractive index (m), size parameter (x) and ₀: M = 1·33, X = 0·1 (0·1) 200 and m = 1·55, X = 0·1 (0·1) 100, for ₀ = 0·1° (0·1°) 1·0°.     

基于小尺度实验的燃料蒸气-空气预混气体泄爆动力学研究

利用体积为2 L的亚克力材质容器搭建了小尺度可燃气体泄爆实验系统,基于小尺度实验开展了不同泄爆面积条件下的石油燃料蒸气-空气预混气体泄爆过程研究,获得了典型开口率条件下的内外场超压随时间的动态变化特征,分析了开口率对超压及火焰参数的影响,并对泄爆模式进行了分类。研究结果显示：（1）在不同泄爆系数条件下,石油燃料蒸气-空气预混气体的泄爆模式包括泄爆失败诱导的封闭燃烧、泄爆成功诱导的射流燃烧、泄爆成功诱导的外部爆炸,三种泄爆模式的内外场超压-时间动态曲线、超压峰值、火焰传播速度、火焰传播距离均具有显著差异,且小尺度实验与中尺度实验中均出现破膜超压峰值、火焰射流超压峰值、外部爆炸超压峰值Δp₁、Δp₂、Δp₃;（2）当泄爆系数K_v≤39.68时,内场最大超压峰值、外场轴向最大超压峰值、最大火焰传播速度、轴向火焰传播距离均随着K_v的增大而增大,径向火焰传播距离随着K_v的增大而减小;（3）当K_v≤4.41时,外场轴向和径向最大超压峰值分别由外部爆炸引起（Δp_3（ver）和Δp_3（hor））,当7.94≤K_v≤39.68时,外场轴向和径向最大超压分别由火焰射流冲击和泄爆膜破裂引起（Δp_2（ver）和Δp_1（hor））;（4）泄爆成功和泄爆失败的临界泄爆系数在K_v=39.68和K_v=158.74之间,发生外部爆炸和射流燃烧的临界泄爆系数在K_v=4.41和K_v=7.94之间。     

Radiation-induced release of hydrogen from C:H films: basic regularities and mechanism

Model calculations of the process of interaction between accelerated ions and C:H films have shown that the kinetics of the ion irradiation-induced hydrogen release (IIIHR) from C:H films and the final hydrogen concentration (ρ_f) depend only on the characteristics of the irradiating ions. The hydrogen release the cross-section K, the saturation dose Φ_sat and the ion energy loss dE/dx are connected by simple linear relationships. The final hydrogen concentration ρ_f is proportional to the number of vacancies per broken bond (C_v/P_i). The IIIHR processes are well described by the following parameter: C_v/P_i, dE/dx and C′₀. In the proposed model for the given a-C:H film and ion irradiation the primarily characteristics of the IIIHR, such as Φ_sat and ρ_f, can be estimated ‘a priori’.     

Catalytic decomposition and mass transfer of aqueous ozone promoted by Fe-Mn-Cu/γ-Al2O3 in a rotating packed bed

This study investigated catalytic decomposition and mass transfer of aqueous ozone promoted by Fe-Mn-Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ (Cat) in a rotating packed bed (RPB) for the first time. The results showed that the value of the overall decomposition rate constant of ozone (K_c) and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (K_La) are 4.28×10^-3 s^-1 and 11.60×10^-3 s^-1 respectively at an initial pH of 6, β of 40, of 60 mg·L^-1 and Q_L of 85 L·h^-1 in deionized water, respectively. Meanwhile, the K_c and K_La values of Fenhe water are 0.88×10^-3 s^-1 and 2.51×10^-3 s^-1 lower than deionized water, respectively. In addition, the K_c and K_La values in deionized water for the Cat/O₃-RPB system are 44.86% and 47.41% higher than that for the Cat/O₃-BR (bubbling reactor) system, respectively, indicating that the high gravity technology can facilitate the decomposition and mass transfer of ozone in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation and provide some insights into the industrial wastewater.     

