膨胀石墨基相变储能材料的制备及性能研究

以膨胀石墨作为主导热材料,石蜡作为相变储热材料,通过真空浸渍法制备了膨胀石墨-石蜡复合相变储能材料,研究了石蜡质量分数对复合相变储能材料微观形貌、物相结构及热性能的影响。结果表明,膨胀石墨和石蜡反应后生成的复合相变储能材料主要依靠物理吸附结合,石蜡均匀覆盖在膨胀石墨的表面以及孔隙中,当石蜡质量分数为91%时,复合相变储能材料的密封性和结构致密性最佳,几乎不发生泄露。随着石蜡质量分数的增加,复合相变储能材料的熔点逐渐增大,热分解温度逐渐提高,石蜡质量分数91%的复合相变储能材料相比石蜡质量分数85%的相变材料热分解温度提高了约15℃。随着石蜡质量分数的增大,复合相变储能材料的导热系数和热扩散系数持续降低,密度先降低后增加,比热持续增大。当石蜡质量分数为94%时,复合相变储能材料的导热系数和热扩散系数均为最低值,分别为2.492 W/(m·K)和0.605 mm²/s;当石蜡质量分数为91%时,复合相变储能材料的密度为最小值0.794 g/cm³,对应比热为5.462 J/(g·K)。分析可得,石蜡质量分数为91%的复合相变储能材料的综合性能最佳...     

膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料有效导热系数的数值计算

通过膨胀石墨粉与石蜡混合制备相变复合材料可有效提高该储能材料的传热性能。为研究膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的导热机制,提出了膨胀石墨粉与石蜡混合后的3尺度层次固体有效导热系数计算方法。然后,通过数值模拟计算得到了具有不同体积分数和不同导热系数的膨胀石墨导热颗粒的膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数。结果表明:膨胀石墨能够有效地提高石蜡的导热性能,当膨胀石墨的体积分数为10%时,膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数是纯石蜡的9倍。此外,提高底层尺度的石墨片与石蜡的混合程度及降低底层尺度石墨的体积分数都能有效提高膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数。所得结论为探究膨胀石墨粉提高相变复合材料导热系数的机理奠定了基础。     

膨胀石墨微观结构调控及其与石蜡复合相变储能材料研究

采用热分析、导热仪和扫描电镜技术分析了膨胀石墨的颗粒尺度、膨化速率对微观孔洞结构的影响以及对膨胀石墨/石蜡相变储能复合材料的综合性能影响规律。结果表明,小颗粒尺度膨胀石墨有助于降低复合材料的相变滞后,并提高材料密度;慢速升温膨化则有助于使膨胀石墨获得更加均匀、细密的孔洞分布,提高膨胀石墨/石蜡相变储能复合材料的热导率。膨胀石墨在复合材料中的比重是热导率的决定性因素之一,调整膨胀石墨的微孔结构对改善石墨/石蜡相变储能复合材料的综合性能具有重要意义。     

相变装置中填充泡沫金属的传热强化分析

通过对泡沫金属结构的分析，将泡沫金属结构简化为二维的循环扩展六边形网格形式，且传热单元被分为九个导热层。在此基础上以热阻分析推导出了在泡沫金属作为填充材料时其整体有效导热系数Koff与泡沫金属空隙率ε之间的数学关系式。分别以泡沫铜、泡沫铝填充石蜡为例与用铜、铝翅片并联和串联两种方式填充石蜡时的有效导热系数进行了计算对比，从计算结果可以明显看出采用泡沫金属作为填充材料，其整体效果要优于翅片，可显著改善相变储能装置的传热性能及储能效率。     

高导热定形聚乙烯/石蜡/膨胀石墨相变复合材料的研究

以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)作为包覆材料,石蜡作为相变材料,膨胀石墨或鳞片石墨作为导热增强剂,通过熔融共混和热压制备了不同石蜡用量的定形相变储能材料。通过实验分析了所制定形复合储能材料的相变温度、相变潜热、热导率等性能。石蜡经过高密度聚乙烯包覆之后,相变焓值下降30%左右(石蜡含量65%(质量分数))。膨胀石墨和鳞片石墨的加入均能提高复合材料的热导率。膨胀石墨含量为10%(质量分数)时,样品的热导率与无导热增强剂样品相比较提高率为594%,而相同质量分数的鳞片石墨热导率提高率仅为83%。由此可见膨胀石墨对复合材料热导率的贡献远远大于同等质量分数下鳞片石墨的贡献。     

