大跨度空间结构多维多点非平稳随机地震反应分析

对大跨度空间结构进行三向正交地震动多点激励下的非平稳随机地震反应分析。建立了多维多点随机非平稳地震动激励下的地震反应分析方法,并针对大跨度空间结构引入了波前法进行简化计算。数值仿真分析了天津奥林匹克中心体育场屋盖结构分别在一维随机地震动或三维随机地震动的一致激励、行波激励以及考虑部分相干效应和地震非平稳性的多点激励下的地震反应,结果表明:考虑地震动空间效应会使结构控制杆件内力增大约30%;考虑部分相干效应会使结构杆件内力变化约10%;考虑多维地震输入会使结构控制内力增大约15%;考虑地震动的非平稳性会使结构杆件内力减小约35%。由此可以得出结论,对于大跨度空间结构的地震反应分析,必须考虑地震动的多维输入和多点激励;然而不考虑地震动的非平稳性,其抗震设计偏于安全。     

地震动非平稳特性对结构非线性响应影响的分析

虽然地震动的非平稳特性被越来越多的研究者所认识,但是其对结构非线性响应的影响却一直没有较为深入的研究。传统的反应谱和功率谱缺乏对地震动时间信息的表达,而由小波变换得到的地震动局部谱(时变谱)能更准确地反应地震动的非平稳性。更为重要的是,小波变换可以将地震动能量在时间上的分布进行调整而不改变能量在频率上的分布,对考察地震动非平稳性对结构非线性响应的影响非常有利。利用小波变换的上述优势,对比分析了三条实际地震动记录对一榀钢筋混凝土框架非线性时程响应的影响,通过调整其中一条记录的能量在时间上的分布,清楚地表明地震动能量在时间上的集中对结构响应非常不利,并由此提出了有效峰值的概念来定量反应这种表现为能量集中的地震动非平稳性。     

自锚式悬索桥的平稳/非平稳随机地震响应

通过引入均匀调制演变函数,考虑了地震激励幅值的非平稳性。同时考虑了地震动空间效应,包括行波效应、部分相干效应和局部场地效应的影响,对一自锚式混凝土悬索桥结构进行了地震反应分析。计算了平稳/非平稳地面激励下主塔弯矩以及剪力反应。计算结果表明,考虑非平稳因素可使地震反应峰值减小,行波效应和相干效应使结构地震反应增大。     

地震动统一时频谱特性及其在人工合成中的应用

传统地震动时域或频域理论模型不能充分反映地震动时频域的非平稳性。利用现代信号分析方法可以获得非平稳时变功率谱及演变谱,但缺乏精度评价标准。在理论和计算分析的基础上,确认小波包分解方法是建立时变功率谱的有效工具,并依据时频边缘条件提出时频谱分析精度评价标准。在地震动时频特征统计分析的基础上,认为地震动时频谱由多峰平滑谱和非平稳噪声谱两部分构成。分别建立由多峰平滑功率谱和非高斯频域噪声谱构成的地震动频域谱模型以及由多峰平滑时域能量谱模型和非高斯时域噪声谱模型构成的地震动时域谱模型。由此形成的时频谱模型在时频特性表征、函数表达、精度及多维分析等方面均有较强的统一性。依据统一时频谱进行调整或人工合成的地震动具有良好的精度和强非平稳性。     

基于时-频包线的非平稳地震动合成及其对结构非线性响应的影响

地震动频率非平稳特性对结构的非线性响应有重要影响。引入具有统计参数的时-频包线函数来近似模拟地震动频率非平稳特性,建立了以反应谱为目标的非平稳地震动拟合方法。以天然地震动为种子,设计了4种时程拟合方案,得到了满足相同目标谱的4组加速度时程,结果分析表明,(1)本文建立的地震动拟合方法,能够很好地保留原始地震动的非平稳特性和持续时间,且拟合精度较高;(2)基于实际地震动提取的时-频包线函数,能够较好地模拟地震动频率的非平稳特性;(3)基于统计参数定义的时-频包线函数能够近似模拟地震动频率非平稳特性,与真实地震动频率随时间的变化规律符合较好。以这4组地震加速度时程作为输入,分别对层数为7层和15层的规则钢筋混凝土框架结构进行三维非线性时程分析,结果表明,采用仅考虑强度非平稳特性的地震输入,存在低估规则钢筋混凝土结构非线性响应的风险,因此在人工合成地震动中应该考虑其频率的非平稳特性,合理估计结构的非线性响应,保证结构设计的安全性。     

