基体特性对TiSiN/TiAlSiN/AlTiN涂层WC-Co硬质合金膜基结合力的影响

基体物相特性会对涂层硬质合金整体的力学性能产生重要影响。制备了具有不同WC晶粒度和Co含量的WC-Co系列硬质合金,采用直流磁控溅射技术在其表面沉积同种Ti_(0.94)Si_(0.06)N/Ti Al Si N/Al_(0.52)Ti_(0.48)N涂层。结果表明,随WC-Co硬质合金基体WC晶粒度(1.2～0.4μm)的降低或Co含量(12Co～3Co)的减少,涂层与基体完全剥离时的临界载荷L_(C2)逐渐增大。L_(C2)与基体硬度H_S或弹性模量E_S之间在数值上具有较好的线性正相关性。涂层首次剥离时的临界载荷L_(C1)能反映涂层的内聚失效抗力。适当的WC晶粒度和Co含量(超细晶10Co)能避免涂层产生较早的内聚失效或界面失效,有利于L_(C1)和L_(C2)的同步改善。     

放电等离子烧结制备超细WC基硬质合金

采用纳米碳化钒(V8C7)粉末作为晶粒抑制剂及放电等离子烧结(SPS)方式制备超细WC基硬质合金.X射线衍射结果表明:超细WC基硬质合金主要由WC和Co3C两相组成,随着温度的升高,WC的衍射峰逐渐向小角度偏移.扫描电镜结果表明:SPS和纳米V8C7粉末对超细WC基硬质合金的微观组织具有重要影响.SPS使超细WC基硬质合金在较低温度下(1200℃)实现致密化;纳米V8C7粉末可以有效抑制超细WC基硬质合金中WC的晶粒长大,1200℃时WC的晶粒尺寸约500 nm.力学性能结果表明:1200℃时超细WC基硬质合金具有较高的性能(相对密度99.5%,洛氏硬度93.2,断裂韧性12.5 MPa·m1/2).     

原位合成WC-6Co复合粉末制备超细YG6硬质合金

将原位合成WC-6Co复合粉末采用干袋式冷等静压压制成型(压制压力1×10~8 Pa、保压时间15 s),将压制好的坯料采用低压烧结炉烧结(烧结温度1360℃、烧结时间40 min、加压5 MPa、保温保压时间20 min),烧结制备超细YG6硬质合金,对合金的形貌、金相组织及物理力学性能进行分析。结果表明:原位合成WC-6Co复合粉末制备的超细YG6硬质合金,晶粒异常长大,WC平均晶粒尺寸为0.8μm,硬度HV_(30)为(21500±100) MPa,较传统超细YG6X硬度高。再将WC-6Co复合粉末采用滚动湿磨、压力式喷雾干燥、掺成型剂、挤压成型、低压烧结等工序制备超细YG6硬质合金,研究不同晶粒长大抑制剂配比、球磨时间、挤压压力、烧结温度对合金性能的影响。结果表明:添加0.3%VC、0.8%Cr_3C_2(质量分数),湿磨48 h,挤压压力24 MPa,烧结温度1340℃,制备的超细YG6硬质合金WC晶粒均匀,无异常长大的WC晶粒,WC平均晶粒度尺寸0.4μm,呈多边形,外形较圆。强度、硬度最高,抗弯强度TRS为(2250±20) MPa、硬度HV30为(22600±100) MPa。断口形貌为沿晶断裂,沿WC与WC晶界断裂或WC与Co晶界断裂。     

超细晶WC-10Co-VC-NbC硬质合金的组织与性能

通过球磨与真空烧结方法,制备了含VC与NbC的超细晶WC-10Co硬质合金.采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和硬度及断裂韧性测试,研究了微量VC与NbC对超细晶WC-10Co硬质合金的组织与性能影响.结果表明,添加微量VC与NbC,能明显提高基体合金的硬度与断裂韧性,降低硬质合金中WC晶粒的长大,WC的平均晶粒尺寸从673 nm降低至430 nm.同时也减少了烧结过程中Co3W3C相的形成.     

