太阳／大气紫外光谱地基观测系统

研制了一套基于Ebert-Fastie型双光栅光谱辐射计的太阳/大气紫外光谱地基观测系统,用于获得太阳直射光谱辐照度和大气前向散射光谱辐亮度数据。详述了整套系统的结构及性能,标定了这台光谱辐射计300~400nm光谱辐照度响应度和光谱辐亮度响应度,并在长春地区(43°50′55″N,125°23′56″E)开展了太阳和大气紫外光谱辐射测量试验,获得了当地太阳和大气紫外光谱辐射数据。     

星载太阳辐射监测仪的高精度太阳跟踪

由于FY-3（01）星和FY-3（02）星宽视场扫描式太阳辐射监测仪（SIM）测量时间短、精度低,本文利用FY-3（03）星SIM实现了太阳的高精度跟踪测量。首先,分析了SIM太阳跟踪精度指标、跟踪转动范围,测试并确定了数字太阳敏感器（DSS）的视场范围、频率、分辨率,标定了DSS在轨像面辐照度。为消除跟踪抖动现象,分析测试了控制时间间隔和跟踪精度的关系,确定了理想控制时间间隔为500 ms。外场和在轨实验结果表明,SIM太阳跟踪精度优于±0.1°,俯仰在轨跟踪精度为0.029°,偏航在轨跟踪精度为0.025°,原始太阳总辐照度（TSI）值为1 353.1 W/m²。另外,DSS太阳指向精确,跟踪控制可靠,大幅增加了TSI监测时间。FY-3（03）星SIM在太阳同步轨道卫星上实现了TSI的太阳跟踪测量,跟踪精度是国际空间站（ISS）同类载荷CPD跟踪精度的10倍。     

太阳辐照度绝对辐射计的光电不等效性修正

针对绝对辐射计光电不等效性来源复杂、实验测量难度大的特点,提出了修正太阳辐照度绝对辐射计(SIAR)光电不等效性的有限元单元法。结合SIAR的测量方法,对真空中辐射计的腔温响应进行了实验测试。基于有限元单元法,建立了与实验腔温度响应相对误差仅为0.14%的有限元模型,对接收腔的温度响应进行了实验测试。测试结果显示:入射光功率为73.8mW时,接收腔与热沉之间的温度差异约为0.85K,响应的时间常数为29.8s。运用建立的有限元模型对SIAR的光电不等效性进行了评估和修正。结果表明:太阳辐照度绝对辐射计的光电不等效性来源主要为不同加热途径和不同加热区域引起的偏差,SIAR的光电不等效性因子N为0.999 621±0.000 004。该修正模型完善了仪器的修正体系,提高了测量精度,为绝对辐射计的发展提供了可靠的数据来源。     

卫星宽视场绝对辐射计太阳越过视场时入射光变化与腔温响应函数

研究了卫星上指向太阳安装的宽视场绝对辐射计在轨飞行中,太阳越顶扫过其视场期间接收的辐射功率随时间的变化,给出了绝对辐射计接收这种时变辐射功率的情况下腔温响应函数.只要绝对辐射计的视场宽到一定程度(10°),太阳越过视场的这段时间太阳辐照基本上是恒定的,辐射计的腔温响应也能达到平衡,根据这一腔温响应的平衡点关闭快门进行电功率定标就能获得太阳辐照度值.并将这种测量方法用于神舟3号飞船上用3台15°视场太阳辐照绝对辐射计(SIARs),测量了太阳辐照度.实验结果表明:所测数据与同期卫星上获得的数据基本一致,这也表明了本方法的可行性.     

利用积分球光源定标空间紫外遥感光谱辐射计

基于内部照明积分球的辐亮度定标方法,获得了接近理想的大面积辐亮度光源(~2%),标定了在研的空间紫外遥感光谱辐射计的亮度响应度。在假设标准灯为均匀亮度的点光源情况下,对照明因子进行了修正。同时利用两种漫反射板对此修正进行了实验研究,得到了采用两种漫反射板标定的光谱辐射计亮度响应度有很好的一致性(1%)的结论。初步的定标数据分析显示,石英卤钨灯光谱辐照度测量的相对不确定度和距离测量的不确定度是积分球定标最主要的不确定度来源,可用于紫外波段光谱辐射计的高精度辐射定标,并可以极大地降低定标不确定度。     

宽视场绝对辐射计的杂散光特性

太阳辐射监测仅在轨飞行中,在太阳扫过宽视场绝对辐射计视场期间动态测量太阳辐照度,测量过程中进人辐射计接收腔的杂散光对测量精度有一定的影响.本文通过模型软件分析、风云辐射计外场标定测量和神舟三号辐射计在轨数据修正3个方面对宽视场辐射计的杂散光分布随角度变化的情况进行了分析.结果显示:随光线入射角的增大,杂散光影响基本呈线性增大.太阳辐射监测仪的宽视场绝对辐射计无遮拦视场角为-9.2°～+9.2°,±7°内视场角的模拟分析和地面标定测得结果基本一致,最大值达到0.79%.神舟三号飞船上的辐射计无遮拦视场角为-5.2°～+5.2°,视场角较小,消光光栏多,杂散光的影响相对较小.用模拟分析结果对星上获得数据进行了修正,结果表明,杂光修正降低了系统误差.     