特大型桥梁桩基完全非平稳随机地震反应分析

考虑地震动的随机性及频率和强度非平稳性,利用作者所提出的基于强度和能量控制的随机地震动模型,建立了非平稳随机地震反应分析方法。以某特大型桥梁群桩基础为研究对象,将群桩-土-桥墩结构体系作为一个整体进行了特大型桥梁桩基非平稳随机地震反应分析。首先,基于目标加速度时程的强度和能量信息确定了作为输入的加速度时-频演变功率谱密度;其次,分析了非平稳随机过程激励下自由场和桥梁桩基相互作用体系的地震反应,探讨了非平稳随机过程激励下的群桩-土-桥墩结构动力相互作用;最后,通过比较强度非平稳随机过程和完全非平稳随机过程激励下桥梁桩基相互作用体系的地震反应,探讨了频率非平稳性对相互作用体系地震反应的影响。     

地震动过程的时域降维建模

地震动建模是工程结构随机地震反应和动力可靠度分析的基础。为此,提出了一类新的地震动过程的时域降维模型,并建议了模型中确定性参数的取值及随机参数的概率分布。首先,从平稳过程时域表达的基本理论出发,导出了平稳和非平稳地震动过程的时域表达形式,通过引入随机函数的降维思想,实现了地震动过程的时域降维表达。同时,基于实测强震记录,给出了地震动时域降维模型的参数识别方法,进而获得模型中基本参数的确定性取值或概率分布。最后,通过地震动过程的降维模拟分析,并与实测强震记录的反应谱和傅里叶幅值谱对比分析。结果表明,地震动过程的时域降维模型具有良好的精度、收敛性和工程适用性,生成的代表性地震动时程能够反映地震动的自然变异性。     

安装粘滞阻尼消能支撑结构随机地震反应分析

对安装有粘滞阻尼消能支撑的多自由度减震结构基于随机地震动模型的动力反应进行了研究。假定地震地面运动为具有金井清谱的平稳过滤高斯白噪声过程,采用等效线性化的粘滞阻尼器力学模型,建立了粘滞阻尼减震结构在随机地震动模型激励下的动力方程。考虑到粘滞阻尼器附加给结构的阻尼矩阵为非经典阻尼矩阵,不能满足振型正交的解耦条件,将动力方程表达为状态方程形式,在状态空间内运用复模态分析方法和随机振动理论建立了减震结构和减震装置地震反应计算方法,在时域内推导了粘滞阻尼减震结构随机反应的统计特征解析式。最后,通过一个设置粘滞流体阻尼器的框架结构计算实例,说明了这种方法的运用。该方法引入了状态空间的概念,可直接对结构的动力方程进行解耦,求解随机反应的时域解析解,使得减震结构方差反应等统计量的计算非常简便,并且可以为粘滞阻尼减震结构抗震可靠性分析和基于可靠度优化提供基础。     

基于改进Bouc-Wen模型的非线性结构非平稳随机地震响应分析

实际的地震记录表明,地震作用是一个明显的非平稳随机过程。在强震作用下,结构会出现滞回非线性,甚至表现出退化特性。考虑此,采用可以模拟结构退化及捏拢效应的改进Bouc-Wen模型来模拟地震作用下结构的滞回行为。基于等价线性化法,建立了非平稳激励下改进Bouc-Wen系统随机响应的求解过程,同时采用Monte Carlo法验证其准确性,并分析了激励强度、退化程度、捏拢效应等参数的影响。以一木排架结构为例,分析了木排架结构在非平稳地震动作用下的随机响应。结果表明:激励强度越大,系统位移均方根和累积滞回耗能均值越大;退化效应使系统的位移均方根明显增加,但对累积滞回耗能均值影响不大;捏拢效应显著增加了系统的位移均方根,但降低了系统的累积滞回耗能均值;另一方面,计算结果显示退化和捏拢效应使得响应偏离高斯分布的程度有所增加,进而使得等价线性化法的计算误差有一定的增加。     