VC/Cr_3C_2添加剂对超细硬质合金组织及性能的影响(英文)

研究了VC/Cr3C2添加剂对WC-12Co超细硬质合金的显微组织、硬度和抗弯强度(TRS)的影响.结果表明,舍一定比例VC/Cr3C2添加剂的合金具有更均匀的微观组织和优异的力学性能.当添加剂含量(质量分数)为0.5%VC/0.2%Cr3C2时,1430℃烧结制备的WC-12Co超细硬质合金的抗弯强度达3786 MPa,硬度达91.7 HRA.VC添加剂对WC晶粒的连续长大和非连续长大的抑制作用比Cr3C2添加剂更有效.此外,当烧结温度较高时,VC/Cr3C2添加剂对WC晶粒长大的抑制效果更显著.VC和Cr3C2添加剂抑制WC晶粒长大的作用机理为:VC和Cr3C2添加剂降低了WC相在粘结相中的过饱和度,从而降低烧结温度下粘结相中WC相溶解-析出过程的驱动力,起到阻碍WC晶粒长大的作用.     

EFFECTS OF SIZE COMBINATION AND CONTACTING STATE OF RAW POWDER PARTICLES ON SPARK PLASMA SINTERED ULTRAFINE CEMENTED CARBIDES

本文采用亚微米WC粉和纳米Co粉、亚微米WC粉和高能球磨后具有纳米晶组织的微米级Co粉这两种具有不同粒径匹配的混合粉末作为原料粉末，利用放电等离子烧结（SPS）技术制备超细晶WC-10Co硬质合金。对不同原料粉末的SPS过程及烧结试样的显微组织和性能进行了系统的对比分析。实验结果表明，以两种混合粉末为原料均获得了平均晶粒尺寸在200nm以下的超细硬质合金材料，其中，采用亚微米WC粉和高能球磨的微米级Co粉利用SPS技术制备的材料相对密度达到98%以上，硬度达到HRA94.5，断裂韧性达到13.50MPa•m1/2，表明具有优良的综合性能。而采用亚微米WC粉和纳米Co粉利用SPS技术制备出的超细晶硬质合金的组织均匀性和性能较差。根据SPS技术的特殊烧结机理，对采用不同粒径匹配和结合状态的WC和Co混合粉末的SPS致密化机制进行了分析。     

梯度超粗晶硬质合金的制备与组织性能研究

本文报道了一种制备梯度超粗晶硬质合金的新方法:结合初始WC-Co硬质合金棒料的成分设计和区域熔炼处理工艺,制备了显微组织和性能连续梯度分布的硬质合金棒料。对制备的梯度硬质合金棒料分别表征分析显微组织结构、晶粒尺寸、Co含量变化和硬度分布等,结果表明:沿着硬质合金棒料的轴线方向,WC晶粒尺寸范围为14.95~25.09μm,Co的质量分数变化为3.0%~12.5%,硬度变化范围为8 100~9 800 N/mm2。本文提出的新方法实现了梯度结构和超粗晶组织的有效结合,可赋予硬质合金棒料不同部位以不同特征的力学性能。     

立方相对超细晶梯度硬质合金微观组织的影响

以超细WC粉末为原料,采用低压预烧结和梯度烧结两步法制备了超细晶梯度硬质合金。通过添加不同的立方相,研究了立方相对超细晶梯度硬质合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,仅添加Ti(C,N)可以形成较厚的梯度层,但梯度烧结后WC晶粒尺寸有较大的增长。(W,Ti)C和(Nb,Ta)C的加入不利于较厚梯度层的形成,但在梯度烧结过程中可以抑制WC晶粒的生长。添加(Ti,W)C的合金在梯度烧结后出现了少量尺寸大于1 μm的WC晶粒,(Ta,Nb)C的加入可以很好的抑制合金中芯环结构立方相的形成。     

立方相对超细晶梯度硬质合金组织和性能的影响

以超细WC粉末为原料,采用低压预烧结和梯度烧结两步法制备了超细晶梯度硬质合金。通过添加不同的立方相,研究了立方相对超细晶梯度硬质合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,仅添加Ti(C,N)可以形成较厚的梯度层,但梯度烧结后WC晶粒尺寸有较大的增长。(W,Ti)C和(Nb,Ta)C的加入不利于较厚梯度层的形成,但在梯度烧结过程中可以抑制WC晶粒的生长。添加(Ti,W)C的合金在梯度烧结后出现了少量尺寸大于1μm的WC晶粒,(Ta,Nb)C的加入可以很好地抑制合金中芯环结构立方相的形成。     