不同DO下SBBR亚硝酸型同步脱氮及N2O释放特性

在(20±2.0)℃ 条件下,以实际生活污水为处理对象,以碳纤维为填料（填充率35%）,利用序批式生物膜（sequencing batch biofilm reactor,SBBR）反应器,通过限氧曝气,成功实现了亚硝酸型同步生物脱氮（simultaneous nitrification and denitrification,SND）过程。荧光原位杂交技术（fluorescence in-situ hybridization,FISH）半定量表明,氨氧化菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB）是硝化系统中的优势菌种。微生物将外碳源以聚β–羟基烷酸酯(poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate,PHA)的形式储存在体内,作为后续反硝化过程所需内碳源。DO=0.5 mg/L,SBBR系统NH₄ ⁺-N和TN去除率分别为95%以上和80.4%,SND效率达77.9%。出水NO _x ^--N小于10 mg/L,且以NO₂ ^--N为主。DO=2.0、1.2和0.5 mg/L时,系统N₂O释放量分别为1.38、2.39和1.65 mg/L。AOB的好氧反硝化过程和低氧条件下以PHA作为内碳源的NO _x ^--N反硝化过程,都会导致N₂O释放。低DO水平是实现亚硝酸型同步脱氮过程和降低N₂O释放的关键因素。低DO促进了AOB的竞争优势,形成了良好的缺氧微环境,降低了COD降解速率,为反硝化过程提供外碳源作为电子供体,从而降低了N₂O释放量。     

Chronic Response of Waste Activated Sludge Fermentation to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles☆

Due to the large-scale production and wide applications, many nanoparticles (NPs) enter wastewater treatment plants and accumulate in activated sludge. It is reported that titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs s...     

Performance of CO2 absorption in a diameter-varying spray tower

The application of spray towers for CO₂ capture is a development trend in recent years. However, most of the previous jobs were conducted in a cylindrical tower by using a single spray nozzle, whose configuration and performance is not good enough for industrial application. To solve this problem, the present work proposed a diameter-varying spray tower and a new spray mode of dual-nozzle opposed impinging spray to enhance the heat and mass transfer of CO₂ absorption process. Experiments were performed to investigate the mass transfer performance (in terms of the CO₂ removal rate (η) and the overall mass transfer coefficient (K_Ga_e2 are major factors, which affect the absorption performance and the maximums of η and K_Ga_e that are 94.0% and 0.574 kmol·m^-3·h^-1·kPa^-1, respectively, under the experimental conditions. Furthermore, new correlations to predict the mass transfer coefficient of the proposed spray tower are developed in various CO₂ concentrations with a Pearson Correlation Coefficient over 90%.     

湿式空气催化氧化预处理阿普拉霉素废水

研究了阿布拉霉素废水的湿式空气氧化和混凝-酸解预处理技术。分析了COD、阿布拉霉素、NH4＋浓度、BOD5/COD。监测了废水的色度和味。在1L反应器中,于200℃和4 MPa条件下,对阿布拉霉素废水进行了无催化剂、RuO2/Al2O3和RuO2/CeO2/Al2O3的湿式空气氧化。结果表明在湿式空气氧化法中,使用催化剂RuO2/Al2O3和RuO2/CeO2/Al2O3反应150 min后,阿布拉霉素的去除率分别达到50.2%和55.0%,COD去除率达到40.0%和46.0%,BOD5/COD增加到0.49和0.54。使用混凝-酸解法预处理,COD和阿布拉霉素去除率轻微下降,BOD5/COD增加到0.45,污水不适合生物处理。在WAO中,废水的色度和味被有效控制,反应时间明显缩短。在阿布拉霉素废水的湿式空气氧化中,HO2.可以促进有机化合物氧化。CeO2的加入能够促进阿布拉霉素废水的湿式空气氧化中催化剂RuO2/Al2O3的活性和稳定性。     