结构-土相互作用体系的地震作用取值——基于规范地震动模型的复模态时域法

对多自由度结构-土相互作用体系基于规范地震动模型的复模态时域法的地震响应问题进行了系统研究。首先建立了结构运动方程，针对所得运动方程为非对称质量与非经典阻尼矩阵的情况，用复模态法解耦，然后采用与新抗震规范地震动参数一致的Clough-Penzien非平稳随机地震动模型进行随机地震响应分析，获得了体系相对位移方差的时域解。从而可得等效平稳化方差及其峰值，由此便可以得到结构的地震作用取值。晟后，通过一个例子来说明结构-土相互作用体系的地震响应和地震作用取值的计算方法，同时给出了由规范的反应谱法得到的基础固定结构的各质点位移和地震作用取值。     

Stochastic sensitivity analysis of energy-dissipating structures with nonlinear viscous dampers by efficient equivalent linearization technique based on explicit time-domain method

Nonlinear fluid viscous dampers have been widely used in energy-dissipating structures due to their stable and high dissipation capacity and low maintenance cost. However, the literature on stochastic optimization of nonlinear viscous dampers under nonstationary excitations is limited. This paper is devoted to the stochastic response and sensitivity analysis of large-scale energy-dissipating structures equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers subjected to nonstationary seismic excitations. The analysis procedure is developed in the frame of the equivalent linearization method (ELM) in conjunction with the explicit time-domain method (ETDM). The equivalent linear system and the corresponding statistical moments of responses at a specific time instant are first obtained through a series of stochastic response analyses of the linearized systems. Then the sensitivities of the statistical moments of responses are determined via a series of stochastic sensitivity analyses of the equivalent linear system at the corresponding time instant. The above two iterative procedures are facilitated at high efficiency using ETDM with explicit formulations of the statistical moments of responses and the sensitivities of the statistical moments. This process is repeated for different time instants, and the time histories of the statistical moments and their sensitivities can be obtained. The stochastic response and sensitivity results are further utilized to conduct the stochastic optimal parametric design of the nonlinear viscous dampers. A one-storey building model equipped with a nonlinear viscous damper is analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, and a suspension bridge with a main span of 1200 m equipped with 4 nonlinear viscous dampers is further investigated to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method for stochastic optimal design of large-scale structures.     

Stochastic earthquake response of structures on sliding foundation

Stochastic earthquake response of structures on sliding foundation is studied. The structure is modeled by a rigid mass and Coulomb friction is considered between the structure and its foundation. A nonstationary white noise model of earthquake ground motion is employed and the response of the system is investigated by the generalized method of equivalent linearization. The results are compared with those of the stationary analysis and some estimates for the maximum slip are obtained and discussed.     

Nonstationary response of nonlinear systems using equivalent linearization with a compact analytical form of the excitation process

A new method based on equivalent linearization approaches is presented for estimating the nonstationary response of a class of nonlinear multi-degree-of-freedom systems subjected to nonstationary excitations. The highly efficient method is based on creating a compact analytical approximation of measured nonstationary excitation process data through use of a two-stage decomposition procedure. The analytic data condensation of the excitation process is performed in two stages; (1) by performing the Karhunen–Loeve spectral decomposition on the covariance matrix of the input random process to obtain the dominant eigenvectors, and (2) by fitting these eigenvectors with orthogonal polynomials to produce a truncated series of analytically approximated eigenvectors. The efficiency and accuracy of the method is demonstrated through simulation with synthetically generated excitation data as well as measured data from a real-world physical process. Although the decomposition procedure used can characterize very general input processes, because the equivalent linearization technique requires the Gaussian assumption of the response process, the constraint on applying this approach is similar to the constraints on all other equivalent linearization techniques. However, the additional freedom gained from being able to work with data-based nonstationary random processes is a significant addition to this area of research.     