复合添加Cr_3C_2/NbC对超细晶WC-10%Co硬质合金组织和性能的影响

采用真空烧结方式制备超细晶WC-10%Co硬质合金,研究了复合添加晶粒长大抑制剂Cr3C2/NbC对合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明:在1400℃烧结条件下,添加剂的组成为0.4%Cr3C2+0.3%NbC时(文中含量均为质量分数),合金具有最好的综合力学性能,抗弯强度可达1951MPa、硬度1615HV30;WC平均晶粒尺寸为490nm。经SEM观察并通过EDS发现,抑制剂Cr3C2/NbC固溶到粘结相Co中,改变界面能,限制WC晶粒的长大;同时,也会降低WC在粘结相Co中的溶解度,从而起到细化晶粒的作用。     

复合添加晶粒长大抑制剂对WC-Co复合粉烧结硬质合金的影响

在超细WC-Co复合粉中复合添加不同含量的晶粒长大抑制剂VC和Cr3C2,利用X射线衍射仪分析粉末及硬质合金的物相组成,通过扫描电镜和透射电镜观察硬质合金的形貌,研究不同含量的晶粒长大抑制剂对硬质合金的显微组织和力学性能影响规律。结果表明:随着晶粒长大抑制剂的增加,晶粒异常长大现象消失,晶粒细小均匀;同时发现在WC-Co复合粉中VC的增加可以快速提高硬质合金的硬度,而适量的Cr3C2可以有效提高硬质合金的横向断裂强度。     

稀土Y_2O_3对WC-6%Co超细硬质合金组织及性能的影响

本文研究了在复合抑制剂(Cr3C2/VC/TaC)组成及含量不变的基础上,添加不同量Y2O3对WC-6%Co超细硬质合金的组织结构、磁性能及力学性能的影响。通过XRD以及性能测试,研究发现:在WC-6%Co超细硬质合金中添加Y2O3,能起到细化晶粒的效果,当添加0.2%Y2O3时,合金的晶粒最细,致密度最好,WC晶粒分布均匀;Y2O3会影响WC-6%Co超细硬质合金的磁性能,随着Y2O3含量的增加,合金的矫顽磁力增加,磁饱和强度略有降低,Y2O3能有效的改善合金的机械性能,特别是其抗弯强度。结果表明,当抑制剂配方为0.8%(Cr3C2/VC/TaC)+0.2%Y2O3时,制备的WC-6%Co超细硬质合金的机械性能具有最佳值,硬度达到94.1 HRA,抗弯强度1 770 MPa。     

中国超细晶硬质合金及原料制备技术进展

超细晶硬质合金是WC晶粒度≤0．5μm的硬质合金,这类合金具有高强度和高硬度的优异性能。目前由超细晶硬质合金制备的高效刀具已经广泛用于航空航天、核能、汽车、发电设备、新能源和电子通讯等现代制造业。主要对中国超细晶硬质合金原料（例如超细碳化钨粉、钴粉、复合粉）和超细晶硬质合金制备技术、性能及表征方法作了系统的阐述。最后对超细晶硬质合金制备技术进行了展望。     

VC和碳含量对超细晶硬质合金室温和高温性能的影响

以原位还原碳化技术制备的WC-8Co复合粉和VC粉末为原料,采用低压烧结技术制备出超细晶硬质合金。系统研究了VC添加量和复合粉中碳含量对硬质合金的相组成、显微组织、室温和高温力学性能的影响。结果表明:硬质合金的晶粒尺寸、硬度和断裂韧性主要受VC添加量的影响,且随VC添加量的增加呈单调变化;抗弯强度随VC添加量的变化趋势与碳含量有关;压缩强度随温度的变化呈现先降低后升高的趋势;当WC-Co复合粉的碳含量为5.60%～5.68%(质量分数)、VC添加量不超过0.5%时,可分别制备出室温抗弯强度为4482MPa和600℃下抗压缩强度为4914MPa的高综合性能的超细晶硬质合金。基于微观组织特征的分析,结合弹-塑性有限元模型对应力分布的模拟,对超细晶硬质合金力学性能的变化规律及影响机理进行了分析。     

Implementation of an effective time-saving two-stage methodology for microstructural characterization of cemented carbides