木质框架土壤渗滤系统处理养猪废水厌氧消化液的效能

为处理高氨氮、低C/N比的养猪废水厌氧消化液, 构建了具有缓释碳源特性的木质框架土壤渗滤系统(WFSI), 并通过运行测试了进水浓度和表面水力负荷(SHL)对系统处理效能的影响。在SHL为0.2 m³·m^-2·d^-1条件下, 当进水COD和NH₄⁺-N平均浓度分别从152和175.5 mg·L^-1提高到421和788.7 mg·L^-1时, 系统对COD的去除率从52.3%提高到61.2%, NH₄⁺-N去除率从84.2%下降到61.5%, TN去除率从28.6%提高到了33.5%, NH₄⁺-N和TN去除负荷分别达到了75.5和41.7 g·m^-3·d^-1。当SHL提高为0.32 m³·m^-2·d^-1时, 系统仍能维持运行, 但处理效能受到显著影响。在进水COD 和NH₄⁺-N分别为265和465 mg·L^-1左右时, COD、NH₄⁺-N及TN的去除率分别平均为56.5%、53.3%和20.9%。木质填料及其附着层形成的NH₄⁺-N浓度梯度, 可使系统承受较高的SHL的同时获得缓释碳源, 并保护氨氧化细菌免受自由氨毒性。     

木质填料床A/O系统处理低C/N比养猪废水的效能与脱氮机制

针对干清粪式养猪废水 浓度高和低C/N比的特点构建了四格室木质填料床A/O处理系统,通过调控运行探讨其除氮效能和机制。结果表明,在HRT 18.7 h、32℃、硝化液回流比200%、好氧区DO 1.5 mg·L^-1等条件下,即便进水 高达307.7 mg·L^-1,COD/TN平均为0.47,系统对COD、 和TN的去除率仍能维持在66.5%、93.6%和89.0%左右,TN去除负荷达到0.22 kg·m^-3·d^-1以上。系统对COD和TN的去除表现出一定的空间分区特征,其中前三厌氧格室是去除COD主要功能区,末端好氧格室是脱氮功能区。系统的脱氮机制以短程硝化反硝化为主,枯木填料的腐解为反硝化提供了必要的碳源。     

Advanced removal of organic and nitrogen from ammonium-rich landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic system☆

A novel system coupling an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was introduced to achieve advanced removal of organic and nitrogen from ammonium-rich landfill leachate. UASB could remove 88.1%of the influent COD at a volumetric loading rate of 6.8 kg COD·m?3·d?1. Nitritation–denitritation was responsible for removing 99.8%of NH4+-N and 25%of total nitrogen in the SBR under alternating aerobic/anoxic modes. Simultaneous denitritation and methanogenesis in the UASB enhanced COD and TN removal, and replenished alkalinity consumed in nitritation. For the activated sludge of SBR, ammonia oxidizing bacteria were preponderant in nitrifying population, indicated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) anal-ysis. The Monod equation is appropriate to describe the kinetic behavior of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria, with its kinetic parameters determined from batch experiments.     

Treatment of a combined dairy and domestic wastewater in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by activated sludge (AS system)

The feasibility of using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by activated sludge (AS system) for the treatment of wastewater discharged from dairy factory was explored. The UASB reactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h and organic loading rates (OLRs) ranging from 1.9 to 4.4 kgCOD/m³.d. The average total chemical oxygen demand (COD_total) and total biological oxygen demand (BOD_5total) concentrations of the UASB reactor effluent were 1385 and 576 mg/l, corresponding to percentage removal of 69% and 79%, respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) removal averaged above 72% and 75%, respectively. Residual phosphorous and oil and grease concentrations of the UASB reactor effluent were 8.2 and 44 mg/l, corresponding to percentage removal values of 63% and 83%, respectively. This good performance could be attributed to the relatively long sludge residence time (SRT = 76 d) imposed to the reactor. Total and faecal coliform counts were reduced in the treated effluent by a value of 1.07 and 0.9 log₁₀, respectively. The net sludge yield coefficient was found to be 0.2 g VSS per g COD_total removed per day, corresponding to 20% of the total influent COD imposed to the UASB reactor. The volatile solids / total solids (VS/TS) ratio of 0.66 of excess sludge revealed its good quality. Preliminary batch experiments of the AS system treating UASB reactor effluent indicated first-order removal kinetics between total organic carbon (TOC) and contact time. The TOC removal reached 80%, resulting in only 47 mg/l in the final effluent at a HRT of 2.0 h. Accordingly, the AS system was operated at a HRT of 2.0 h. The system achieved a substantial reduction of COD_total, BOD_{5 total}, TSS and oil and grease resulting effluent quality with residual values of only 35.0, 7.0, 14.0 and 2.8 mg/l, respectively. The geometric mean of total and faecal coliform counts was reduced by a value of 1.28 and 1.64 log₁₀, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to use of an integrated system consisting of a UASB reactor followed by the AS system for the treatment of a combined dairy and domestic wastewater to produce a good effluent quality complying with the standards for discharge into agricultural drains.     