Responses of base-isolated shear beam structures to random excitations

Responses of base-isolated shear beam type structures subject to random ground excitations are studied. Several base isolation systems, including the laminated rubber bearing, the resilient-friction base isolator with and without sliding upper plate, and the EDF system, are considered. Stationary and nonstationary stochastic models for earthquake ground accelerations are considered and the method of time-dependent equivalent linearization in conjunction with moments of the Fokker-Planck equation are used for response analysis. Mean-square statistics of the base raft displacement and the absolute acceleration at the roof of the base-isolated structure are evaluated. A series of parametric studies are also carried out. Comparisons of the results with those for the fixed-base structure show that base isolation systems are, in general, highly effective in reducing mean-square responses of the superstructure. The advantages and disadvantages of various base isolation systems are also discussed.     

Response of frictional base isolation systems to horizontal-vertical random earthquake excitations

Responses of a rigid structure with a frictional base isolation system subjected to random horizontal-vertical earthquake excitations are studied. The ground accelerations are modelled by segments of stationary and nonstationary Gaussian white noise and filtered white noise processes. The technique of nonstationary equivalent linearization is used for the response analysis. The differential equation governing the covariance matrix is solved and for a range of values of parameters, the root-mean-square displacement and velocity responses of the structure are calculated. The results are compared with those obtained by a series of Monte-Carlo digital simulations and reasonable agreement is observed. For several values of parameters, responses of the structure to the accelerograms of the North-South and vertical components of El Centro 1940 earthquake are studied. Particular attentions are given to the effects of vertical excitation and the elastic stiffness of the isolation system. It is observed that vertical excitation amplifies the horizontal slip of the structure to an extent. The amount of amplification under various conditions are evaluated and discussed. It is also shown that the slip displacement decreases sharply as the elastic restoring force of the isolator increases.     

Nonstationary equivalent linearization of nonlinear continuous systems

This paper presents a technique for obtaining the nonstationary stochastic response of a nonlinear continuous system. The method of equivalent linearization is generalized to continuous systems subjected to nonstationary random excitation. This technique allows replacement of the original nonlinear system with a time-varying linear continuous system. A numerical implementation is also described. In this procedure, the linear replacement system is discretized by the finite element method. Application to systems satisfying the one-dimensional wave equation with a constitutive nonlinearity is discussed. Results are presented for nonlinear stress-strain laws of a strain-hardening type.     

SMA阻尼器控制单自由度结构在地震激励下的平稳随机振动研究

对安装有超弹性形状记忆合金(shapememoryalloy,简称SMA)阻尼器的单自由度结构在地震激励下的平稳随机振动进行了理论研究:假定地震地面运动是具有平稳过滤有色噪声模型的随机过程,确定了与《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2010)相对应的随机地震动模型参数(平稳持时和谱强度因子);建立了SMA阻尼器控制的单自由度结构在平稳地震动过程下的状态方程,并采用随机等价线性化法推导了其平稳反应公式以及基于首超破坏准则的结构动力可靠性公式;通过算例,证明了随机振动解析式是可行的,并指出SMA阻尼器能消耗地震能量,从而有效抑制结构的振动,增加结构动力可靠性。     

LRB隔震桥梁空间变异性地震随机响应分析

对装有铅芯橡胶支座（Lead—Rubber—Bearing，LRB）的隔震大跨连续梁桥进行了考虑地震动空间变异性的随机响应分析。地面运动加速度功率谱模型为零均值的平稳高斯过程，描述为过滤白噪声施加于支撑各点。地震动空间变异性综合考虑空间不相干效应、行波效应和局部场地土效应。推导了LRB隔震结构多点激励运动方程，并运用随机等价线性化方法以计入铅芯橡胶支座（LRB）的滞回非线性性能。对一大跨LRB隔震梁桥进行了一致激励和综合考虑地震动空间变异性的三种工况计算，得到了各工况下响应的拟静力项、动力项和总响应项的各自最大值的均值，并进行了对比分析。结果表明，对于带有铅芯橡胶支座的减隔震大跨连续梁桥，多点激励效应不容忽视，一致激励会对结构产生不安全的估计。     

非线性系统非平稳随机响应矩计算的Newmark递推算法

利用Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ离散化格式，结合时变等价线性化步骤，导出了计算非线性系统受白噪声和非白噪声随机激励作用下非平稳响应协方差矩阵的递推算法。该算法计算步骤简单，易于在计算机上实现，计算效率高。算例表明，其所得计算结果和ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟结果符合较好。