Linear intercept on scanning electron microscopy micrographs is the most commonly used measurement method to determine carbide grain size and contiguity in WC–Co cemented carbides (hardmetals). However, it involves manual time-consuming measurements and is critically dependent on the quality of the micrographs as well as on the identification and definition of grain boundaries. In this study a two-stage methodology for microstructural characterization of hardmetals is presented. First, a digital semi-automatic image analysis procedure for grain size determination of the carbide phase is presented. It involves an experimental assessment of grain size on processed images corresponding to a series of WC–Co and WC–Ni cemented carbide grades with different microstructural characteristics. Obtained results are then compared to the values obtained by means of the linear intercept technique. A good correlation between the mean grain sizes determined following both measurement techniques was attained. Based on experimental findings, a series of empirical relations were found to correlate grain size distributions obtained following both methods. Second, an empirical relation for estimating carbide contiguity in WC–Co cemented carbides is proposed. This relation considers simultaneously the influence of the binder content and the experimentally determined mean grain size on contiguity. The proposed equation for contiguity estimation is based on extensive data collection from open literature. An excellent agreement was attained between contiguity values estimated from such equation and those obtained using the linear intercept technique. This validates the two-stage procedure as an effective time-saving methodology for microstructural characterization of WC–Co cemented carbides.     

Effect of VC and NbC additions on microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides

The nanocomposite WC-Co powders were prepared through planetary ball milling method. Effects of grain growth inhibitor addition and the vacuum sintering parameters on the microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides were investigated using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and mechanical property tester. The results show that VC and NbC additions can refine the WC grains, decrease the volume fraction of Co₃W₃C phase in ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides, and increase the hardness and fracture toughness of the base alloys. After sintering for 60 min at 1400 °C, the average grain size and hardness of ultrafine-grained WC-10Co-1VC cemented carbide are 470 nm and HRA 91.5, respectively. The fracture toughness of cemented carbide WC-10Co-1NbC alloy is over 7 MN·m^?3/2.     

Effect of WC particle size on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of WC–(W, Ti, Ta) C–6 wt% Co cemented carbides

This study deals with the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–(W, Ti, Ta) C–9 vol.% Co cemented carbides fabricated by conventional sintering. The conventional WC particles of 4 μm size and ultrafine particles of 0.2 μm were introduced in the system with varying ratio. The ratios of conventional WC particles to ultrafine WC particles were 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2. The microstructures of sintered WC–(W, Ti, Ta) C–9 vol.% Co cemented carbides were sensitively dependent on the ratio of conventional WC particles to ultrafine WC particles. The rim phase increased with the increase in the amount of ultrafine particles. Hardness of WC–(W, Ti, Ta) C–9 vol.% Co cemented carbide increased with increase in the amount of rim phase and decrease in the average grain size of WC particles. The bending strength showed the similar trend of the hardness. The fracture morphologies are reported. The fracture behavior changed from mixed mode to transgranular fracture mode, when the ratio of conventional WC particles to ultrafine WC particles was changed from 2:1 to 1:2.     

WC-Co硬质合金的弹性性能

综述了WC-Co硬质合金弹性性能的预测模型,并计算了硬质合金不同Co含量时的弹性性能参数值,并对不同的模型的预测值与文献中的测量结果进行了比较。采用引入WC晶粒邻接度C的Golovchan模型计算的WC-Co硬质合金的弹性模量值,相比Voigt-Reuss模型和Hashin-Shtrikman模型,更接近于实测值。而泊松比的值相对偏低,但可以采用Hashin-Shtrikman模型的泊松比上限确定泊松比的值。另外,给出了弹性模量的实验测定方法标准。这为硬质合金重要弹性参数值的确定提供了实验测定和理论计算的依据。     

Sintering behavior and mechanical properties of Cr3C2 doped ultra-fine WC-Co cemented carbides: Experment guided with thermodynamic calculations

The influence of Cr₃C₂ doping on the sintering process and mechanical properties of WC-Co cemented carbides was studied. Using differential thermal analysis of green powders and thermodynamic calculations, the disappearing temperature of solid-state binder phase in the ultra-fine WC-Co cemented carbides with different amounts of Cr₃C₂ dopant was first investigated and then verified to descend with the increase of Cr content. Based on these investigations, the sintering temperatures of three alloys with 0.3, 0.5 and 0.65 wt% Cr were selected to high by 50 °C than the phase disappearing temperature of solid-state binder. Compared with the commercial sample with the sintering temperature at 1410 °C for Cr₃C₂ doped WC-Co cemented carbides, the optimized sintering temperatures lead to finer microstructures and better mechanical properties, such as transverse rupture strength and hardness. In addition, the reliability for the performance of WC-Co cemented carbides prepared with the optimized sintering schedule is significantly improved in comparison with the commercial sample. The strategy from the present work can be used to design sintering process parameters during the manufacture of ultrafine WC-Co cemented carbides.