小视场绝对辐射计视场测量及修正项计算

风云三号A星和B星上搭载的太阳辐射监测仪由于视场较大而引入较多不确定因素,因此风云三号C星太阳辐射监测仪采用小视场绝对辐射计来跟踪太阳测量.本文研究了小视场绝对辐射计视场带来的修正因素.计算了C星太阳辐射监测仪由视场光栏和主光栏确定的视场大小;基于此视场计算值,给出了仪器辐照度测量值随光源入射角变化的理论曲线;并且利用实验室搭建的视场测量装置,对此变化曲线进行了实际测量.结果表明,测量曲线与理论曲线的相对偏差平均为1％～2％,接近测量装置的极限精度,从而验证了视场计算值的准确性.利用计算视场评价了在轨测量时辐射计与冷空间背景的辐射交换修正项,结果显示,小视场会对太阳辐射测量产生2.023 W/m2的冷空间背景修正,相对太阳辐照度测量精度要求,修正项计算标准差可以忽略.     

宽视场绝对辐射计杂散光特性研究

摘要：卫星太阳辐射监测仪在轨飞行中采用太阳扫过宽视场绝对辐射计视场期间动态测量太阳辐照度的方法,测量过程中进入辐射计接收腔的杂散光对测量精度带来影响,本文通过模型软件分析、风云辐射计外场标定测量和神舟三号辐射计在轨数据修正三个方面对宽视场辐射计的杂散光随角度变化分布进行了分析, 1）随光线入射角增大,杂散光影响基本呈线性增大;2）太阳辐射监测仪宽视场绝对辐射计无遮拦视场角18.4,对0～7视场进行了模拟分析,在7入射角时,杂光影响为0.63％,地面通过标定方法测量得到的结果为0.79％;3）神舟三号飞船上的辐射计视场角为10.4,视场角小,消光光栏多,杂散光的影响相对较小。以模型仿真结果对星上获得数据进行了修正,结果表明,通过杂光修正降低了系统误差。     

太阳辐照度绝对辐射计吸收腔结构优化

为了获得太阳辐照度绝对辐射计中吸收腔的最优结构参数,需要对结构中吸收腔-热连接-热沉构成的传热链进行热分析。基于Ansys软件的有限元方法,给出了上述传热链的仿真模型,并计算得到了仿真结构的温度响应曲线;通过改变吸收腔的结构参数(尺寸、材料等),探究了不同参数下传热状态的变化及其原因;通过分析仿真结果确定了吸收腔最优结构参数。仿真结果表明:在环境温度为常温(298K)、加热功率为50mW的情况下,吸收腔最优结构参数为壁厚0.07mm/锥顶角30°/帽檐宽度2.2mm/银质,此时辐射计的时间常数为11.501s、响应度为1.391K;同等条件下进行实验,测得时间常数为11.487s,响应度为1.397K,与仿真结果相比,误差分别为0.12%和0.43%。仿真结果基本符合理论推导,所得数据具有足够的可靠性,证明该模型可以指导绝对辐射计优化设计,提高其工作性能。     

双锥腔互补偿型绝对辐射计

介绍了一种双锥腔互为补偿的新型绝对辐射计(DCICAR)。采用和导热帽檐一体成型的锥腔,微型铂电阻作温度传感器,双锥腔肩并肩放置,面对相同的视场和热环境,且一直维持相同的温度,传导、对流和热耗散情况相同,以互为补偿方式工作。测量结果表明:测量重复性可达0.05%,用参加2005年在世界辐射中心(WRC)举办的第十届国际日射计比对IPC-X的SIAR-2c作为传递基准,本文研制的DCICAR的A#通道相对世界辐射参考(WRR)的校正因子为0.999 73,B#通道的校正因子为0.999 17,均与WRR在0.1%以内相符。该仪器提高了双腔补偿效果,且灵敏度高,时间常数小,双腔测量结果可相互比对验证,降低了绝对辐射计的测量不确定度。     