膨胀石墨对石蜡膨胀石墨复合相变材料热工性能的影响

在石蜡中加入不同含量的膨胀石墨制备了石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料,通过测定不同膨胀石墨掺量的复合相变材料的导热系数、比热容、蓄热系数、热稳定性、热膨胀系数等参数,探究了膨胀石墨对石蜡的热工性能的影响规律。结果表明,膨胀石墨的加入,复合相变材料的导热系数呈线性增大,传热能力增强,蓄热时间缩短,蓄热系数增加,使石蜡的热效率提高;同时,冷热循环过程中,热膨胀系数减小,化学结构稳定,封装效果良好,具有较好的热循环稳定性和热化学稳定性,使石蜡的热稳定性提高。     

石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料的热性能研究

膨胀石墨(EG)在超声作用下解离成微米级石墨片层(MSGF),并加入到石蜡基体中制备得到石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料,并对复合相变材料的结构和热性能进行表征。实验结果表明,该石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料储热速率加快,化学性质稳定。随MSGF质量分数的增加,固态及液态复合材料的导热系数均呈非线性显著增长,相变温度及相变潜热略有降低。     

TDA-HDA/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的制备及性能研究

脂肪胺作为有机相变材料有着相变焓高、无毒低腐蚀、化学性质稳定等特点，在建筑围护结构的中低温相变储能领域有着广泛的应用前景。利用高导热率的膨胀石墨作为多孔介质，吸附十四胺-十六胺二元共晶相变材料制备了复合相变材料，膨胀石墨质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%和20%,定型后的密度分别为600,700,800和900 kg/m³。采用扫描电镜、DSC、步冷曲线、导热系数测定仪和TG测试仪等对十四胺-十六胺/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的性能进行表征。实验结果表明膨胀石墨质量分数为10%时能完全吸附十四胺-十六胺二元相变材料，融化和凝固温度分别为27.48和21.86℃,相变焓为226.7 W/g,约为十四胺-十六胺相变焓(249 W/g)的90%,导热率可提高到十四胺-十六胺的373%～500%。当密度达到800 kg/m³以后，导热率随密度变化幅度减小。热循环实验表明十四胺-十六胺/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的热稳定性良好。红外光谱测试结果表明二元相变材料与膨胀石墨为物理结合，不存在化学反应；TG测试结果显示在常温范围内，相变材料的存在稳定，适用于建筑围护结构...     

膨胀石墨定形复合相变材料热性能可视化研究

膨胀石墨(EG)作为吸附材料不仅可以防止石蜡(PA)泄漏，还可以提高复合相变材料的导热系数。采用熔融混合法制备了EG含量不同的3种石蜡/膨胀石墨(PA/EG)定形复合相变材料，并对复合相变材料的潜热、热导率、热稳定性和热分解特性进行研究；搭建了可视化控温系统，在恒热流密度下采用红外热成像仪对复合相变材料传热特性进行可视化研究。研究结果表明：EG含量为30%(wt,质量分数，下同)时，复合相变材料导热系数为5.21W/(m·K),与PA相比提高约20倍；随着EG含量的增加，复合相变材料的相变焓逐渐降低，当EG含量为30%时，循环100次后复合相变材料的相变焓为183.6J/g;从熔融过程的温度可视化结果可得，复合相变材料中的EG虽然削弱了自然对流的影响，但是由于其导热系数远高于PA,所以复合相变材料温度变化较为明显。     

膨胀石墨/石蜡复合相变材料相变过程的热分析

利用膨胀石墨的层状结构及其高热导率制备了膨胀石墨/石蜡复合相变储能材料。采用层状复合材料的热传导模型,通过ANSYS软件对膨胀石墨/石蜡复合相变材料的相变过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,与纯石蜡相变材料相比,膨胀石墨/石蜡复合相变材料中加入膨胀石墨的强化传热性能效果很显著。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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