改进综合标识指数法在水环境质量评价中应用

为使标识指数法在水环境质量评价中的结果更准确,提出了采用层次分析(AHP)和熵权组合改进的综合标识指数模型,对石佛寺库区2014年水环境质量状况进行评价。结果表明,库区丰水期水质要稍好于枯水期,但整体仍为V类水体。枯水期在土壤吸附和微生物降解作用下使从入库到出库水质综合标识指数WQI呈现递减趋势,总体下降11.2%;丰水期由于淹水范围土壤有机物均值上升和衰亡植被腐化分解导致WQI呈现递增趋势,总体上升3.66%;改进结果对比显示,组合赋权使评价结果更准确。单因子标识指数评价结果显示氨氮、总氮、总磷以及生化需氧量超标严重,个别监测断面已经达到劣V类标准。该研究为水环境质量评价模型的改进与完善提供了一定的参考价值,为库区水环境的污染防控提供了一定的科学依据。     

南四湖水体富营养化时空比较分析与评价

南四湖是南水北调东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊之一,随着通水时间的临近,其水质安全和水体富营养化状况备受关注．根据2006、2007、2010和2011年4次32个采样点的南四湖水质空间分布监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数法进行评价．结果表明,4个监测年枯水期南四湖水体总体平均处于富营养轻度水平,在南四湖水质得到大幅度改善的情况下,各年营养水平变化不大;南阳湖和独山湖水体的综合营养状态指数出现下降趋势,而昭阳湖（下）和微山湖岛北水体的综合营养状态指数出现上升趋势,这与全湖总磷出现均一化趋势有关．2010-2011年除微山湖岛南水体处于中营养水平外,其他湖区水体均处于富营养轻度水平．对南四湖水质空间分布监测数据的分析表明,南四湖藻类水华的繁殖生长主要受水体中TP的制约．     

天津市北塘排污河不同水期的水质状况评价

以天津市北塘排污河为研究对象,检测分析了丰水期、平水期、枯水期的14个水质指标,采用改进的主成分分析法和内梅罗环境质量指数法分别对北塘排污河三个水期的水质状况进行了评价。运用改进的主成分分析法找出了主要污染断面和主要污染物,同时对影响水质的因素进行了初步探讨。运用内梅罗指数法验证了改进的主成分分析法的结论,并得出了三个水期的相对污染程度。结果表明,在丰水期和平水期,华明桥断面污染最为严重;在枯水期,赤贯桥断面污染最为严重。丰水期的主要污染物为镍、COD、锰、锌、铜;平水期为锌、COD、锰、浊度、铜;枯水期为锰、锌、铜、COD。北塘排污河污染状况普遍表现为枯水期〉丰水期〉平水期。     

初探某水库水质指标在丰水期与枯水期的显著性差异及主要影响指标和成因

利用2014年丰水期及次年枯水期的某水库及其上游水源监测点的水质监测数据,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅱ类标准评价,通过统计分析,探明各类型水质指标在丰水期与枯水期之间是否存在显著性差异,存在差异的主要影响指标及差异成因简析。     

沱江水质现状评价与变化趋势分析

收集了沱江2000年—2008年共9年的出口水质监测数据,利用内梅罗综合指数法和Spearman秩相关系数分析了沱江水质现状与变化趋势(分丰水期、枯水期、平水期和全年)。结果表明,2008年沱江出口丰水期、枯水期、平水期和全年的内梅罗综合指数均小于0.70,表明没有超标的污染项,说明沱江出口水质状况良好。对水质现状健康风险分析表明,化学致癌物是主要的风险来源,个人总年风险超过ICRP标准。变化趋势分析显示:沱江出口在丰水期、平水期和全年水质的内梅罗指数呈不显著性上升趋势,水质呈逐年不显著性变差;枯水期水质的内梅罗指数呈不显著性下降趋势,水质呈逐年不显著性好转趋势。     

中怡康:前4月净水设备销额同比增45.2%

<正>据《2013年中国环境状况公报》显示,全国水环境质量不容乐观。地表水总体为轻度污染,部分城市河段污染较重。十大水系的国控断面中,一—三类、四—五类和劣五类水质的断面比例分别为71.7%、19.3%和9%。在监测营养状态的61个湖泊(水库)中,富营养状态湖泊(水库)占27.8%,在4778个地下水监测点位中,较差和极差水质的监测点比例为59.6%。     

重庆双龙湖水体富营养化综合评价

通过2004年-2005年双龙湖水质检测分析,选用CODMnTN、TP、叶绿素a（Chla）和透明度（SD）为指标,采用综合评价法对双龙湖丰、平、枯水期进行富营养化综合评价.结果表明：丰、平水期双龙湖处于中营养状况;枯水期处于中富营养水平,污染严重,水质最差.通过探讨双龙湖营养状态特征、营养化进程,揭示其富营养化发展趋势,为双龙湖综合整治后水体水质保持及富营养防治提供科学依据.     