Experimental studies of air-blast atomization on the CO2 capture with aqueous alkali solutions

In this work, an air-blast atomizing column was used to study the CO₂ capture performance with aqueous MEA (mono-ethanol-amine) and NaOH solutions. The effects of gas flow rate, the liquid to gas ratio (L/G), the CO₂ concentration on the CO₂ removal efficiency (η) and the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient (K_Ga_v) were investigated. The air-blast atomizing column was also compared with the pressure spray tower on the studies of the CO₂ capture performance. For the aqueous MEA and NaOH solutions, the experimental results show that the η decreases with increasing gas flow rate and CO₂ concentration while it increases with increasing L/G. The effects on K_Ga_v are more complicated than those for η. When the CO₂ concentration is low (3 vol%), K_Ga_v increases with increasing gas flow rate while decreases with increasing L/G. However, when the CO₂ concentration is high (9.5 vol%), as the gas flow rate and L/G increases, K_Ga_v increases first and then decreases. The aqueous MEA solution achieves higher η and K_Ga_v than the aqueous NaOH solution. The air-blast atomizing column shows a good performance on CO₂ capture.     

Treatability studies on domestic wastewater using UV/H2O2 process

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are emerging and promising technology both as an alternative treatment to conventional wastewater treatment methods and enhancement of current biological treatment methods especially dealing with highly toxic and low biodegradable wastes. In this paper, the results of domestic wastewater treatment using H₂O₂/UV process in both batch and continuous mode are presented. Over 95% reduction in COD was achieved in less than 60 min of reaction time. Optimum conditions for pH and H₂O₂ dosage for this process was found to be 3 and 50 mg L⁻¹, respectively. A pretreatment in the form of removal of turbidity is recommended for the success of the process in the long run. Electric energy required is estimated to be 10 kWh kg⁻¹ COD on the average.     

Colour and COD removal from textile effluent by coagulation and advanced oxidation processes

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of coagulation, Fenton's oxidation (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂) and ozonation for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour from biologically pretreated textile wastewater. FeSO₄ and FeCl₃ were used as coagulants at varying doses and varying colour removal efficiency was measured. For the Fenton process, COD and colour removal efficiencies were found to be 78% and 95% for the Fenton process, and to be 64% and 71% for the Fenton-like process (Fe³⁺/H₂O₂), respectively. Ozonation experiments were conducted at different initial pH values and fixed ozone doses. Ozonation resulted in 43% COD and 97% colour removal whereas these rates increased to 54% and 99% when 5 mg/l hydrogen peroxide was added to the wastewater before ozonation at the same dose. The operating costs of all proposed treatment systems were also evaluated in this study.     