空间低温辐射计中的精密电压测量系统

为了基于测温电阻实现空间低温辐射计的腔温测量,研究了系统的电子学测量精度和测量稳定度。结合实际电子学需求,进行方案设计和器件选型,提出了一种新型的基于超低噪基准源LTZ1000ACH,四线制柱状锗电阻GR1400-AA和24位模数转换器LTC2400的对偶相消式精密电压测量系统。对于整个链路信噪比进行了逐级理论计算和分析,并通过电路仿真软件TINA-TI对系统幅频特性和温度响应特性进行了仿真分析,最后在77K液氮环境下对该系统进行了测温精度和长期稳定性测试。实验结果表明:锗电阻实际采样电压值在100μV内波动,长期测量稳定度达到1×10-5;在77K液氮环境下,系统测温精度达到4mK,长期稳定性达到1×10-5。得到的结果基本满足空间低温辐射计电子学部分的设计指标要求。     

New cavity perturbation technique for microwave measurement of dielectric constant

A new cavity perturbation technique is presented for microwave measurement of dielectric constant, which uses a modified cylindrical reentrant cavity. Though suitable for only low dielectric constants, the method has the advantages, (a) sample area does not appear in the calculations, (b) only the ratio of frequency shifts due to two samples of same area and different thickness is involved, and (c) calibration of the measuring system with known dielectric is not necessary.     

基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的二维温度场扫描测量

开展了基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)技术的二维温度场扫描测量研究。通过同步扫描测量点及信号接收端的方式,实验测量了甲烷/空气预混火焰水平截面离散点的温度,并插值重建了二维温度场;用同步扫描法调节测量点与火焰的位置,实现了在扫描过程中对火焰同一空间位置的温度测量,排除了火焰空间分布不均匀性对扫描测温结果的附加影响。最后分析了提出的扫描CARS测量系统在实验设定状态下的扫描测温A类不确定度。结果显示:在扫描测量同一空间位置的实验中,测得该点平均温度为2 074K;测温A类不确定度优于21K。本研究量化了扫描CARS温度测量系统的不确定度,提高了扫描温度测量结果的可信度,为后续稳态火焰温度分布高精度测量、计算机流体动力学(CFD)模拟验证及燃烧基本问题研究奠定了实验基础。     

Influence of flow disturbances on the performance of industry-standard LNG flow meters

In the last decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of measurement traceability for LNG inline metering technologies such as Coriolis and ultrasonic flow meters. In 2019, the world's first LNG research and calibration facility has been realised thus enabling calibration and performance testing of small and mid-scale LNG flow meters under realistic cryogenic conditions at a maximum flow rate of 200 m³/h and provisional mass flow measurement uncertainty of 0.30% (k = 2) using liquid nitrogen as the calibration fluid. This facility enabled, for the first time, an extensive test programme of LNG flow meters under cryogenic conditions to be carried out to achieve three main objectives; the first is to reduce the onsite flow measurement uncertainty for small and mid-scale LNG applications to meet a target measurement uncertainty of 0.50% (k = 2), the second is to systematically assess the impact of upstream flow disturbances and meter insulation on meter performance and the third is to assess transferability of meter calibrations with water at ambient conditions to cryogenic conditions. SI-traceable flow calibration results from testing six LNG flow meters (four Coriolis and two ultrasonic, see acknowledgment section) with water in a water calibration facility and liquid nitrogen (LIN) in the LNG research and calibration facility under various test conditions are fully described in this paper. Water and LIN calibration data were compared and it was observed that the influence of removing the meter insulation on mass flow rate measurement accuracy can be more significant (meter error > ±0.50%) than the influence of many typical upstream disturbances when the meter is preceded by a straight piping length equal to twenty pipe diameters (20D) with no additional flow conditioning devices, in particular for ultrasonic meters. The results indicate that the correction models used to transfer the water calibration to cryogenic conditions (using LIN) can potentially result in mass flow rate measurement errors below ±0.5%, however, the correction models are specific to the meter type and manufacturer. This work shows that the target measurement uncertainty of 0.50% can be achieved if the expanded standard error of the mean value measured by the meter is smaller than 0.40% (k = 2). It is planned to repeat these tests with LNG in order to compare the results with the LIN tests presented in this paper. This may reveal that testing with an explosion safe and environmentally friendly fluid such as LIN produces representative results for testing LNG flow meters.     