山西引黄沿线水库水质富营养化评价与分析

介绍了山西引黄沿线万家寨水库和汾河水库的工程概况,采用营养分级评分法与综合营养状态指数法,对两座水库的水质富营养化进行了评价分析,指出两座水库均存在由中营养向富营养转化的风险,应采取必要的措施防止水库水质富营养化的发生。     

辽宁省6座水源水库富营养化状况的分析与评价

为了解辽宁省主要水源水库的富营养化状况,利用相关加权综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)等方法,研究了辽宁省大伙房水库、汤河水库、碧流河水库、柴河水库、观音阁水库和桓仁水库6座水源水库在2008—2009年期间水体的富营养化状况。结果表明:除碧流河水库外,其他5座水库均达到富营养化状态;按聚类分析,6座水库共分为3类,碧流河水库单独为一类,水质最好,柴河水库单独为一类,富营养化水平较高,水质较差,其余水库为一类,水质状况相对较好;主成分分析显示,对水体富营养化影响较大的水化学因子是氨态氮、硝酸氮、总磷。根据对辽宁省水源水库水质状况的调研结果,作者提出了对辽宁省水源水库水环境有效保护和治理的建议:(1)成立水源地保护组织,对水源水库进行综合治理;(2)禁止网箱养鱼,大力发展保水渔业;(3)规范水利工程,投入人力和物力对水源水库加强生物和化学监测,对潜在的生态风险及时预警或预报;(4)对已发生严重富营养化的水库应考虑采取生态学手段进行生态修复。     

辽宁省6座水源水库富营养化状况的分析与评价

为了解辽宁省主要水源水库的富营养化状况,利用相关加权综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)等方法,研究了辽宁省大伙房水库、汤河水库、碧流河水库、柴河水库、观音阁水库和桓仁水库6座水源水库在2008—2009年期间水体的富营养化状况。结果表明:除碧流河水库外,其他5座水库均达到富营养化状态;按聚类分析,6座水库共分为3类,碧流河水库单独为一类,水质最好,柴河水库单独为一类,富营养化水平较高,水质较差,其余水库为一类,水质状况相对较好;主成分分析显示,对水体富营养化影响较大的水化学因子是氨态氮、硝酸氮、总磷。根据对辽宁省水源水库水质状况的调研结果,作者提出了对辽宁省水源水库水环境有效保护和治理的建议:(1)成立水源地保护组织,对水源水库进行综合治理;(2)禁止网箱养鱼,大力发展保水渔业;(3)规范水利工程,投入人力和物力对水源水库加强生物和化学监测,对潜在的生态风险及时预警或预报;(4)对已发生严重富营养化的水库应考虑采取生态学手段进行生态修复。     

A decision support system for water quality issues in the Manzanares River (Madrid, Spain)

The Manzanares River, located in Madrid (Spain), is the main water supplier of a highly populated region, and it also receives wastewater from the same area. The effluents of eight Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) downstream of the river, which represent 90% of the flow in the middle and lower parts of the river, are the primary sources of water pollution. Although the situation has improved slightly in the last two years, the water in the river is highly polluted, making it uninhabitable for aquatic life. Water quality modelling is typically used to assess the effect of treatment improvements in water bodies. In this work, the GESCAL module of the Aquatool Decision Support System Shell was used to simulate water quality in the Manzanares River. GESCAL is appropriate for modelling in an integrated way water quality for whole water resources systems, including reservoirs and rivers. A model was built that simulates conductivity, phosphorous, carbonaceous organic matter, dissolved oxygen, organic nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrates. The period from October 2006 to September 2008 was selected for calibration due to the many treatment modifications that occurred during this time. An earlier and longer period, from October 2000 to September 2006, was used for validation. In addition, a daily model was used to analyse the robustness of the GESCAL model. Once the GESCAL model was validated, different scenarios were considered and simulated. First, different combinations of nutrient elimination among the different WWTPs were simulated, leading to the conclusion that investments have to focus on three of the proposed WWTPs. Moreover, these treatments will not be sufficient to maintain fish habitat conditions at all times. Additional measures, such as the increment of the flow in the river or oxygen injection, were simulated. Incrementing the flow of the Manzanares River has been shown to be an efficient means of increasing water quality, but this implies an increment in the risk of water scarcity situations in the Madrid water supply system.     

Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Indexes and Their Response to Land Use Patterns in the Gaotan River Basin

The relationship between water quality and land use is of significance for the protection of the water environment. Here we take the Gaotan River Basin in Liangping District as the research object, and comprehensively use the spatial analysis with geographical information system(GIS), Pearson correlation analysis, and redundancy analysis(RDA) to study the ecological response of four water quality indexes of chemical oxygen demand(COD), biochemical oxygen demand in the 5 th day(BOD5), ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N), and total phosphorus(TP) on land use patterns on a sub-basin scale. The results show that land use patterns of the Gaotan River Basin have an important impact on water quality: wooded land can improve the water environment of the river; dry land, land for urban and rural housing and public facilities, and land for mining and industrial use are the main sources of COD, BOD5, and NH3-N; garden plot, land for building communications, and water areas have a weak impact on pollutants, indicating that agricultural non-point source pollution and domestics pollution in rural areas are the major cause of the deterioration of the water quality of the Gaotan River. The research results are of guiding significance to the treatment of water environment of the Gaotan River Basin.     

Factors influencing development of management strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon II: seasonal and annual variation

The water quality of a river at any point reflects several major influences including but are not limited to climatic conditions and anthropogenic inputs. Assessing these influences is essential for managing land and water resources within a particular river catchment. The objectives of this study were to identify the causes of increasing or decreasing trends in the concentrations of various water quality parameters in the Abou Ali River in North Lebanon and to account for the consequential variations both annual and seasonal (low/high flow). The assessment was conducted at the end of the dry season in October 2002 and 2003 and the end of the wet season in March 2003 and 2004. Results established that dissolved oxygen levels were consistently higher at the end of the wet season. The concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and ortho-phosphates did not exhibit a clear seasonal or annual variation. While the levels of total dissolved solids and nitrate nitrogen exhibited a decreasing trend in urban catchments, an increasing trend was observed in rural, agricultural and forested areas. The findings of this study reinforce the notion that management of point and non-point sources should be integrated as the combination of both sources connected with land use results in deleterious effects on water quality. The lack of good quality water hinders economic development and the potential for long term sustainability.     

Adaptive capabilities of hydrobionts to aqueous medium with different physicochemical parameters

The causes and physiological-biochemical mechanisms of migration of marine species of hydrobionts to fresh waters of the Dnieper River and the cascade of its reservoirs have been investigated. The possible adaptation of marine fish species and invertebrates is related to the economic human activity: regulation of river runoff, creation of a cascade of reservoirs with large water-surface area, anthropogenic pollution of natural water, and also changes of climate conditions on the Earth (global warming). It is presumed that these processes result in significant change of physicochemical indicators of aquatic medium. One can observe the rise of mineralization, increase of the number of biogenic compounds, variation of their ratio in fresh water that, in turn, allows the marine species of hydrobionts to adapt to new conditions and advance upstream.     

Human and bovine adenoviruses for the detection of source-specific fecal pollution in coastal waters in Australia

In this study, the host-specificity and -sensitivity of human- and bovine-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs and BS-AVs) were evaluated by testing wastewater/fecal samples from various animal species in Southeast, Queensland, Australia. The overall specificity and sensitivity of the HS-AVs marker were 1.0 and 0.78, respectively. These figures for the BS-AVs were 1.0 and 0.73, respectively. Twenty environmental water samples were collected during wet conditions and 20 samples were colleted during dry conditions from the Maroochy Coastal River and tested for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), host-specific viral markers, zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens using PCR/qPCR. The concentrations of FIB in water samples collected after wet conditions were generally higher compared to dry conditions. HS-AVs was detected in 20% water samples collected during wet conditions and whereas BS-AVs was detected in both wet (i.e., 10%) and dry (i.e., 10%) conditions. Both Campylobacter jejuni mapA and Salmonella invA genes detected in 10% samples collected during dry conditions. The concentrations of Salmonella invA ranged between 3.5 × 10² and 4.3 × 10² genomic copies per 500 ml of water Giardia lamblia β-giardin gene was detected only in one sample (5%) collected during the dry conditions. Weak or significant correlations were observed between FIB with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. However, during dry conditions, no significant correlations were observed between FIB concentrations with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. The prevalence of HS-AVs in samples collected from the study river suggests that the quality of water is affected by human fecal pollution and as well as bovine fecal pollution. The results suggest that HS-AVs and BS-AVs detection using PCR could be a useful tool for the identification of human sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters.     

Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution

Major rivers in developing and emerging countries suffer increasingly of severe degradation of water quality. The current study uses a mathematical Material Flow Analysis (MMFA) as a complementary approach to address the degradation of river water quality due to nutrient pollution in the Thachin River Basin in Central Thailand. This paper gives an overview of the origins and flow paths of the various point- and non-point pollution sources in the Thachin River Basin (in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus) and quantifies their relative importance within the system. The key parameters influencing the main nutrient flows are determined and possible mitigation measures discussed.The results show that aquaculture (as a point source) and rice farming (as a non-point source) are the key nutrient sources in the Thachin River Basin. Other point sources such as pig farms, households and industries, which were previously cited as the most relevant pollution sources in terms of organic pollution, play less significant roles in comparison. This order of importance shifts when considering the model results for the provincial level. Crosschecks with secondary data and field studies confirm the plausibility of our simulations. Specific nutrient loads for the pollution sources are derived; these can be used for a first broad quantification of nutrient pollution in comparable river basins. Based on an identification of the sensitive model parameters, possible mitigation scenarios are determined and their potential to reduce the nutrient load evaluated.A comparison of simulated nutrient loads with measured nutrient concentrations shows that nutrient retention in the river system may be significant. Sedimentation in the slow flowing surface water network as well as nitrogen emission to the air from the warm oxygen deficient waters are certainly partly responsible, but also wetlands along the river banks could play an important role as nutrient sinks.     

Characteristics of wet and dry weather heavy metal discharges in the Yeongsan Watershed, Korea

A comprehensive water quality monitoring program was conducted in the Yeongsan (YS) River, Korea from 2005 to present to investigate wet and dry weather pollutant discharge in an attempt to establish point and non-point pollution management strategies. As part of this monitoring program, 11 heavy metal species were measured during dry and wet weather conditions in the YS River, where Gwangju City (GJ), a subcatchment of the YS River, was further monitored to clarify the responsibility of different metal species discharged into the mainstream. Monthly grab water samples showed that greater amounts of metals along the YS River were discharged during the wet summer months due largely to storm runoff. In addition, further monitoring results revealed that GJ, a highly urbanized area, was a significant contributor of the heavy metals being discharged into the YS River during both wet and dry weather. The most abundant metal species discharged from GJ were manganese, aluminum and iron with different contributions of wet and dry weather flows to the total discharge load. Wet weather flow was a significant contributor to the annual dissolved metal loads, accounting for 44-93% of the annual load depending on the metal species, with the exception of chromium and cadmium (9% and 27%, respectively). Mostly, metal loads during wet weather were shown to be proportional to the rainfall depth and antecedent dry period. A substantial fraction of metals were also associated with solids, suggesting that sedimentation might be an appropriate management practice for reducing the metal load generated in GJ. Overall, although dissolved metal concentrations in YS River were at an acceptable level for aquatic community protection, continual metal discharge throughout the year was considered to be a potential problem in the long-term due to gradual water quality degradation as well as continuous metal accumulation in the system.     

Long-term trends in water quality and their impact on macroinvertebrate assemblages in eutrophic lowland rivers

Long-term trends in water quality in eutrophic lowland rivers in eastern England were investigated and their impact on macroinvertebrate assemblages studied. Dissolved oxygen (DO) declined significantly in eight rivers in Essex and Suffolk over 40 years to 1998. Chloride concentrations significantly increased during the same period in most rivers. Total oxidized nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus increased until the 1980s, then began to decline. Biotic scores (Lincoln Quality Index) generally increased over 14 years to 1998 and there were significant positive relationships between biotic scores and several nutrients. Invertebrate families and environmental variables sampled over the eight rivers in a dry year (1997) and a wet year (1998) were subjected to multivariate analysis. River stretches were grouped according to substrate requirements of indicator invertebrates. In the dry year, those river stretches behind mills or immediately downstream of sewage treatment works (STW) were grouped. In the wet year, there was only one separate group, comprising sites downstream of STWs. Nutrients, DO and low flows have a much greater influence on water quality, and hence invertebrate assemblages, during drought years than during wet years.     

汾河太原城区段的水质调查与分析

介绍了汾河太原城区段的水质现状,对主要断面的一些常规污染指标进行了长期监测,结果表明:NH3 -N和硫化物超标严重,在枯水期更为甚之,这是导致河水发生黑臭的根源;年内径流分配极不均匀、枯水期流量小是导致河流水质恶化的主要原因。最后给出了防治汾河水污染的措施。     

福建省主要湖泊水库水环境污染现状及防治措施

在福建省环境保护厅公布的近5年(2007~2011)福建省环境公报基础上,分析了福建省11个主要湖泊水库水环境污染现状及其变化趋势;重点介绍了4个水质未达到相应的水域功能要求的湖泊水库(福州东张水库、福州山仔水库、厦门筼筜湖和泉州山美水库)的基本概况、水质现状和主要污染物及其来源;针对水质未达标湖泊水库探讨了水环境污染防治措施;结果可为福建省主要湖泊水库水环境污染防治提供参考。