H2O2强化光催化处理苯胺化工废水的应用试验

研究者在苯胺模拟废水高级氧化处理方面开展了很多研究,但针对炼化企业苯胺装置废水含盐高、色度高、COD降解难等问题尚未开展工程应用。为解决苯胺生产废水的实际问题,本研究开展了TiO₂/UV-H₂O₂氧化降解苯胺废水（1~2m³/h）的现场试验研究。考察了苯胺废水在单独TiO₂/UV、单独H₂O₂氧化及TiO₂/UV-H₂O₂协同作用下的处理效果,提出了苯胺废水的最佳处理工艺方案,并进行了成本核算。结果表明,单独TiO₂/UV和单独H₂O₂氧化对苯胺废水的脱色率和COD去除率偏低,而TiO₂/UV-H₂O₂协同作用时苯胺废水脱色率和COD去除率可达95%以上。协同氧化体系中,H₂O₂的氧化降解作用显著,H₂O₂投加量1%~2%;酸性条件利于苯胺废水的降解,特别是pH=3.8~4.2时;TiO₂/UV和H₂O₂协同作用一段时间后,停止UV而凭借残余H₂O₂可以将体系中的中间产物继续降解直至矿化成CO₂。TiO₂/UV- H₂O₂协同处理炼化企业苯胺生产废水,出水COD≤60mg/L,色度≤20倍,单位能耗约18.44kW·h/m³,明显低于文献报道值,具有显著的技术性与经济性。     

Integrated ozone–photo–Fenton process for the removal of pollutant from industrial wastewater

The use of hybrid advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) for the removal of pollutants from industrial effluents has been extensively studied in recent literature. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of the photo,Fenton, photo-Fenton and ozone–photo–Fenton processes in terms of color removal and chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal of distillery industrial effluent together with the associated electrical energy per order. It was observed from the experimental results that the O_3/UV/Fe~(2 +)/H_2O_2 process yielded a 100% color and95.50% COD removals with electrical energy per order of 0.015 k W·h·m~(-3) compared to all other combinations of the AOPs. The effects of various operating parameters such as H_2O_2 and Fe~(2+) concentration, effluent pH, COD concentration and UV power on the removal of color, COD and electrical energy per order for the ozone–photo–Fenton process was critically studied and reported. The color and COD removals were analyzed using a UV/Vis spectrometer and closed reflux method.     

萃取-吸附法处理辛醇废碱液

辛醇废碱液中含有大量有机物,为此开展了萃取-大孔树脂吸附法处理辛醇废碱液、高效回收有机物的实验研究,实验结果表明:当辛醇废碱液的ρ(COD)为104651mg/L时,以辛醇为萃取剂,在pH=3、辛醇与辛醇废碱液的体积比为0.5、萃取级数为2等条件下,出水ρ(COD)可降至6453mg/L以下,COD去除率达到93.8%以上,萃取剂辛醇可以通过精馏再生循环利用;采用HYA-106大孔吸附树脂对辛醇二级萃取出水进行吸附处理,HYA-106大孔吸附树脂较佳的吸附流速为1BV/h、温度为40℃,此时出水ρ(COD)平均在155~183mg/L之间,COD去除率在97.1%~97.4%之间,单位体积树脂的废水处理量为34BV以上,树脂吸附量在213~215mgCOD/mL树脂之间,吸附-解吸效果稳定;萃取-吸附工艺的COD总去除率达到99.8%以上,最大程度地实现了辛醇废碱液中有机物的回收。     

用CuO/A12O3/堇青石催化剂选择性催化还原脱硝的实验和动力学研究

The CuO/γ-Al2O3/cordierite catalyst, after being sulfated by sulfur dioxide (SO2) at 673 K, exhibits high activities for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxide (NO) with ammonia (NH3) at 573-723 K. The intrinsic kinetics of SCR of NO with NH3 over CuO/γ-Al2O3/cordierite catalyst has been measured in a fixed-bed reactor in the absence of internal and external diffusions. The experimental results show that the reaction rate can be quantified by a first-order expression with activation energy of 94.01 kJ•mol1 and the corresponding pre-exponential factor of 3.39×108 cm3•g1•s1 when NH3 is excessive. However, when NH3 is not enough, an Eley-Rideal kinetic model based on experimental data is derived with Ea of 105.79 kJ•mol1, the corresponding A of 2.94×109 cm3•g1•s1, heat of adsorption ΔHads of 87.90 kJ•mol1 and the corresponding Aads of 9.24 cm3•mol1. The intrinsic kinetic model obtained was incorporated in a 3D mathematical model of monolithic reactor, and the agreement of the prediction with experimental data indicates that the present kinetic model is adequate for the reactor design and engineering scale-up.