基于球形目标的激光位移传感器光束方向标定

搭建了非接触式的三坐标测量系统以便精密测量三维型面。将激光位移传感器通过具有两个回转轴的回转体安装在测量机的Z轴上,从而可根据待测表面的形状来调整传感器的方位。为了使传感器在各个方位上实现测量功能,提出了基于球形目标的光束方向标定方法,并详细阐述了其数学原理。标定时,驱动测量机使传感器分别沿测量机的X,Y和Z轴做等间距步进,根据步长和激光束长度的变化建立方程组求解出激光束所在直线的单位方向向量。最后,多次测量尺寸参数已知的六面体标准块规,检验了该测量系统的重复性。结果显示,该系统的测量不确定度为0.048mm;测量另一直径已知的被测球时,传感器在各个方位上的误差小于0.05mm,表明所提出的标定方法使测量系统达到了逆向工程的使用要求。得到的数据表明,本文所提出的方法有较高的标定精度和较好的重复性,为实现三维型面的快速扫描测量奠定了基础。     

Acoustic velocity measurements in resonators of thermoacoustic systems using hot-wire anemometry

Acoustic velocity measurements in resonators of thermoacoustic systems using hot-wire anemometry technique flow are presented. The hot-wire calibration is based on the determination of the acoustic velocity reference value through an acoustic pressure measurement and their relationship using a linear acoustic model. In this model, an analytical approach involving the coupling between the sound source and the resonant cavity effects and the viscous and the thermal effects in the boundary layers is used. The amplitude and phase calibrations are reported for the first time, simultaneously, either by varying the sound source input voltage for a fixed frequency, or by varying the frequency for a given source input voltage. The amplitude calibration is detailed by using a filtering technique to eliminate either the acoustic streaming effects or the anemometer basic electric voltage variations effects. This provides a simple way to an amplitude calibration with good accuracy when measuring an average of a stationary oscillating velocity. The phase calibration is proposed here by considering the phase difference between the microphone and the hot-wire anemometer output signals. The results obtained by using a simple fluid-filled resonant cavity are encouraging on the feasibility of this method to carry out a first-order acoustic velocity measurement. However, the complexity of the dynamic calibration due to that of the heat transfer mechanism around the hot-wire probe in various frequency ranges clearly merits more investigation.     

Reaffirmation of measurement uncertainty in pressure sensitivity determination of LS2P microphones by reciprocity method

The paper presents the accuracy and precision associated with realization of primary standard of sound using the reciprocity method. An experimental determination of the front cavity volume on Universal Measuring Machine has lead to reaffirmation of measurement uncertainty in pressure sensitivity determination to 0.04–0.15 dB in frequency range 31.5 Hz to 25 kHz. The reduced measurement uncertainty has also been validated from the results of the recent APMP Key comparison and also by comparison to the manufacturer’s value for LS2P microphones. The use of optical method for measuring the front cavity volume has refined the measurement methodology followed with adaptation of a self reliant, traceable and systematic measurement procedure in comparison to the earlier use of nominal values for sensitivity fitting exercise conducted on MP.EXE program. Consequently, the measurement uncertainty associated with the calibration of working standard microphones, multifunction acoustic calibrator and A-weighted sound pressure level measurements is also reduced.     

大直径在线高精度测量不确定度分析

讨论了基于"弓高弦长法"测量原理,由3只精密激光位移传感器组成的大直径非接触在线测量装置的测量不确定度。针对被测大轴的尺寸,选择固定的弦长;基于两标准尺寸的外圆盘进行弦长参数的标定;通过3只传感器的对称布置、相对测量、多次测量求平均值等措施,简化了测量装置的结构、方便了标定和测量过程、提高了直径测量精度。对于直径500 mm~510 mm的大轴,当其圆度误差不超过30μm、3只传感器光线的不平行度误差小于0.5°、上下传感器的不对称小于1 mm、标定和测量时中间传感器光线不对中误差小于1 mm时,直径测量结果的不确定度小于3μm。     

差分光谱法仪器测量不确定度的评定方法

为检验测量结果的可信性、可比性，必须对测量结果的不确定度进行评定。根据监测仪器的测量原理、校准方法分析不确定度的来源，按不确定度评定原则给出测量不确定度的评定方法。     

Calibration and uncertainty evaluation of single pitch deviation by multiple-measurement technique

Gears are key elements of power transmission systems, and the inspection of their pitch deviation is one of the most important tests on gears. The specifications of gears are assessed using gear measuring instruments (GMIs) or coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and the results of the measurements must be validated under an appropriate traceability system. In the traceability system, calibrated gauges whose measuring uncertainties are estimated are necessary. In the case of pitch deviation measurement, special artefacts or gears manufactured with high dimensional accuracy are used as reference gauges. In this paper, authors propose calibration and uncertainty evaluation methods for the single pitch deviation of gears measured using CMMs. First, the evaluation of single pitch deviation using a multiple-measurement technique and the estimation of its uncertainty based on the analysis of variance are formulated. Second, a technique for reducing the measurement trials based on the symmetry of the measurement is discussed. Finally, the proposed calibration method is validated through experiments.