徽州民居冬季室内湿环境

对徽州地区两栋典型民居冬季室内温度、湿度进行连续测试,通过对比徽州传统民居与现代民居室内热湿条件,考察了不同功能区域室内湿环境及热舒适性。结果表明,传统民居冬季室内处于潮湿及非常潮湿等级,相对湿度值高于现代民居,但传统民居室内湿度日较差小于现代民居,室内湿环境稳定性良好;传统民居与现代民居室内外含湿量相关性系数均高于0.8,室内湿环境对室外湿环境响应明显;在自然通风条件下,传统民居厅堂、厢房热舒适时间段占比分别为7.36%、8.77%,冬季室内热舒适性差,建议采用局部采暖设施。     

徽州传统民居夏季室内热环境研究

以典型徽州传统民居为研究对象,在夏季对其进行了温湿度、风速及黑球温度等室内热环境参数的测试,并以问卷的方式调查了当地居民的热感觉和热需求。通过对调研数据的分析发现,各主要使用房间平均温度为26.9~28.4℃,防热效果较好。但内部重遮阳、轻通风使得民居室内潮湿;空斗墙具有良好的隔热降温作用;轻质屋顶构造造成了顶层温度高于底层,甚至夏季无人在顶层居住;实测中性温度为29.1℃,预测中性温度24.3℃。针对徽州传统民居夏季室内热环境的特征及成因进行了定量分析,并对当地居民热舒适需求进行统计研究,为当地民居的发展和改善提供了依据。     

西递徽州民居冬季室内热环境测试研究

以西递典型徽州传统民居为研究对象,在冬季对其进行了太阳辐射强度、温湿度、风速及黑球温度等室内热环境参数的测试。通过对测试数据的分析,发现传统民居保温防寒效果差,冬季室内阴冷潮湿,依据Fange建立的热舒适模型进行分析,室内热环境不满意率高达71%以上,热舒适度低。为此,对传统民居冬季室内热环境的特征及成因进行了分析,为传统民居的发展和改善提供了基础数据资料。     

林芝地区传统民居冬季室内热环境评价与分析

西藏林芝地区传统民居是在高原寒冷气候条件下形成的居住形态。本文选取林芝地区传统民居和现代民居在冬季进行室内外温湿度,风速等热环境参数测量,并对民居的建筑热工性能及室内热环境进行定量分析与对比,同时通过热舒适指标对传统建筑热舒适进行评价。结果表明传统民居外围护结构具有较好的热工性能,通过被动式的方式降低室外气候对室内的影响,但室内不能达到热舒适标准,需要通过采暖和合理的功能安排实现室内热舒适。     

徽州民居中天井对夏季室内热环境的影响

天井在传统的徽州民居中发挥着重要的调节室内热环境的作用,选取黄山地区4个典型徽州民居,从温度和湿度两方面思考不同形式的天井所发挥的独特作用。结合对传统徽州民居的调研与实测检验,阐明天井对徽州民居室内热环境改善具有的重要价值,同时,为气候适应性住宅的设计和研究提供指导与借鉴。     

徽州民居过渡季热环境分析

为掌握徽州民居过渡季室内热舒适及室内热环境差异性,对当地典型传统民居与新民居室内外过渡季热环境参数进行实测,测试结果表明秋季室外温湿度均高于春季,春季气温更为稳定。传统民居中不同空间温湿度差异不大,地垄具有良好的保温防潮作用。民居室内湿度较为适宜,温度在18℃以下所占比例较大,新民居较传统民居保温性能更好。     

鄂西南乡村传统干栏式民居室内热舒适现场研究

现场实测调查鄂西南传统干栏式民居室内热舒适水平,首次构建居民的热舒适模型。研究分冬夏两季进行,对208户民居进行热环境参数实测、387位居民的主观热感觉进行问卷调查,再用回归方程进行大量数据分析,确立其热舒适阈值为:夏季热中性温度为26.0℃,可接受的温度范围是22.2～29.7℃;冬季热中性温度为13.2℃,可接受的温度范围是8.1～18.4℃。按此值选取两户典型传统民居进行热环境评价,发现夏季室内热环境较舒适,冬季室内热环境较差;进而提出当地传统民居的优化重点是冬季保温,适当兼顾夏季防热。最后结合当地乡村住宅的现状,分析适宜的热环境优化策略。     

自然通风条件下徽州传统民居热环境模拟分析

本文基于生态分析软件ECOTECT的热环境分析及可视化气象数据分析功能,以典型徽州传统民居为研究对象,分析在自然通风条件下该传统民居热环境状况及全年处于热舒适区域的时间百分比。模拟结果显示:徽州传统民居围护结构隔热性能较好,防寒效果较差;采用自然通风技术后,全年舒适时间延长8%。     

徽州民居夏季室内外热环境参数响应规律

对徽州传统民居的室内外热环境参数进行现场实测,分析室内外平均辐射温度、空气温度、湿度、风速及预测适应性平均热感觉(aPMV)的逐时响应关系,得出徽州传统民居在炎热气候条件下,建筑隔热效果好、地笼防结露效果较好、室内换气充分的结论,并指出aPMV指标不能有效评价室外和厅堂的热舒适性。     

桂西北地区壮族传统民居冬季室内热环境实测研究

壮族干栏式民居是中国传统民居的重要组成部分,为了解壮族传统民居冬季室内热环境特点,本文以龙脊古壮寨一个典型民居为研究对象,结合实测数据对民居冬季室内热环境进行分析与评价.结果 表明:壮族民居外围护结构传热系数大,热惰性小,冬季室内外温差较小,最大温差为2.98℃;外围护结构水蒸气渗透系数大,室内排湿能力差,当室外相对湿度达到饱和,通风效果差的卧室2室内相对湿度达到99％.架空层和阁楼空间具有保温作用,可阻碍室内散热,减少热量损失.此外,火塘是居民日常生活的中心,采用火塘进行室内局部供暖是提高室内热舒适最有效的方式,但火塘的供暖方式使居民受热不均匀,会影响居民的热舒适感.     

甘南农区藏式传统民居热环境

对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州迭部县哇曲村典型藏式民居冬、夏季室内外温湿度的测量,分析得出了藏族传统民居建筑热环境状况。结果表明:结合当地的历史、地理、气候等因素,哇曲村形成了独特的村落构成和单体民居建筑构造。藏族传统民居外围护结构具有较好的热工性能,建筑热环境的被动式调节使室内热舒适状况需要通过综合的、节能的手段来进一步改善。     

兼顾节能效益的建筑室内热舒适温度调整研究

各气候区居民对室内热舒适的要求随其穿着习惯、对热环境的适应能力等而异,采暖或制冷温度应有所差别,然而现有建筑节能设计标准按统一标准提供室温控制建议。采用ISO7730的PMV热舒适模型分析各气候区的合理参数,计算得到室内热舒适温度,并通过与实测值比较验证理论计算的合理性;在此基础上,分别计算按既有统一室温建议与热舒适温度控温的热舒适性和能耗,提出冬季适当提高采暖温度以提升热舒适度、夏季适当提高制冷温度以实现热舒适度和节能双赢的调整建议。     

苏南地区村镇住宅建筑室内热环境实测分析

室内热环境是影响人体冷热感的环境因素,适宜的室内热环境可使人体易于保持热平衡。为了了解苏南地区村镇既有非节能住宅建筑室内热环境现状,笔者对该地区冬夏季的典型住宅非采暖空调房间的室内、外热湿环境进行了测试,系统地分析了该地区室内热湿环境的特征和变化规律。测试结果表明:该地区非空调房间夏季室内空气温度高,冬季室内空气温度低,冬夏季室内、外空气相对湿度大;室内热环境远偏离热舒适范围,达到了较恶劣的程度。开展节能建筑建设和对既有建筑实施节能改造是改善室内环境、提高热舒适度的有效途径。     

Passive control methods of Kerala traditional architecture for a comfortable indoor environment: Comparative investigation during various periods of rainy season

The traditional architecture of Kerala, a state in India lying along its southwest coast, is known for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment. Although there have been attempts to analyze the traditional architecture of Kerala, they were focused only on qualitative approach. An investigation was thus initiated by the authors to understand the passive environment control system of Kerala traditional architecture in providing better thermal comfort, by continuously monitoring thermal comfort parameters of a typical traditional residential building over a period of time. The inferences of the first phase of the investigation carried out during winter and summer seasons, lasting about half of the year have already been published. This paper illustrates the inferences of the second phase of the investigation that is carried out during the rainy season of the year. A comparative analysis with the results of the winter and summer periods is also incorporated. The investigation has revealed that, when the outside ambient temperature is below normal, the building system tries to maintain the indoor air temperature at a higher but comfortable level and when the outside temperature is above normal, the indoor is kept at a lower but comfortable level. It is found that a continuous gentle wind flow is maintained inside the building irrespective of the wind outside. The required level of thermal comfort is achieved by maintaining a balanced level of temperature and relative humidity along with a continuous and controlled airflow inside the building irrespective of seasons.     

浙江畲族传统民居室内环境分析

以浙江省丽水市景宁县某一典型传统民居为研究对象,在秋冬两季分别对其进行室内外温湿度和风速实测,并运用热舒适方程客观评价畲族传统民居的室内热舒适性,最后综合分析该类建筑在节能方面的优缺点,并根据实际情况提出改进措施。     

上海高层住宅室内热舒适研究

在近两年的冬夏季节,现场测试了上海高层住宅室内温度和相对湿度、风速等参数,并通过问卷方式调查了住户的热环境状况。调查结果表明,在自然通风条件下,冬夏两季上海高层住宅的热环境皆处于ASHRAE给定的舒适区之外,实测计算结果与问卷统计结果存在的差异,显示了上海居民对冬季热环境有一定的适应性。     

The thermal mechanism of warm in winter and cool in summer in China traditional vernacular dwellings

Yaodong is one representative of western China vernacular dwellings. Its indoor thermal environment is cool in summer and warm in winter. This study interprets the characteristic of warm in winter and cool in summer in such a dwelling by measuring the indoor, outdoor and wall’s temperatures in winter and summer. The human thermal comfort theory is used to evaluate thermal environment, and the periodic heat transfer mechanism is used to analyze the thermal transfer through the wall. The results show that the Yaodong thick wall effectively damping external temperature wave and keeping steady inner surface temperature are the chief causes of warm in winter and cool in summer in Yaodong, which lays a scientific basis for low energy building design.     

Thermal comfort study of Kerala traditional residential buildings based on questionnaire survey among occupants of traditional and modern buildings

Thermal comfort studies on traditional residential buildings of Kerala that is known for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment, are under progress. Scientific analyses of the environmental parameters determining thermal comfort have already been reported. Similar studies on modern residential buildings are underway. In order to compare the results of the scientific analysis with the user responses from the residents of traditional as well as modern residential buildings, a questionnaire survey was conducted during various seasons such as winter, summer and monsoon. A questionnaire was prepared in detail to understand the effect of factors which affect thermal comfort such as temperature, humidity and air flow in the evaluation of thermal comfort. This paper is based on the compilation of responses from the conducted survey. A comparison of the study results with that of scientific analysis already reported is also incorporated at the end of this paper. This study further confirms that Kerala traditional residential buildings are very effective in providing comfortable indoor environment irrespective of various seasons.